Cikin shahararrun masana kimiyya da lissafi. Mata a ilimin lissafi

Ainihin Sciences ya dade da aka nuna godiya da mutãne. Alal misali, tsoho Greek lissafi Euclid ya sanya irin wannan muhimmanci taimako a wannan fannin, cewa wasu daga cikin binciken har yanzu ana yi karatu a makaranta. Opening ciki da maza da mata, mutane daga kasashe daban-daban da kuma wakilan daban-daban ƙarni. Abin da siffar ne mafi muhimmanci? Bari mu bincika a cikin daki-daki.

Ada Lavleys

Ba na karshe rawa da Turanci. Mata a ilimin lissafi bazai yadda da yawa, amma su gudummawa ne sau da yawa wani muhimman hakkokin. Wannan ne kai tsaye alaka da aikin Ady Lavleys. 'Yar sanannen mawãƙi Ubangiji Byron, aka haife ta, a watan Disamba na 1815. Tun suna yara, ta nuna basira domin ilmin lissafi, da sauri fahimtar wani sabon topic. Duk da haka, bisa ga al'ada mata talanti kuma featured Ada - shi ne da taka leda music kuma ya kullum sosai lafiya lady. Tare da Charles Babbage, ta yi aiki a kan ci gaban da wani ilmin lissafi shirin for kwakwalwa. A kan murfin na jimlar ayyukansu kawai ta baqaqen - mace lissafi a lokacin ne wani abu m. Yau, an dauke da cewa ta firtsi ne na farko da mataki wajen halittar mutãne a kwamfuta shirye-shirye da harsuna. Yana da aka Ada Lovelace kasance a cikin ra'ayi na sake zagayowar, rarraba katunan, da yawa na da ban mamaki lissafi mai tsauri da kuma lissafin. Ko a yanzu, yana aiki daban-daban matakin, ya cancanci masu sana'a digiri.

Emmi Neter

Wani cancantar ambaci ilimi da aka haife shi a iyali na lissafi Maksa Netera a Erlangen. A lokacin ta samu daga 'yan mata da aka yarda su shiga jami'a, kuma ta hukumance yaba da yawan dalibai. Karatu tare da Paul Gordan, ya kuma taimaka Emmy kare rubutun a kan ka'idar invariants. A 1915 Noether sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga aikin a kan janar ka'idar dangantakar. Ta lissafin kasance farin ciki tare da kansa Albert Eynshteyn. Shahararren lissafi Hilbert ya so ya yi shi wani mataimakin farfesa Jami'ar Gottingen, amma furofesoshi halaye ba su yarda a yi maka wani Emmy matsayi. Duk da haka, ta sau da yawa lectured. A shekara ta 1919, ta har yanzu gudanar don samun cancanta wuri, da kuma a 1922 ya zama tenured farfesa. Yana Ya halitta a Noether shugabanci na m aljabara. Emmy Sahaban tuna yadda mamaki fasaha da kuma m mace. Conversation da ta aka manyan masana, ciki har da Rasha da masana kimiyya da lissafi. Ta aikin yana da wani tasiri a kan kimiyya da wannan rana.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

Da farko, masana kimiyya da lissafi sau da yawa cimma wannan nasara da su darajar ne sosai a kimiyyar zamani. Wannan gaskiya ne ga Nikolai Lobachevsky. Daga 1802 zuwa 1807 ya yi karatu a dakin motsa jiki da kuma nan sai ya shiga a Kazan jami'a, inda aka lura ga m ilimi na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin lissafi, da kuma a shekarar 1811 ya samu a master ta matakin da fara shirya zuwa sama da lakabi na farfesa. A 1826 th ya rubuta wani aiki a kan ka'idojin lissafi, wanda kawo ma'anonin sarari. A 1827 da ya zama rector na jami'a. A tsawon shekaru, da ya halitta jerin ayyuka a ilmin lissafi bincike a cikin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma makanikai, da aka gudanar har da nazarin aljabara zuwa wani matakin. Bugu da kari, da ra'ayoyin rinjayi ko da a kan Rasha art - burbushi Lobachevskian gani a ayyukan Malevich da Khlebnikov.

Anri Puankare

A farkon karni na ashirin, masana kimiyya da dama da lissafi yi aiki a kan ka'idar dangantakar. Daya daga cikin wadannan da aka Anri Puankare. Ya idealism ba huska kan a Soviet sau, don haka Rasha masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da ra'ayinsa kawai a musamman ayyukansu - ba tare da su ba ya yiwuwa ga tsanani tafiyar da nazarin ilmin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ko ilmin taurari. Back a cikin marigayi karni na sha tara, Anri Puankare ɓullo da ka'idar System kuzarin kawo cikas da kuma topology. A tsawon lokaci, aikinsa zama tushen nazarin bifurcation maki kuma fama, alƙaluma da macroeconomic tafiyar matakai. Sha'awa, da Poincare kansa yarda da gazawar ilimin kimiyya na algorithm kuma ko da kishin wani falsafa littafin. Bugu da kari, ya buga wani labarin da aka farko amfani da manufa da dangantakar - shekaru goma kafin Einstein.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

'Yan Rasha mata masana kimiyya a fannin ilmin lissafi gabatar a cikin labarin. Sofia Kovalevskaya aka haife shi a Janairu 1850. Ta kasance ba kawai wani lissafi, amma kuma a publicist da farko lady, wanda ya zama m memba na Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Masana kimiyya da lissafi sun zaba shi ba tare da ƙin yarda. Daga 1869 ta yi karatu a Heidelberg da kuma a 1874 ya gabatar da th kimiyya al'umma uku da ayyuka, wanda ke haifar a cikin jami'a na Göttingen bayar da ta da lakabi na Doctor of Falsafa. Duk da haka, a Rasha da shi bai iya samun wani wuri a jami'a. A 1888, ya rubuta wata takarda a kan m jiki juyawa, ga wanda ya lashe Swedish Academy of Sciences. Haka kuma an tsunduma a wallafe-wallafen aikin - shi ne marubucin labari "Nihilist" da kuma wasan kwaikwayo "gwagwarmayar Farin Ciki", kazalika da iyali labarinsa "Memories na ƙananan yara", rubuta game da rayuwar marigayi karni na sha tara.

Evarist Galua

Faransa masana kimiyya da lissafi sanya da yawa muhimmanci binciken a fagen aljabara da kuma lissafi. Daya daga cikin manyan masana zama Evarist Galua, wanda aka haifa a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1811 a kusa da Paris. A sakamakon m shirye-shiryen shiga lyceum na Louis Mai girma. Tuni a 1828, ya wallafa farko da aikin, wanda ya rufe batun lokaci-lokaci ci gaba kasarun adadi. A 1830 aka kwantar da na al'ada ba School, amma a shekara daga baya aka fitar ga rashin ladabi. A talented masanin kimiyya ya fara gwagwarmaya da kuma a 1832 kawo karshen kwanaki. Ya bar wani zai dauke da kayan yau da kullum na zamani aljabara da kuma lissafi, kazalika da rarrabuwa na irrationalities - wannan rukunan aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa Galois.

per Ferma

Wasu daga cikin fice lissafi bar wani gagarumin alama, cewa ayyukansu sun yi karatu ya zuwa yanzu. Fermat ta karshe Theorem ya dogon zauna unproven, racking sama mafi kyau da hankulansu. Kuma wannan duk da cewa Pierre yi aiki a cikin goma sha bakwai karni. An haife shi a Agusta 1601, a cikin iyali cinikayya jakadan. Bugu da kari ga daidai sciences, Farm san harsuna - Latin, Girkanci, Spanish, Italiyanci, kuma ya shahara a matsayin babban tarihi na tsufa. A sana'a da ya yi, kuma ya zaɓi dokar. A Orleans, ya samu wani digiri na farko, bayan da ya koma Toulouse, inda ya zama mai ba da shawara na majalisar. A tsawon rayuwar, ya rubuta ilmin lissafi treatises, wanda ya zama tushen da hikimar tantance lissafi. Amma duk da gudunmawar yi da su da aka kimanta kawai bayan mutuwarsa - kafin wani aiki ba a buga. A mafi muhimmanci ayyuka suna kishin ilmin lissafi analysis, a hanya domin kirga yankin, mafi girma da kuma mafi ƙasƙanci dabi'u, masu lankwasa da parabolas.

Karl Gauss

Ba dukkan masana kimiyya, lissafi, kuma su samu haka abin tunawa a tarihin 'yan adam, kamar Gauss. A Jamus shugaban da aka haife shi a Afrilu 1777. Ko da a cikin shimfiɗar jariri, da ya nuna wa m gwaninta a cikin lissafi, da kuma da farkon karni na sha tara da aka mai gane malamin da wani m memba na dama Jami'an of Sciences. Na halitta a muhimman hakkokin aikin kishin ka'idar lambobin kuma mafi girma aljabara. Babban gudunmawar - ga aiki na gina heptadecagon, dangane da shi, Gauss suka fara samar da wani algorithm for sarrafa kwamfuta da kewayewa na duniya da dama lura. Da muhimman hakkokin aikin "Ka'idar da motsi na basamaniyai" zama tushen zamani ilmin taurari. Sunansa da aka bai wa yankin a kan taswirar Moon.

Karl Weierstrass

Wannan Jamus lissafi haife shi a Ostenfeld. Ilimi a Faculty of dokar, amma shekaru horo fi son zuwa karatu lissafi. A 1840 ya rubuta wata takarda a kan elliptic ayyuka. An gano ya sauyi binciken. M rukunan Weierstrass ya tushen ilmin lissafi analysis. Tun 1842 malamin ta aiki, da kuma a cikin kayayyakin lokaci da yin bincike. A 1854th buga wata kasida a kan Abelian ayyuka, da kuma samu title na Doctor of Jami'ar Kenigsberskogo. Manyan masana kimiyya sun buga Rave reviews game da shi. A cikin 1856 m duniya na ga wani m labarin, sa'an nan da Weierstrass yarda cikin farfesa a Berlin University, da kuma sanya shi wani memba na Academy of Sciences. The m ingancin da laccoci sanya shi ya shahara a duk faɗin duniya. Ya gabatar da ka'idar real lambobi, warware matsaloli da yawa daga makanikai da kuma lissafi. A 1897, ya mutu daga rikitarwa na mura. An suna bayan Lunar bakin dutse da kuma na zamani Berlin Ilmin Lissafi Cibiyar. Weierstrass ne har yanzu da aka sani da daya daga cikin mafi hazaka da malamai a tarihin Jamus da kuma a duk faɗin duniya.

Zhan Batist Fure

Sunan mai ilimin kimiyya da kyau a san ko'ina cikin duniya. Fourier Farfesa ne a cikin Paris Ecole Polytechnique. A cikin kwanaki na Napoleon ya halarci soja yakin, da kuma bayan da aka nada prefect na Isere, inda ya tsunduma a neman sauyi ka'idar kimiyyar lissafi - soma nazarin zafi. Daga 1816 ya kasance wani memba na Paris Academy of Sciences kuma aka buga masa aiki. Yana da aka sadaukar da hikimar tantance ka'idar zafi. Kafin rasuwarsa a watan Mayu 1830, ya buga ma a kan thermal watsin, da lissafi na tushen algebraic lissafai da kuma hanyoyin Isaaka Nyutona. Bugu da kari, ya ɓullo da wani Hanyar wakiltar ayyuka kamar trigonometric jerin. Yanzu shi ne da aka sani a karkashin sunan Fourier. The masanin kimiyya ya iya inganta yi na ayyuka, ta hanyar na game - wannan dabara ne ma amfani da ko'ina a kimiyyar zamani. Fourier ya iya tabbatar da cewa duk wani sabani line za a iya wakilta wani guda na nazari magana. A 1823 ya gano thermoelectric sakamakon da superposition dukiya. Sunan Zhana Batista Fourier ake dangantawa da dama theories da binciken ne da muhimmanci ga kowane zamani lissafi ko kimiyyar lissafi.