A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic: arsenic Chemical Properties

Kafin akai la'akari da digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic, don gane da wuri a cikin lokaci-lokaci Table da kuma tsarin fasali. Har ila yau, kira asali jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na da sinadaran kashi.

A halin da ake ciki a cikin SS

Basic mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic, sinadaran Properties, aikace-aikace - duk wannan za a iya samu ta hanyar nema a wurin da kashi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Arsenic aka located a cikin na biyar kungiyar, da babba subgroup ne wakilin iyali na nitrogen. Ya na da dangi atomic taro na 74,9216. Basic arsenic hadawan abu da iskar shaka digiri suna da alaka da kungiyar a cikin abin da aka adana a cikin MS. Wannan kashi 33 na da serial number. Yawan makamashi matakan m da adadin da lokaci a cikin abin da abu ne dake, shi ne hudu.

La'akari da tsari na electrons a kowane nukiliya ambulan. A farko makamashi matakin ne kawai biyu guda biyu electrons, a karo na biyu harsashi barbashi zauna takwas: 2s da 6p. A bisa uku matakin, daga gare su, da shi aka located goma d-electrons, cewa shi ne kawai 18 barbashi. External makamashi matakin ne a 2s-electron, da kuma uku p-unpaired electron. Wannan shi ne yawan valence electrons kayyade yiwu mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic.

shafukan na tarihi

Yana arsenic tana nufin biyar "alchemical" abubuwa, da aka sani tun tsakiyar zamanai. An ban sha'awa aya shi ne gaskiya cewa hudu daga cikinsu akwai a cikin na biyar kungiyar na SS. A waɗannan kwanaki ba wanda zai iya sanin ko da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic, amma dangane da aka samu nasarar amfani ga yi da kwayoyi, samar da launuka.

Bayan da canji na Stone Age da Bronze Age, mutane koya, don samar da wannan gami da musamman halaye. Sai dai itace cewa da shi kunshi har zuwa 7 bisa dari na arsenic da kashi 3 cikin tin. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa a lokacin da na farko smelting na tagulla maimakon malachite, da ciwon koren launi, bisa kuskure ya dauki da kore jan-arsenic sulfide ma'adanai.

A ban mamaki yi na sakamakon gami sanya shi mashahuri a cikin zamanin da iyayengijinsu. Suna musamman neman a yanayi ma'adanai dauke ce abu.

Digiri na arsenic mahadi a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kyau type, m tare da mafi girma valency. Don gane sulfides dauke da arsenic, ma'adinai mai tsanani. A bayyanar takamaiman tafarnuwa wari ne tabbatar da kasancewar a cikin arsenic fili. A hankali, daga smelting na tagulla Arsenous ƙiya. Daga cikin dalilan da karewa na samar da abin da masana kimiyya ke kira m guba Masters a wurin aiki.

halitta ma'adanai

A cikin nau'i na ma'adinai abu a karkashin shawara da shi ne da aka sani tun daga lokacin da. Alal misali, hadawan abu da iskar shaka yawan 3 a fili na arsenic farfado da aka sani a Ancient kasar Sin a matsayin "Stannaries kura". Aristotle ya bayyana sandarac ma'adinai dake wakiltar arsenic sulfide. Fassara daga Latin harshen da sunan da sauti kamar "zinariya Paint". Mun yi amfani da shi a wancan zamani kamar wani rawaya fenti.

A cikin goma sha ɗaya karni alchemists gano uku daban-daban na abubuwa. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic a cikin mahadi wakilta wadannan jinsunan dace da kungiyar lambar. Kira da shi fari arsenic hexavalent oxide, sulfide kira rawaya da kuma jan - As4S4 (pararealgar).

White embodiment impurities aka samu ta hanyar sublimation a harbe-harben tsari na jan ores, a cikin abin da abun da ke ciki na arsenic hada. Kamar yadda sandaro daga gaseous jihar auku shaida na arsenic oxide matsayin fari plaque. Ya na da tun zamanin da an yi amfani da matsayin wajen kwaro iko.

A cikin goma sha uku karni, Albert Mai girma da aka samu metalloobraznoe abu. Ya mai tsanani tare da sabulu da kuma rawaya arsenic. The abu samu ta hanyar hulda ba furuci "m sadarwa" bakwai taurari da karafa. Wata kila wannan shi ne saboda da sabani saukar da tsoho alchemists arsenic dauke "shege" kashi. Shi ne a cikin waɗannan kwanaki da shi da aka saukar da ikon ba da jan fari, haka ya zama sananne a wajen "whitening Venus."

Kamar yadda wani mutum abu da sinadari da aka gano kawai a tsakiyar goma sha bakwai karni. Jamus harhaɗa magunguna Johann Schroeder nasara a isolating shi, da ciwon da sinadaran rage carbon oxides. Bayan wani lokaci, shi ya yi nasara a isolating Nikole Lemeri karfe dumama potash soaps, arsenic oxide. A 18th karni, wannan karfe an da aka sani da wani sabon abu "Semi".

A cikin marigayi 18th karni Swedish sunadarai K. V. Sheele aka samu arsenic acid, wanda bayyana da mafi girma mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic +5. A cikin karni na sha tara kwayoyin abubuwa wanda dauke da arsenic ake tsare.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Higher da ƙananan mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic faruwa a cikin halitta mahadi. A ɓawon burodi yawan maida hankali a ba kashi ba ya wuce 5 grams da ton. A da yawa ma'adanai, shi ya ƙunshi tare da nickel, cobalt, jan, da baƙin ƙarfe.

A halin yanzu, akwai game da ɗari biyu daban-daban na halitta ma'adanai, wanda sun hada da sinadari dauke da mu. Ganin cewa suke hayyanãwa mafi girma da kuma mafi ƙasƙanci mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic, suna da daban-daban aikace-aikace. Alal misali, a tare da antimony arsenic nuna wani mummunan hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar. Akai la'akari da cewa wannan karfe ne low electronegativity, wani m mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic ne -3. Wannan adadi ne na hali arsenides, kazalika ga ma'adinai allemontita.

Mai mahadi da karafa arsenic, ba da bayani dalla-dalla na abun da ke ciki, shi ne wani intermetallic fili, halin da sãɓãwar launukansa da abun da ke ciki na sinadari.

halaye arsenide

Domin arsenide halin da abun ciki na dama karafa da ciwon irin wannan tsarin na ƙarau lattices. Wadannan ma'adanai ne halin da wani ƙarfe luster, suna opaque, da low taurin.

Kamar yadda misalai na halitta arsenide iya la'akari da wadannan mahadi:

• loellingite kama pyrite.
• nickeline kira ja nickel pyrite.
• langisit.
• Oregon.
• sperrylite.

Hakika, wannan ba irga irin ma'adanai - a halin yanzu emit game da ashirin da biyar daga cikin wadannan mahadi. Daga cikin mafi kowa a cikin yanayi za a iya ambata arsenopyrite kira arsenical pyrites. Yana da wani samfurin samu ta hanyar musanya wata sulfur zarra a pyrite arsenic. Mahadi irin wannan shirin, wanda aka ba da aka nuna a cikin mafi girman mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic aka kira sulphosalts.

Da takwarorinsu yi imani cobalt haske gersdorffite, enargite da Proust. A karshen ne mai muhimmanci azurfa tama, located in na sama Layer masu daraja rayu. A tsarin sulfosalts iya hada daraja karafa na platinum kungiyar. Daga cikin su amfani irarsite da orsit. Abun da ke ciki shi ne m karafa amfani da kyau kwarai catalysts a cikin kwayoyin da inorganic syntheses.

Matsakaicin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic aka nuna a cikin halitta sulphides. Alal misali, orange-yellow dimorph wakiltar wani arsenic sulfide (5). A cikin thirties na karshe karni, na halitta adibas na orpiment, ciki har da a membobinsu sulfide, trivalent arsenic, a kudu na Verkhoyansk Range da aka samu. A size na gano lu'ulu'u da aka kimanin 60 santimita a tsawon, da kuma nauyin kiyasta a 30 kg.

halaye arsenates

Zai yiwu mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic salts za a iya daukan misali. Saboda haka, arsenic acid mahadi ake magana arsenate nuna matsakaicin kudi ga ƙarfe: 5. Kamar yadda misalai na irin wannan mahadi ba erythrite ciwon haske ruwan hoda launi. The gishiri ake magana cobalt launi, shi yana da dabara Co3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a lura da Gasparo ruwan kasa-ja dafa a matsayin (Ce, La, ND) Aro _4.

A tsakiyar Sweden samu langbanovskie ferromanganese aiki, inda da shi da aka samu da kuma halin game da hamsin daban-daban arsenates. Wadannan mahadi an kafa ta maida martani arsenous acid tare da manganese hydroxide, (2) a low yanayin zafi.

Abin da ya bayyana ga arsenate mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic? Halaye na wadannan salts tabbatar da kasancewar sulfur a gare su. Duk da rashin masana'antu aikace-aikace, su na ado bayyanar sa su dace da samar da mineralogical tarin.

An ban sha'awa labarin yana kupfernikel wanda yayi daidai da ma'adinai Nichelino. Na da Jamusanci hakar gwal nickel kira da dutsen mugun ruhu, da kuma "karya ne tagulla" da ake kira "kupfernikelem". Masters da aka saukar kama jan-ja lu'ulu'u na ma'adinai da jan ores. Amfani da su a cikin gilashi ba wani samfurin da aka samu kore. Kawai a cikin tsakiyar karni na sha takwas mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt nasara a isolating daga ma'adinai nickel.

Properties a cikin yanayi

Arsenic ne sosai inert, don haka shi za a iya samu a cikin 'yan qasar jihar. Irin karfe part yana daga biyu zuwa goma sha shida cikin dari na impurities, yafi su ne da azurfa, da baƙin ƙarfe, cobalt, nickel. A kasar shi da aka gano ta geologists 'yan qasar arsenic a Amur yankin, Transbaikalia.

Yana za a iya gano a cikin duwatsu da kuma ma'adanai, da kuma a cikin shuke-shuke, don haka shi ne gaskiya sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin ubiquitous kashi.

Mene ne iyakar da m mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic? A mafi darajar yayi dace da kungiyar lambar, cikinsa da aiki kashi ne dake, kuma shi ne +5. Shi ne halayyar ga mahadi a wadda ta farfado rage Properties. Read more mahadi wannan musamman karfe zai la'akari da daga baya.

The duniya arsenic rarraba sosai unevenly. Dalilin shi ne samuwar na lithosphere kuma a cikin sorption da desorption matakai abin da ke faruwa a sediments da kasa.

Saboda da kyau kwarai solubility na karfe a ruwa shi readily migrates. Alal misali, a cikin gumi canjin yanayin da shi ya auku leaching daga ƙasa, bi da motsi tare da ruwan karkashin kasa, da waɗansu kõguna.

physiological sakamako

The adadin arsenic dauke ma'adinai a ruwayen. Akwai wasu dokokin da abun ciki na karfe. Lokacin wucewa halatta dabi'u akwai barazana daga cutar da jikin mutum. A lokacin da sinadaran bincike, an gano cewa, a cikin halitta ruwa arsenic iya zama ba a cikin siffofin daban-daban. Abin da ya zama mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic? The kaddarorin da mahadi samu a cikin ruwa don tabbatar da kasancewar karfe a cikin nau'i na arsenous acid bayani.

Arsenic a live form ƙunshi game 6 MG da 1 kg. Sashe na daga cikin algae iya tara wani abu koma ga irin wannan har da shi zai iya zama haɗari ga jikin mutum. Wasu daga cikin jinsunan samu a kasashen Asiya, sun iya radiyo a wani m acid bayani. Suna amfani da matsayin wajen kula da berayen. A adam kwakwalwa nama, kuma Yã isa zama adadin na karfe a cikin tsokoki. Bugu da kari, shi ne ba a cikin ƙusa faranti da aka tara a cikin gashi.

jiki bayani dalla-dalla

Duk da cewa arsenic yayi kama da karfe, shi ma yana da wani ba na ƙarfe ba ãyõyinMu. Alal misali, shi ne ba su iya kafa salts da sulfuric acid aiki acidifying kashi. Arsenic iya zama a cikin daban-daban allotropic gyare-gyare ƙarfafu phosphorus. A mafi barga ne m arsenic, wanda sublimes lokacin tsanani da kamar wancan aidin.

By wannan canji na lantarki watsin na baya zuwa jan amma ya fi Mercury. Bayan sanyaya arsenic vapors iya samun taushi m rawaya launi abu kama da rawaya phosphorus. A lokacin dumama, shi ne tuba a cikin wani daban-daban allotropic gyara daga cikin sinadaran da rabi.

Lokacin da arsenic tururi shaida a kan gilashin iya tsayar da bayyanar da madubi fim.

arsenic mahadi

A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na arsenic a saman oxide ne 5, cewa ya yi daidai da ta fi valence. Amma sublimation daga karfe tururi a gumi iska kafa baki fim arsenic ta anhydride As2O _3. Shi ne a cikin irin wannan nau'i akwai m kuma oxide da rabi. Wannan oxide farfado amphoteric sinadaran Properties.

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari shi ne tuba zuwa wata babbar oxide, wanda ya nuna muhimmancin arsenic hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +5.

The m karfe da aka oxidized da tsarma nitric acid don ortomyshyakovistoy acid H ₃ Aso _3, a cikinsu, yana mai valence na 3. A cikin sinadaran siffofin an dauke da wani matsakaici karfi acid analogously boric acid. Salts la'akari arsenite exhibiting mai haske restorative Properties.

Da karfe chloride yana da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +3, mukaddashin kamar yadda wani hali karfe kashi. Saltlike arsenides, kafa ta dauki tare da aiki karafa sha ruwa-ruwa hydrolysis. Alal misali, arsine (Ash ₃₎ ne a mai guba colorless iskar gas, bã tãre da wari.

organometallic mahadi

Arsenic da yake iya kafa daban-daban organometallic mahadi. Alal misali, a cikin marigayi 18th karni distillative oxide da arsenic (3) potassium acetate, aka samu fuming ruwa da ciwon wani m wari. A sakamakon samfurin da aka mai suna alarsinom. M nazarin ya bayyana cewa, a nasa bangare na arsenic ne ba.

A cikin karni na sha tara marigayi, aromatic arsines an hada. Reaction da aka za'ayi a karkashin mataki na cakuda arsenic trichloride da wani aryl halide da ƙarfe sodium. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kayayyakin sun nuna antimicrobial Properties. A ranar, da kira na dubban arsenic kwayoyin abubuwa.

A amfani da arsenic

Fiye da rabin na samar da karfe da aka yi amfani da fom na daban-daban mahadi. A ta m tsari, shi ne kusan ba amfani. A kananan yawa shi ne ya gabatar a cikin hali gami. Irin wannan Additives da kyau tasiri a kan taurin ƙãre samfurin, don haka suna bukatar a yi na lantarki igiyoyi da kuma batura.

A m kashi na arsenic taimakawa wajen inganta lalata juriya, inganta thermal Manuniya, tagulla, da na tagulla. Idan wannan kashi bai ƙunshi ƙarin impurities, wanda idan da da'awar a yi na semiconductor na'urorin. Don ƙirƙirar su, arsenic aka alloyed da germanium ko silicon.

Bugu da kari, ya ne mai kyau dopant don ƙirƙirar karfe. Kamar yadda muhimmanci da tips arsenic bukatun da ba-ferrous metallurgy. Ko da tare da ta low abun ciki a cikin gami iya ƙwarai inganta ƙarfi daga cikin kerarre kayayyakin. Arsenic qara fluidity a lokacin zaben 'yan wasa na jan karfe, sa shi sauki don samun waya.

Akwai kuma wasu mummunan tasiri da wannan sauyin karfe samar. Da kasancewar a cikin tama aiwatar jũya a cikin wani m masana'antu.

Daga cikin daban-daban arsenic mahadi ban sha'awa shi ne ta trivalent oxide. Ya halin yanzu ake amfani da su a cikin gilashin masana'antu. Salts da nuni bukatar 5 kamar yadda magunguna iri iri. Wannan sauyin kashi daya ne daga cikin mafi mashahuri a cikin zamani sinadaran masana'antu domin farfado dual Properties dangane da aiwatar da kwarara daga cikin matsakaici.