Rivers Feature: na asali sigogi

Don kwanan wata, babu daya da gaske ba zai iya ce nawa duniya koguna. A duk ya dogara kuma a kan abin da za a iya gani a matsayin wani kogi, da kuma cewa - rafi. Saboda haka, misali, idan ka ƙara sama da tsawon dukan koguna a Rasha, ka samu fiye da miliyan 8 kilomita. A total number, idan kun ƙidaya, ƙanana da manyan, gabatowa miliyan 2.5. Most koguna a duniya ba 50, da jimlar tsawon ne game da 200 000 km. Amma abin da shi ne a cikin kogin cewa shi ne tushen da kuma bakin kogi?

A Gwargwadon muhimmancin da kogin

River - wani sabo ruwa rafi, wanda motsa a cikin gyarawa layi da kuma a bayansa da yafi saboda hazo. Kafin mu fahimta da halaye na ruwa tare qarqashinsu, kana bukatar ka tuna 'yan key sharuddan:

• Manyan - An zurfafa, bisa ga abin da shi ya bi da kogin ruwa ya kwarara. A mafi yawa ana gyarawa, Tuddan form tare da alternating m da kuma zurfin yankunan. Saboda Gwargwadon canje-canje, ko wasu dalilai, da kogin gado iya bambanta, da barin ramuka da kuma hollows. Saboda haka, misali, a Indiya akwai wata kogi Kosi, shi ne kusan shekara guda da yin ta sabon hanya, wanke tafi duk abin da ya zo ta hanya.

• Source - wannan shi ne farkon da kogin. Suna iya zama wata spring, gleiser narkewa, da ruwa, ko kuma wani wuri na ci biyu ruwa gudana.
• A bakinka - shi ne wani wuri inda kogin ƙare Ya shimfiɗa shi a cikin kõgi, teku ko wasu ruwa ya kwarara.
• A kogin tsarin - shi ne ba kawai da kogin kanta, amma kuma ta aikin gandu.
• River Basin - mai sanya yankin daga wanda duk ruwa ke faruwa. All waha rabu da watersheds da kuma rawar da suka taka tadawa.

Babban sigogi daga cikin halaye na gudãna

Babban halayyar kõguna - ne size, ya kwarara gudu, gudãna daga rate, ya kwarara, drop da kuma irin abinci.

Fall kira bambanci tsakanin Heights na tushen da kuma baki. A mafi girma da digo, da girma da kudi na kwarara a cikin kogi.

A kwarara kudi da aka auna a m / sec. Ba a ko'ina zai zama guda mãkirci da daban-daban topography da gangare na tashar ne daban-daban.

Ruwa amfani nuna yadda mutane da yawa cubic mita shige for 1 biyu ta hanyar wani giciye-sashe na tashar.

River abinci zo a hanyoyi da dama: Tara ruwan sama, bayan da narkewa na kankara, daga karkashin kasa kafofin kuma glaciers. Rain-ciyar da kogin, located in yammacin sahara. Snow-ciyar da kõguna a temperate zones da kuma a arewacin yammancin duniya, da kuma glacial dutsen kõguna suna. Akwai da dama babban iri ikon na gudãna:

1. Equatorial - kawai ruwa shekara zagaye.
2. Subequatorial - kogin ikon auku saboda ruwan sama, amma shi ne m da kuma yanayi.
3. Subtropical - ruwan sama tare da kiwon da matakin na kogin a hunturu da kuma bazara shallowing.
4. Subarctic - wani snow abinci, wanda ya samar da ruwan matakin Yunƙurin a cikin rani da kuma ban mamaki bushewa har in winter, a lokacin da mafi yawan peremerzaet koguna.
5. Lake - kogi shekara-zagaye cikakken powered kuma ba ya dogara ne a kan sauran abinci iri.
6. Mountain - a high duwãtsu na kogin da dare lokacin da ya zama karami, da rana ana bayansa da narkewa glaciers da kuma dusar ƙanƙara.

Har ila yau, sau da yawa sosai za ka iya ji da kogin tsarin mulki. Amma ba kowa ya san cewa wannan gwamnatin na kogin. A kan abin da ya dogara? Amsar mai sauki ne, sai gwamnati na gudãna - a hanya na tsawon lokaci, yanayi da kuma kullum kogin kwarara canje-canje a cikin layi. Canje-canje na iya faruwa sosai da sauri, shi duka dogara a inda kuma a karkashin abin da yanayi da kogin.

River kwarara daga tuddanta, daga ƙarƙashinsu saukar daga duwãtsu a cikin rayuwarsa, ba za su iya canza musu da hanyarsu 'yan dubu sau, obmelet ko, a maimakon haka, ya zama mafi cika-gudãna.

Musamman da ya kwarara daga kõguna

Mene ne tushen da kuma bakin kogi, an riga an sani, amma wasu siffofin na kwarara daga ruwa a kowace daga cikinsu? An sani cewa akwai waɗansu kõguna da tsaye ruwa da kuma wani low halin yanzu, kuma akwai wadanda inda ruwa gudu haka azumi cewa shi zai iya kawo wani, ko da babbar cikas a cikin hanyar.

A yanayi da ya kwarara kudi na kogin dogara a kan topography, gangara kuma fadowa ruwa. A filayen da kogin gudana m, shiru, da kuma fall na gangara suna da kadan. Wadannan koguna sun hada da Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Neman. Amma akwai wadanda cewa faru tsakanin dutsen tuddai. Suna halin mai karko da kuma karfi igiyoyin, a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa hadu da yawa Rapids, da kuma wani lokacin high waterfalls. Irin wannan koguna ne na girma darajar maniyyi, wanda ke nufin cewa, yanayin da ya kwarara daga gare su ne sosai daban-daban. Wadannan gudana za a iya dangana Terek, Rioni Taigiris da Yangtze.

Deepness dogara a kan sauyin yanayi, yanayin, da kuma wani lokacin ikon koguna. A gumi yanayi, da kogi a kowane lokaci na shekara ne cikakken mai ɓuɓɓuga da bushe canjin yanayin da, sau da yawa suka bushe up da kuma ciyar da kawai a kan hazo, kuma suka faru a shekara ba sosai.

Mountain kõguna suna sanyi, kamar yadda suka ciyar a kan dab glaciers ɗabaƙõƙĩ a. Amma idan ka yi tafiya a fadin cikin kogin, sa'an nan a sosai karshen ruwa na iya zama sosai dumi, kamar yadda a lokacin da hanya ta heats up karkashin iskar rana.

Mene ne dutsen da filayen kwari kogin?

Na gudanar don gane abin da tsarin mulki na kogin, amma akwai wasu iri da kogin? Bayan duk, ba za su iya kawai gudu daga tuddanta, ko je zuwa high duwãtsu.

Kwaruruka na gudãna - shi koguna da cewa ratsa lebur ƙasa tare da 'yan kwafi masu kunnen doki da kuma gudãna daga rate. Wadannan na gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu a kwaruruka ɓullo da tare da Tuddan kogin, inda a madadin stretches da kuma Rolls.

Mountain kõguna fãra a duwãtsu ko Shefela. Bã su da m gangara kuma m kogin gado, cluttered da wani ɓaɓɓake daga kankara. Domin irin wannan kõguna suna halin m gangara da sauri na yanzu, kananan zurfin. Sau da yawa a kan hanya waɗannan kõguna sunã akwai waterfalls da Rapids, kuma aka mamaye da matakai na yashewa.

Akwai kuma wani dutse-da bayyana kogin cewa zai fara zurfi a cikin duwatsu, bayan hankali motsi a cikin m kogin filayen.

5 most waɗansu kõguna na duniya

Sunan kogi, da most a duniya, ya sani kowa da kowa. List na 5 mafi girma mafi cika-gudãna ƙarƙashinsu, a cikin duniya jagorancin Amazon, wanda aka dauke da zuciya Kudancin Amirka. More kwanan nan, sai aka dauke a 2 a jerin daga cikin mafi girma bayan da Nile. Amma bayan da masu bincike ya dauki wani kananan tushen Ucayali ga gaskiya farkon na kogin, shi aka dauke mafi tsawo. Its tsawon shi ne fiye da 7000 km.

A na biyu wuri ya Afrika Kogin Nilu. An dauke mai tsarki kogin, saboda kawai ta hanyar da zai iya tsira, mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin matsananci da bushe sosai canjin yanayin na Afirka. A damana da kogin yawo, da barin Afirka yawan tsunduma a aikin noma, shinkafa da aka girma a kan ta bankuna. A tsawon na biyu mafi girma a kogin na duniya ne dan kadan fiye da 6800 km, da daron yana da wani yanki na fiye da miliyan 3 square ƙafafunsa. km.

Yangtze - shi ne wani babban kogi ne a cikin duniya, wanda aka dauke da babban m-ruwa ya kwarara Eurasia. Wannan kogin za a iya gani a matsayin dutsen-Araba, tun yana daukan asalinsa na Tibet Plateau, bayan da shi ya wuce Hengduan Mountains da kuma kara gudana a cikin Sichuan tasa. A tsawon kogin ne sosai zurfin - game 6.3 dubu km, da daron yanki - game da mutum miliyan 1.8 square ƙafafunsa. km.

Huang Ya ko Yellow kogin - shi ne daya a duniya, most kogin, wanda tushen a duwatsun Tibet. Its tsawon ne game 5000 km, da daron yanki - dubu 700 sq. M. km.

Sunan kogi, located a kan ƙasa na Rasha, za a iya samu a kan taswira. Daga gare su akwai wanda ake hada a cikin jerin top 5 mafi girma - shi ne Likitan mata. Its tsawon shi ne dan kadan fiye da 5400 km, da daron yanki ne kusan guda a matsayin cewa daga cikin Nile - 3 miliyan square ƙafafunsa. km. Wannan ruwa-ruwa rafi fãra a Rasha, sa'an nan ya wuce ta Kazakhstan da kuma ƙare ta hanyar a kasar Sin.

Major waɗansu kõguna na duniya na bayar da muhimmanci ga masana'antu da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihohi da a kan wanda ƙasa suka faru. Rivers ba bada rai-ruwa zuwa mutane. Bugu da kari, mai yawa, kifi a cikin koguna, wanda ciyar a kan ba kawai dabbobi, amma kuma mutane.

List na karami na gudãna a duniya

Amma ba kawai manyan kogin yana a duniya. Akwai ma da karami, wanda da ma'anar ga mutanen da ke rayuwa a kan ta bankuna. A mafi karami daga cikin kogin:

• Reprua River - Wannan kogin gudana a Abkhazia, kuma ta tsawon shi ne kawai 18 mita. Bugu da kari, an dauke da coldest kogin Black Sea Coast.
• Kovasselva - wannan ruwa-ruwa rafi located a kan Norwegian tsibirin Hitra, kuma ta tsawon ba fiye da 20 mita.

Amazing waɗansu kõguna na duniya

Halaye na kogin - yana da ba kawai game da yadda babban ko kananan su ne a size. Har ila yau a duniya akwai sabon abu da kuma ban mamaki ruwa na gudana daga qarqashinsu cewa jawo hankalin da hankali ga ta asali.

Caño Cristales - ne m kogin, shi ne located in Colombia. More sau da yawa fiye da ba na gida shi ne ake kira da kogin na biyar launuka. Wannan haske da kuma sabon abu launuka iri-iri godiya ga kogin daukan rayuwa a cikin ruwa algae. Idan ka dubi ruwa a cikinsa, za ka iya zaton cewa bakan gizo ya auku a cikin ruwa.

Tsitarum - ne dirtiest kogin a duniya. An located in Indonesia, da kuma datti saboda fiye da miliyan 5 mutane suna rayuwa a cikin kwari. All sharar mutane jefa a ruwa. Idan ka duba a kogin daga nesa, har ma kawai ba su fahimta da abin da shi ne, ga alama cewa ka duba a juji.

Congo - mafi zurfi kogin a duniya. Yana gudana a Afrika ta Tsakiya, a wasu wuraren da ta kai zurfin mita 230, kuma yiwu ma fiye.

El Rio Vinaigrette - sosai acidic kogin. Yana gudana da Puras aman wuta a Colombia. A ruwa da shi ya ƙunshi fiye da 11 sassa na sulfuric acid da kuma 9 sassa na hydrochloric acid. A wannan kogi na iya zama babu halittu masu rai.

Rayuwa a kõguna: shuke-shuke

Halaye na kogin - yana da ba kawai da ikon, tsawon da sauran sigogi, amma kuma dabbobi da shuke-shuke. Bayan duk, a cikin kowane rafi na ruwa, ko shi ne mafi girma ko karami, yana da rai. Kowane sauri ko m kogin samu su mafaka, da yawa shuke-shuke da saje da rayuwa kawai a wani musamman rafi, tare da halaye na kwarara, ruwa zafin jiki da kuma sauran sigogi.

Tsire-tsire kõguna za a iya raba 5 babban kungiyoyin:

1. Tsire-tsire da suke a cikin ruwa da kuma a kan ƙasar. Suka fara girma a kan kogin kasa da kuma na sama na su lẽƙãwa a kan ruwa. Wadannan sun hada da kara, Reed, horsetail, cattail da arrowhead.
2. Tsire-tsire wanda Tushen suna a haɗe zuwa kasa, yayin da ganye taso kan ruwa a kan ruwa surface. Wadannan shuke-shuke suna Lily fari da kuma iyo pondweed.
3. Shuke-shuke da tushen a kasa, wanda ganye zama a cikin ruwa - shi ke Eurasian ruwa milfoil da pondweed talakawa.
4. Shawagi shuke-shuke da cewa ba su da tushen a kasa. Daya daga cikin wadannan tsire-tsire ne da Duckweed.
5. Shuke-shuke da zauna da talakawan ruwa Layer - hornwort, filamentous algae da elodea.

Da waɗansu kõguna na Life: Animal Kingdom

Halaye na kogin - shi ne ma da dabbobi, wanda ba zai iya zama ko ina amma a cikin ruwa. A cikin waɗansu kõguna na rayuwarsu ba kawai a manyan yawan nau'in kifi, amma sauran halittu:

• Plankton - suna rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa rayuwa a cikin ruwa shafi, suka jũna a taso kan ruwa a cikin ruwa da kuma aka canjawa wuri zuwa da ikon kwarara. Plankton shi ne ainihin abinci ga mutane da yawa kifi.
• Bentos. Wannan kungiyar hada benthic kwayoyin.
• Nekton - An rayayye motsi dabbobi iya shawo kan halin yanzu. A yau, akwai fiye da dubu 20 jinsunan nekton, wadannan sun hada da kifi, squid, cetaceans, pinnipeds, kunkuru da sauransu.
• Neuston - dabba da shuka kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a kan ruwa surface, na da iyaka tare da yanayi.
• Pleuston - yana da dabba da shuka kwayoyin, ullowar a cikin ruwa, watau, m na rayuwa biyu a cikin ruwa da kuma a cikin iska ...
• By epineuston ne kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a kan surface fim.
• Hyponeuston - kwayoyin hade da surface film, amma rayuwa a karkashin shi.
• Periphyton - kwayoyin da suke zaune a farfajiya na kura idon abubuwa.

Kõguna suna kuma zaune dabbobi masu shayarwa: dabbar beaver, Otter, muskrat, da dabbobi masu rarrafe: kunkuru, macizai, crocodiles.

Yadda akwai waɗansu kõguna?

Mutane a zamanin dā sun gaskata cewa ruwa - shi ne rai. Su sukan gina gidaje a kan bankunan na koguna da tabkuna, don haka abin da suka kasance da sauki a magance rayuwar yau da kullum. Da yin amfani da kogin ba kawai taimaka wajen yi iyali chores, amma har da tattalin arziki. Ruwa daga kogin da ake amfani da sha, tsaftacewa da shi a gaba, ta shirya wa kansu abinci da kuma dabbobi suna amfani ga watering shuke-shuke.

Yau, da ruwa daga kogin da aka barrantar a musamman tashoshin da piped bauta a cikin gida na manyan birane. Har ila yau, kogi ne sau da yawa amfani iyo katako, a matsayin hanyar sufuri a tsawon nisa. A koguna, iyo, kama kifi. River - shi ne ma mai kyau sosai shimfidar wuri, saboda ba za ka iya zama a kan rairayin bakin teku da kuma ji dadin sabo ne m iska, yayin da admiring da kewaye.

Nawa ruwa ake bukata domin masana'antu Enterprises, wanda ake ma gina kusa da koguna?! Godiya ga wannan unguwa, wani sha'anin za a iya ciyar da tare da ruwa daga kandami. A m kasashe - a Afirka ko South America - inda da sauyin yanayi sosai bushe da koguna sau da yawa bushe, babban sha source for namun daji ne kawai da kogin, ko da bushe a wasu wurare. Amma a damana da suka zama cikakken-gudãna sake.

Ba tare da kõguna a cikinta, duniya tamu ba zai zama da kyau sosai, kuma gaskiya. Su, kamar ruwa tiyo, karkatarwa a duniya da kuma bayar da bada rai-ruwa, amma aiki na bil'adama - yi kokarin kiyaye su tsarkakuwa, kuma kyakkyawa.