Saitunan suna cikin masu sana'a ko masu amfani? Ƙayyadewa na ƙwayoyin cuta

Duniya muna duniyarmu, mutane, dabbobi, bishiyoyi, ciyawa, namomin kaza suna girma akan shi. Amma banda kwayoyin amfani, akwai wasu cututtuka, irin su parasites. Me ya sa ake cutar da su a wasu lokuta, amma a wasu suna amfana? Lambobi suna nufin abin da ke, menene jadawalin su? Karanta a cikin wannan labarin.

Masu samarda

A cikin kowane ɗayan halittu masu rai da rayayyun halittu. Ana kiran wadannan alamun abubuwan abiotic. Duk wani tsarin kwayoyin halitta ba zai yiwu bane ba tare da masu samar da abubuwa masu rai-abubuwa masu rai da zasu iya samar da kwayoyin halitta, yayin amfani da abubuwa marar kyau. Wadannan sun hada da shuka photosynthesis aiwatar da yake faruwa da taimako na haske makamashi. Tsire-tsire ta amfani da carbon, ruwa, da kuma wasu ma'adanai lokacin da fallasa su chlorophyll iya rairaya kwayoyin halitta.

Masu amfani

Wadannan kwayoyin ne wadanda ke ciyar da abubuwa masu shirya kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan sun haɗa da dabbobi, mutane, wasu microorganisms, tsire-tsire. Shin parasites ya koma ga abin da? Bisa ga hanyar rayuwa, su masu amfani ne. Kuma akwai daban-daban iri.

• Na farko ko na farko tsari. Wadannan sun hada da dabbobi, abincin su ne tsire-tsire.
• Secondary ko na biyu da kuma bin umarni. Suna ciyar da abincin dabba, amma abincin su ya ƙunshi kwayoyin, wato, masu amfani da su. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwayoyin suna cikin su. Masu amfani su ne dabbobi masu cin nama abubuwa. Babban makamashi da suka samu daga cinye tsire-tsire. Wannan shine farkon sarkar abinci na kowa. Da yara ciyar a kan kyallen takarda da herbivorous dabbobi, da kuma carnivorous rauni. Kwayoyin suna zama a cikin kuɗin sauran kwayoyin, kuma su, a biyun, suna amfani da superparasites. Tsayawa daga wannan, ya biyo bayan cewa abincin ya kasance ga masu amfani. Kwayoyin decomposers-gama abinci sarkar, maido da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ma'adinai jihar. Kwanan wutar lantarki yana raguwa da ƙarfi.

Reedents

Wannan ƙungiya ce ta musamman na microorganisms da fungi da ke halakar da tsirewar tsire-tsire da dabbobi, ya juya su cikin ruwa da carbon dioxide. Saboda haka, alamun suna da dangantaka da Microorganisms wanda ya cika wannan sake zagayowar kuma ya sake mayar da abubuwa masu lalata zuwa yanayi, amma a cikin sabuwar jihar. Saboda haka ne da samuwar da kayayyakin abinci, da waxanda suke daga kera zuwa masu amfani da kuma decomposers.

Sifofi suna komawa ga masu haɓaka, tun da sun cika dacewa da bayanin su da salon rayuwarsu. Dukkan kayan sarkar abinci suna da alaƙa. Suna yin hulɗa a fili: wasu suna shafan abubuwa daban-daban, yayin da wasu suna satar da su. Oxygen da kwayoyin abubuwa sun hada da masu samarwa, kuma suna cinyewa da kuma numfashi ta hanyar masu amfani da decomposers.

Harsuna

Wadannan kwayoyin ne wadanda basu da damar hada kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta daga cikin kwayar halitta. Saboda haka, wasu kwayoyin samar da shi, kuma heterotrophs kawai shirya. Hanyoyin turawa a cikin al'ummomi na daban ne na masu amfani da decomposers. Sifofi suna komawa da kwayoyin halittu, wadanda kuma: mutane da dabbobi, shuke-shuke da fungi, kwayoyin halitta wadanda basu iya daukar photosynthesis ba. Wasu shuke-shuke heterotrophs gaba daya rasa chlorophyll. Wadannan sun hada da rafflesia da broomrape, wasu kuma sun riƙe wasu. Misali, wani dodon.

Tsire-tsire-tsire

Mene ne? Ga shuke-shuke parasitic sune wadanda suka rasa damar yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta da kansu, wato, zuwa tsarin photosynthesis. Ba su samar da makamashin sunadarai don abinci ba, amma suna shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga tsire-tsire masu amfani da su. Don tsira, kwayoyin suna tsayawa ga tushen da kuma mai tushe na horar da tsire-tsire. Rashin kayan gina jiki, tsire-tsire masu girma suna raunana sosai kuma baza su iya inganta kullum ba. Fara farawa baya a ci gaba kuma ya bushe. A kan irin wannan tsire-tsire, 'ya'yan itatuwa ba su da tushe.

Wasu nau'o'in dodadden, irin su clover da alfalfa, suna cikin tsire-tsire na parasitic. Wadannan weeds ba su da chlorophyll da asalinsu. Su, tare da dogon lokaci, mai sauƙi mai tushe, suna kewaye da mahaɗar mai shuka kuma su shiga ciki. Sashin kwayoyin cutar, wanda abin da yake da shi, ya shayar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace har sai tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, akwai tushen parasites, wanda ya hada da broomrape. Yana kaiwa ga tushen sunflower, tumatir, taba, hemp.

Shuka-Semi-parasites

Su abun da ake ci ne ma gina jiki rundunar shuka parasites cewa hašawa da su da tushen ko mai tushe. Amma Semi-parasites suna da ikon samin hotuna. Duk da haka, idan mai masaukin ya mutu, toshe-parasites na ci gaba da rayuwa a kansa. Misali shi ne mashawarci, wanda yana da chlorophyll, kuma yana da ikon yin samuwa. Kashi rabin abincin da aka samo shi ne ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin jigilar kwayoyin da kansa, da sake watsar da abincin mai masaukin baki a ciki.

Mistletoe yana da nau'o'in iri, kuma kusan dukkanin su sunyi kan bishiyoyi. Kuma jigilar nau'ikan jinsuna guda suna zaune a hankali akan bishiyoyi daban-daban. Amma a yanayi akwai irin wadannan takunkumin da aka saba da wasu nau'in bishiyoyi. Alal misali, idan maiguwa na pine ya tsiro a kan pear ya fara hallaka shi, kyallen jikin mai shuka ya zama matattu, kuma macijin zai halaka.

Namomin kaza-parasites

Suna cikin yanayin nau'in dubu biyu. Domin samun tsira, fungi-parasites suna amfani da masu bada taimako. Su ne kwari, dabbobi, kifi, tsire-tsire. Gidan zama na namomin kaza na iya zama bishiyoyi masu mutuwa, dabbobi ko fadi. Zuwa namomin kaza-parasites su ne tsattsar karamar tsuntsaye, wutsiya, gurgu. Suna harba dankali, alkama, hatsi da wasu tsire-tsire. Wannan yana haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Don namomin kaza-parasites su ne aspergillas da cordyceps, inda wurin zama wanda kwari ne. A cikin ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar dabbar naman gwari tana tsiro da sauri. Wannan yana haifar da ɗaukar murfin rubutun dabbar ta kwari da harsashi mai launin fata. Kudan zuma yana mutuwa. Amma game da naman gwari Cordyceps, don haka ya shirya har ma mafi kyau: yana zaune a cikin kullun, yana ciyarwa akan ƙwaƙwalwar sa da kuma sprouts waje. Da zarar wannan ya faru, kullun ya mutu. Mafi cutarwa namomin namomin kaza su ne scabs da Sikeli.

Ƙayyadewa na ƙwayoyin cuta

Ya dogara ne akan ka'idodi daban-daban. Bari mu dubi wasu daga cikinsu. Gidan mazaunin kwayar cutar shine:

• Cikin gida, shigarwa a cikin ƙungiyar masu karɓar bakuncin.
• Wajen waje, rayuwa a kan jikin jikin mai watsa shiri.

A lokacin da ake ci gaba da zaman lafiya a lokacin ci gaba:

• Gida - suna da mummunar tasiri a cikin rayuwarsu. Alal misali, Trichomonas ne.
• Lokaci - bayyana kansu a lokaci guda. Alal misali, tsutsotsi tsutsotsi.
• Kayyadden lokaci - daya ko sau da yawa sadu da ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da mai watsa shiri jiki. Zai iya zama furanni, hanyoyi, kwari, sauro.

Daga dangantaka da m zuwa ga mai watsa shiri:

• Ba tare da wani abu ba - tsarin ci gaba na ci gaba ba za a iya kammala ba tare da wani tsaka-tsaki ba.
• Aboki - daidaitawa a wani mataki na cigaba da rayuwa.