Tectonic Tsarin. Tsarin maɗaukaki mafi tsufa

Tectonic Tsarin su ne manyan wurare na ƙananan harsashi na duniya. Ana iyakance su akan manyan kuskure. An yi nazari da ƙungiyoyi da tsarin tsarin kwaya cikin tsarin tsarin horo irin su tectonics.

Janar bayani

Tectonic tsarin ana binciken ta amfani da taswirar geographic, hanyoyin haɓakarwa (jiragen ruwa mai tasowa, musamman), da hakowa. An gudanar da nazarin waɗannan shafuka bisa ga yadda aka karɓa. Geology yayi nazarin matsakaici da ƙananan siffofin, kimanin kilomita 10 a sashen giciye, tectonics - manyan hanyoyi, fiye da 100 km. Na farko an kira daskararrun nau'o'i daban-daban (discontinuous, injective, da dai sauransu). Ƙarshen sun haɗa da synclinoria da anticlinoria a cikin yankuna masu lakabi, avlakogeny, syneclise, anteclise a cikin faranti, garkuwa da kwance-kwance. Wannan rukunin ya hada da ragowar ƙarƙashin ruwa da raƙuman aiki na cibiyoyin ƙasa, dandamali, ƙirar geosynclinal, tekuna, orogens, ragowar tsakiyar teku, kullun, da dai sauransu. Wadannan sassan tectonic masu girma sun ƙunshi harsashi mai zurfi da lithosphere kuma an kira su zurfi.

Ƙayyadewa

Tsarin gine-ginen tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwar gine-ginen ya kai mita miliyoyin mita mita. Km a yanki da dubban kilomita a tsawonsa. Suna ci gaba a duk fadin tsarin ilimin geological tarihin duniya. Tsarin tectonic duniya shine wadanda ke zaune har mita miliyan 10. Km. Tsawonsu ya kai mita dubu dari. Lokacin tsawon rayuwarsu ya dace daidai da sassan da suka gabata. Arziki yana ma subglobal tectonic tsarin na ɓawon burodi. Suna zaune a yankunan mita miliyan dari. Km da kuma shimfiɗa don dubban kilomita. Lokacin da suka ci gaba shine fiye da biliyan biliyan.

Basic tectonic Tsarin

Bisa hadin hijirar zumunta monolithic zama ruwan dare lithospheric faranti. Har yanzu, akwai manyan shafuka 7 da 11-13. Tsohon ya hada da Eurasia, Arewacin Amirka da Afrika ta Kudu, Afrika, Indo-Australian, Pacific, Antarctic tectonic Tsarin. Ƙananan tsari sun haɗa da Philippine, Larabawa, Caribbean faranti, Kwakwa, Nasca, da dai sauransu.

Fractures

Wadannan sassan tectonic suna raba sassan lithospheric. Daga cikin su, da farko dai, ɗayan suna da alaƙa. An raba su zuwa nahiyar da tsakiyar teku. Harshen wannan tsari shine tsarin duniya, tsawonsa ya fi kilomita dubu 64. Misalan waɗannan shafuka sune Gabashin Gabashin Afrika (mafi girma a duniya), Baikal. Wani irin nau'i-nau'i mara kyau shine yankuna masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka yanke haɗe-haɗe daidai. A kan layi akwai iyakokin sassan lithospheric da ke kusa da su.

Platforms

Su ne raƙuman ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan shafukan yanar gizo sun wuce gagarumar ci gaba. Kayan dandali na uku ne. A cikin tsari akwai ginshiƙan cristalline, wadda aka kafa ta basalt da granite-gneiss layers. A cikin dandamali akwai kuma murfin kayan shafa. Gidan gine-ginen yana samuwa ta hanyar yadudduka da duwatsu masu tsatsotsi sun rutsa cikin garkuwa. Dukkan wannan mummunan kauri yana da rauni ta hanyar intrusions (mafi yawansu suna da matsakaici da acid). Dangane da yawan shekarun kafuwar, an rarraba dandamali zuwa tsarin matasa da kuma tsohuwar tectonic. Wannan aikin ya zama babban mabuɗin cibiyoyin na duniya, suna zaune a cikin ɓangarensu na tsakiya. Ƙananan samfurin suna samuwa a gefen haɗarsu. Rubutun launi yana kunshe da gadaje marasa lalacewa na lagoon, shiryayye kuma, a lokuta masu wuya, ciyayi na yau da kullum.

Garkuwa da faranti

Wadannan nau'o'in tectonic suna bambanta da takamaiman tsarin tsarin ilimin geological. Wani garkuwa ne ɓangare na dandamali wanda aka sanya ginin gine-ginen a farfajiya, wato, babu wani launi mai sutura a cikin su. A cikin sauƙi, ana nuna garkuwoyi, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta hanyar plateaus da hawan. Fusosai sune samfurori ko sassansu, wanda ke dauke da mai karfi mai laushi. Sakamakon su ya samo asali ne ta hanyar nutsewa tactonic da ƙetare teku. A cikin jin dadin, suma yawanci yakan dace da hawan tudu da ƙananan ƙasa.

Kuskuren

Suna wakiltar mafi kyawun sassan shafukan yanar gizo. Dangane da tushe shi ne convex. Jigon sirri ba ƙarfin ba ne. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi anteclise ne saboda ƙaddamar da tayin ƙasa. A wannan haɗin, hanyoyi da dama da ke gabatarwa a yankunan da ke maƙwabtaka da su bazai bayyana a cikinsu ba.

Arrays da protrusions

Su ne sassan yanki na anteclise. Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi girma suna wakilci kayan aiki. A cikin su, harsashin shine ko dai a farfajiyar ko kuma ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙarancin shekarun ƙaura. Maganganun ana kiransa sassan kayan aiki. Ana nuna su ta hanyar elongated ko isometric uplifts na ginshiki, kai kimanin diamita 100 km. Har ila yau, akwai alamomi da aka binne. A sama da su, an rufe murfin launi a cikin hanyar ɓangaren ƙananan yanki.

Syneclise

Su ne mafi girma mafi girma na yanki na yanki na kayan aiki. Ginin ginsinsu yana da kwakwalwa. Ana rarrabe su ta hanyar ƙasa mai zurfi, da kuma matakan da ke cikin slopes. An kafa mahaukaci a lokacin da aka fara rushewa na tectonic. Game da wannan, ana rufe murfin su mai girma.

Monoclines

Wadannan nau'in tectonic suna bambanta ta hanyar daɗaɗɗɗen ɓangare na ɓangaren. Matsayin haɗuwa da wuya ya wuce digiri daya. Dangane da tasirin mummunar yanayi, tsakanin iyakokin abin da aka samo shi, ana iya zama daban-daban. Daga sassa na yankuna na murfin kayan shafa, da sutura, da tsutsa, da saddles suna da sha'awa. Wannan na karshe ya kasance matsakaici matsayi tare da tsawo na farfajiya. Saddles suna samuwa a saman sassan da ke kewaye da su, amma a ƙasa da masu tabbatacce.

Ƙungiyoyi masu fadi

Suna lalacewa da karuwa mai yawa a cikin kauri daga cikin man fetur. An kafa yankunan tsaunuka a lokacin da yankuna lithospheric ke canzawa. Yawancin su, musamman ma matasa, suna da alamun tsinkaye. Yawan shekarun tsari shine ainihin ka'idar rarraba yankunan tsaunuka. An shigar da shi ta ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanta. Ƙungiyoyin tsaunuka suna rarraba, sabili da haka, cikin:

1. The Baikal.
2. Hercynian.
3. Caledonian.
4. Alpine.
5. Cimmerian.

Wannan jinsin yana dauke dashi ne, tun da yawancin masana kimiyya sun san ci gaba da nadawa.

Shirye-shiryen tsaftacewa

Wadannan samfurori sun samo asali ne saboda sake farfadowa a cikin iyakokin kactonic a cikin iyakokin da suka faru a baya kuma sun riga sun hallaka tsarin. A wannan yanayin, tsarin tsari na fariya ya fi dacewa da Paleozoic da kuma farkon matakai. Sauran nauyin masarufi, a gaba ɗaya, yana kama da daidaitawar tsarin dutsen. Duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe yana bayyana a cikin yanki-block-block. Alal misali, a cikin tsaunuka duwatsu masu tayar da hanyoyi masu dacewa suna jigilar kwalliya, kuma synclinoriums sun dace da suturar ruwaye. A cikin bangarori masu suturta, da kuma gefen haɗarsu, da biyunsu, da kwaruruka masu zurfi da kwaruruka suna bambanta. A saman wadannan takardun su ne ƙananan samfurori, wanda ya taso daga halakar tsaunukan dutse - Molasses. Hanyoyin kafa na piedmont sune sakamakon sakamakon sassan lithospheric.

Tsakiya Rasha

Kowane babban abu mai launi ya wakilci a matsayin wuri guda ɗaya na babban yanki. Wannan zai iya kasancewa wani dandamali ko tsarin ninka na zamani na zamani. Kowane samfurin yana da bayanin dace a cikin taimako. Dukansu sun bambanta a yanayin hawan su, a cikin siffofin ƙasa da ciyayi. Tsarin tsarin ka'idojin Urals yana da sha'awa. A cikin zamani na zamani, wannan lamari ne, wanda ya ƙunshi da dama da yawa, elongated meridionally kuma ya rabu da synclinoria. Wannan karshen ya dace da kwaruruwan da ke kusa, da na farko zuwa raguwa. Mažalli Urtalt anticlinorium ya wuce ta duk ilimin. Ta wurin abun da ke cikin kudaden Riphean, za'a iya tabbatar da cewa a lokacin da suka tara jari mai mahimmanci ya faru. A lokaci guda an sake maye gurbin shi sau da yawa ta hanyar gajeren lokaci. By ƙarshen Riphean samo asali Baikal folded. Hakan ya fara karuwa a cikin Cambrian. A wannan lokacin, kusan dukkanin ƙasar suka juya zuwa ƙasa. An nuna wannan ta hanyar rarraba ƙananan kayan abinci, wanda ginshiƙan ƙirar ƙananan samfurin Cambrian suke wakiltar su, marble da quartzites. Tsarin tsari na Urals a cikin ƙananan wuri, saboda haka, ya kammala kammalawar Baikal. A sakamakon haka, an kafa wuraren da suka bambanta da wadanda suka tashi daga baya. Suna ci gaba da kafa harsashin ginin Timan-Pechora a Gabashin Turai.

Tsarin Tectonic Siberian: Aldan Highlands

Hanyoyin da ke kan wannan ƙasa sun hada da jinsin da aka riga sunyi amfani da su da kuma masu kare lafiyar Proterozoic. Sun kasance cikin Siberian Platform na Precambrian. Ya zama dole, duk da haka, ya ce game da wasu siffofin da tsarin tectonic yana da. Aldan Plateau raya for meso-Cenozoic tarihi tsakanin kudancin yankunan da Arewa Baikal da dandamali. A shafuka da dama da kankarar ginin gine-ginen suna a saman. Ana wakilta su da gine-ginen kirki, tsohuwar quartzites, marbles da gneisses. A gefen arewacin akwai wani yanki, tushensa yana da zurfin kusan kilomita 1.5. Dutsensa ya rushe ta hanyar jigilar granite a matakai daban-daban na cigaban ilimin geological.

Turai ɓangare

Duwatsu na Khibiny suna da sha'awa a nan. Tsarin tectonic ya wakilta shi ne wanda aka raguwa da ƙananan filayen. Suna zaune a yankin Kola da Karelia. Kafa duwãtsu Khibiny tectonic tsarin asali ne a cikin nau'i na intrusions da dislocations. Sun ƙaddara filin. Ƙungiyar alkaline na ƙasa tana wakiltar daya daga cikin yunkuri na multiphase. An samo a kan iyakar Gneiss Archaean da kuma tsarin Proterozoic na tsarin Varzuga-Imandra, da kuma a cikin ɓangaren maɓallin kullun da yake gudana tare da r. Cola - r. Niva.