Yaya kwayoyin zasu iya rayuwa? Cibiyoyin Bacteria

Tsarin halittu masu rai, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta a duniya, yawancin mazaunan duniya suna kwayoyin cuta. Wadannan halittu ne, akalla, ban mamaki, kimiyya mai ban sha'awa tun lokacin da, tare da sababbin abubuwa masu yawa (microscope), ɗayan sun gane su karshe. Kafin wannan, juyin halitta kwayoyin cutar ta wuce ta wurin mutane, wanda zai iya cewa, "a karkashin hanci", amma babu wanda ya kula da su. Kuma gaba daya a banza!

Asalin asalin

Su ne mafi yawan mazaunan duniya. Tsawon lokaci na kwayoyin halitta shine Duniya. Kwayoyin cutar sun nan na farko daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, a cewar wasu masana kimiyya, game da uku da rabi shekaru biliyan suka wuce (don kwatanta: da shekaru na Duniya ne kamar biliyan hudu). Wato, a kan magana, yawancin kwayoyin cutar ya kasance daidai da shekarun da ke kewaye. A hanyar, labarin da aka sani na ɗan adam ya ƙayyade kawai 'yan dubban shekaru. Anan muna "matasa" idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan microorganisms.

Mafi ƙanƙanci kuma mafi yawa

Bacteria kuma shine mafi ƙanƙanci daga dukkanin wakilan namun daji. Gaskiyar ita ce, kwayoyin kusan dukkanin rayayyun halittu suna da nauyin girman daidai. Amma ba kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta ba. Matsakanin kwayan kwayar halitta kusan kimanin goma ne a cikin girman fiye da kwayar halitta, misali, ɗan adam. Saboda wannan karami, su ma sun kasance mafi yawan mazauna. An sani cewa a cikin ɓangaren ƙasa inda kwayoyin suke rayuwa, za'a iya kasancewa da yawa mazauna, misali, mutane a duk ƙasashen Turai.

Endurance

Yanayi, samar da kwayoyin cuta, ya sanya jari a cikin su babbar gefen tsaro, wanda ya fi ƙarfin jimlar wasu fauna. Tun da "zamanin duniyar zurfi", yawancin lalacewar sun faru a duniya, kuma kwayoyin sun koyi yin jimre tare da su. Kuma a yau yawan mazaunin kwayoyin halitta yana da bambancin cewa yana haifar da zurfin sha'awar masana kwayoyin halitta. Ana iya samun samfurori a wasu wurare inda ya tabbata cewa babu wani daga cikin halittun da zai iya rayuwa.

Yaya kwayoyin zasu iya rayuwa?

Alal misali, a cikin yankakken gilashi, inda zazzabiyar ruwa zai kai kimanin digiri ɗari fiye da zero. Ko - a cikin tafkuna mai layin man fetur, kazalika da cikin ruwa masu ruwa wadanda ba su dace da rayuwa ba, inda duk kifi ko dabba zasu warkewa nan da nan - wannan ne inda kwayoyin zasu iya rayuwa.

Masana kimiyya sun bayar da shawarar cewa wasu kwayoyin halitta zasu iya wanzu har ma a fili! A hanyar, wannan bayanan yana dogara ne akan daya daga cikin sifofin kafa duniya ta abubuwa masu rai, ka'idar asalin rayuwa a duniya.

Tambayoyi

Don magance irin wannan yanayi mara kyau, wasu kwayoyin suna haifuwa. Zamu iya cewa wannan abu ne na musamman, barci, hutawa. Kafin kafa wani spore, kwayoyin fara fara bushe, cire ruwa daga kanta. Ya rage a girmansa, yana cikin cikin harsashi, an rufe shi da ƙari ɗaya tare da ɗayan harsashi - na yanayin kare. A cikin wannan tsari, microorganism na iya kasancewa sosai, sosai, don haka, kamar "jira" don lokutan wahala. Bayan haka, dangane da yanayin da kwayoyin suke rayuwa - ko dai suna da kyau ko a'a - zasu iya ci gaba da aiki mai mahimmanci a cikakke. Wannan mahimmancin damar rayuwa a cikin mummunar yanayi ana nazari ne da magungunan kwayoyin halitta.

Ƙarƙashin

Tambayar "a ina ne kwayoyin suke rayuwa?" Za a iya amsawa da sauƙi sosai: "Kusan a ko'ina!" Wato: a kusa da mu da cikin mu, cikin yanayi, a cikin ƙasa, cikin ruwa. Kuma kowacce rana yakan shiga saduwa da dubban mutane, ba tare da la'akari da shi ba. Daga cikinsu akwai kwayoyin pathogenic da kuma yanayin pathogenic. Babu kariya ga jikin mutum.

A ƙasa

A cikin ƙasa inda kwayoyin suke rayuwa, suna dauke da lambar mafi girma. A nan akwai kayan gina jiki wajibi don rayuwa, kuma yawancin ruwa, babu hasken rana kai tsaye. Mafi yawan wadannan kwayoyin ne saprophytes. Suna shiga cikin rassan yankin m (humus). Duk da haka, akwai magungunan kwayar halitta: pathogens na tetanus, botulism, gangrene da sauran cututtuka. Sa'an nan kuma za su iya shiga cikin iska da ruwa, su kara haɗakar da mutane da wadannan cututtuka.

Sabili da haka, wakili na tetanus, mai girma itace, ya shiga jiki daga ƙasa tare da wasu lalacewa ga fata da kuma tasowa cikin yanayin anaerobic (ba tare da oxygen) ba.

A cikin ruwa

Ko da inda kwayoyin zasu iya rayuwa, yana cikin ruwa. A nan sun fada lokacin da aka wanke su daga ƙasa, kuma hasashen ya fada cikin tafki. Saboda wannan dalili, a hanyar, a cikin ruwa mai fasaha akwai ƙananan kwayoyin halitta fiye da ruwa a sama. Ruwan daji daga tafkin ko kogin zai iya zama yanayin da kwayoyin halitta ke zaune, inda wurin da cututtukan cututtuka da dama ke yadawa: cutar kutsawa, ciwon kwalara, dysentery da sauransu. Alal misali, dysentery yana haifar da kwayoyin daga Shigella jinsuna kuma yana tare da ciwo mai tsanani na jiki, raunuka na gastrointestinal tract.

A yanayin

A cikin iska, inda kwayoyin zasu iya zama, ba su da yawa kamar su a cikin ƙasa. Halin yanayi matsakaici ne a cikin ƙaura na microorganisms, sabili da haka ba zai iya bautawa - saboda rashin abinci da rashin ruwan zafi - wurin zama na dindindin ga kwayoyin cuta. A cikin iska, kwayoyin sun shiga cikin turɓaya, ƙananan ruwaye na ruwa, amma sai - shirya, ƙarshe, a kan ƙasa. Duk da haka, a cikin wuraren da ba'a da yawa - manyan megacities, alal misali - adadin kwayoyin halitta dake cikin iska na iya zama mai girma, musamman a lokacin rani. Kuma iska kanta iya zama a matsayin matsakaici inda rayuwa kwayoyin cuta, da kowane irin cututtuka. Wasu daga cikinsu: diphtheria, tooping tari. Kazalika da tarin fuka ya sa ta tubercle bacillus.

A kan mutumin

A fata ɗan mutum ne mai yawa da yawa kwayoyin halitta. Amma ana rarraba su a fili a cikin jirgin sama. Akwai kwayoyin "wuraren da aka fi so", kuma akwai wuraren da suke kama da bakin hamada. Kuma, bisa ga masana kimiyya, yawancin kwayoyin halitta dake zaune a jikin fata ba su da cutarwa. A akasin wannan, suna yin irin wannan aikin tsaro ga mutum daga microbes wanda ake la'akari da haɗari. An tabbatar ta hanyar kimiya da ya wuce kima sterility kuma tsarki - ba haka ba mai kyau (ba shakka, da sauki dokoki na kiwon lafiya ba a soke). Kalla dukkan kwayoyin ne mutum baya auricles. Babban adadin yana a kan gaba (akwai kimanin 45). Kwayoyin cuta masu yawa suna rayuwa ne a kan ƙwayoyin mucous, wadanda ake kira wuraren da aka rigaya, inda suke jin dadi sosai. A cikin bushe (dabino, buttocks) - yanayin wanzuwar ba su dace ba ne ga microorganisms.

A cikinmu

A cewar likitoci, kwayoyin, a cikin mutum Gut ne zuwa gida kamar uku kilo kwayoyin! Kuma a cikin mahimmanci sharuddan - wannan babbar rundunar ce, wanda ba za a iya watsi da ita ba. Duk da haka, kwayoyin maƙwabta ne masu kyau. Mafi yawan mutanen da suke zaune cikin jiki (da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa) suna da amfani kuma suna gudanar da unguwar zaman lafiya da "masters". Wasu - taimakawa narkewa. Sauran - yin ayyukan karewa: sakamakon sakamakon su, kwayoyin halittu masu tayar da hankali suna rushe lokacin da suke ƙoƙari su shigar da yankin na abokin ciniki. 99% na yawan - bifidobacteria da kwayoyin. Wani mahaifa, E. coli (wanda yake da yanayin pathogenic), lactobacilli - daga kimanin 1 zuwa 10%. Suna ƙarƙashin yanayin mummunan yanayi na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, amma cikin jiki na mai lafiya yana yin ayyuka masu amfani. Duk da haka akwai rayuwa daban-daban fungi da staphylococci, wanda kuma zai iya zama pathogenic. Amma a cikin ƙwayar gastrointestinal akwai wani ma'auni na bacteriological, kamar dai idan ya kasance cikin halitta, yana riƙe da lafiyar mutum a daidai matakin. A pathogens a fairly high rigakafi ba zai iya shiga da kuma wata cũta.