Chemical da kuma jiki Properties na alli

Kullin shine launi mai launi na farin launi. Ba shi da ruwa a cikin ruwa, yana da tushen asali. Daga labarin mun koyi inda aka yi amfani da allon, kayan jiki da sunadaran wannan dutsen.

Ilimi:

Shekaru 90 da suka wuce a Arewacin Turai, silt da aka tara a cikin ƙananan ƙananan teku. A kan tudun ruwa ya zauna a cikin tsari (foraminifera). Sassan su sun hada da lissafi daga ruwa. Ƙungiyar launi na ƙungiyar stratigraphic na Turai ta bayyana a lokacin da aka yi. Daga shi kafa fadar White cliffs a Kent kuma gangara a hayin na mashigar na Dover. Wannan shi ne abin da ya zama tushen asalin. Duk da haka, akasarin dutse yana kunshe da samfurori na algae da magunguna masu kyau. Sabili da haka, masu bincike sun bayyana cewa bayyanar alli ne mai dacewa da tsire-tsire.

Tsarin dutsen

Ragowar ƙwayoyin mollusks da aka tara a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyi sun juya cikin alli. A cikin irin akwai:

1. Game da kashi 10 cikin dari na kwarangwal kwarangwal. Daga cikin su ba kawai sassan protozoa ba ne, amma har da dabbobi masu yawa.
2. About 10% na bawo foraminifera.
3. Har zuwa kashi 40 cikin ɓangarorin ƙwayoyin algal
4. Har zuwa 50% crystalline finely raba calcite. Girmansa yana da ƙananan cewa yana da wuya a kafa tsarin ilmin halitta na abubuwan da suke hada shi.
5. Har zuwa kashi 3% na ma'adanai. Suna da yawa suna wakiltar silicates. Ma'adanai masu sassauci sune nau'i-nau'i na gine-gine (gangaro daban-daban da yashi), wanda aka ajiye a cikin bayanan allon ta hanyar iskoki da iskõki.

Kusuka na mollusks, concretions na wasu ma'adanai, kwarangwal na coelenterates suna da wuya a samu a cikin irin.

Bayani na kayan jiki na alli - ƙarfin

Nazarin abubuwan da masana kimiyya da yawa suka gudanar. A lokacin aikin injiniya-geological da aka saukar da cewa shi ne mai tsabta dutsen-dutse. Ƙarfinsa ya fi dacewa da zafi. The iska-bushe tensile ƙarfi a matsawa dabam daga 1000 zuwa 45000 kN / m ^2. Hanyar nauyin roba na dutse mai bushe - daga 3,000 MPa (don lalacewa) zuwa 10,000 MPa (don m). The girma na ciki gogayya kwana - 24-30 digiri, a lokacin da kama kai da cikakken matsawa 700-800 kN / m ^2.

Humidity

Lokacin da aka fallasa su ruwa, duk abin da ke cikin allon ya fara canzawa. Musamman, an rage ƙarfinsa. Canje-canje na faruwa a yanzu a 1-2% zafi. A 25-35%, ƙarfin damuwa yana ƙaruwa sau 2-3. Tare da wannan, wasu kayan jiki na alli sun bayyana. A irin ya zama filastik. Wannan bayyanar yana da muhimmanci wajen aiwatar da abu. A wannan alli farawa zuwa tsaya ga na'ura mambobi (a kan wani excavator guga, na'ura mai bel Feeder, wani abin hawa jiki). Sau da yawa, kayan jiki na alli (danko da ductility) ba su bada izinin hakar daga ƙananan horizani ba, ko da yake a nan an dauke shi da kyautar.

Frost juriya

Bayan daskarewa-defrosting, allurar ya fara zama cikin barbashi na 1-2 mm a cikin girman. A wasu lokuta, wannan kayan amfani ne na irin. Alal misali, idan aka yi amfani dashi a matsayin mai ameliorant don maganin lalacewar ƙasa, ba lallai ba ne don murkushe abu zuwa 0.25 mm. A cikin ƙasa, dutsen da aka rushe zai iya zama har zuwa 10 mm. A lokacin da daskarewa-defrosting tare da noma kasar gona, da guda suna hallaka kansu. Saboda haka, aikin daidaitawa ya kasance na dogon lokaci.

Properties na alli: sunadarai

Dutsen yafi hada da carbonate da wadanda ba carbonate sassa. Na farko shine soluble a acetic da hydrochloric acid. A cikin ɓangaren ba carbonate akwai oxides na karafa, yashi quartz, marls, clays, da sauransu. Wasu daga cikinsu ba su da tsaka-tsaki a cikin waɗannan acid. A cikin ɓangaren carbonate na 98-99% na calcium carbonate. Cikakken crystalline na magnesia calcite, siderite da dolomite an kafa su ne ta hanyar carbonates magnesium, waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin ƙananan adadi a alli. Abinda ke ciki da kaddarorin dutsen suna aiki a matsayin ma'auni.

Tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun ajiya

An fara zaton cewa kayan injuna da sunadarai na alli sun kasance daidai a cikin ajiyar. Duk da haka, a aikace, tare da aiki mai tsawo na gundumar, musamman ma bayan da aka sauke kayan aiki da sarrafawa don samar da samfurori mafi kyau, an rarraba bambance-bambance a cikin wadannan halaye. Saboda haka, taswirar muhalli da fasahar fasahohi ana gudanar da su a wasu takardun shaida. Masu bincike, nazarin abubuwan sunadaran sinadaran da allurar halayen kayan aiki a sassan daban-daban na ajiya, suna nuna wurare na hawan dutse masu kyau.

Ci gaban masana'antu

Babban adi na alli sun kasance a cikin yankunan Belgorod da Voronezh. Kadan abu mai mahimmanci shine a cikin Znamenskaya, Zaslonovskaya, Valuiskaya da sauran adibas. Wadannan filayen suna gano gwada da low matakan CaCO ₃ (ba fiye da 87%). Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan tsabta sun kasance a cikin dutsen. Saboda haka, ba shi yiwuwa a sami samfurori masu kyau a cikin waɗannan ajiya ba tare da zurfi ba. Abubuwan da ke tattare da allura a kan irin wadannan adadin sun ba da izinin yin amfani dashi a tsirrai, kazalika a cikin matakan gyaran kafa don zubar da ƙasa. Ana ba da adadin Voronezh zuwa shekaru Turonian-Cognac. An gina allura mafi kyau a nan. An yi nazarin dukiyar da aikace-aikace na dutsen da aka samu a waɗannan ajiya na dogon lokaci. A samfurin da aka cirewa cikin Voronezh obl., Yana da babban CaCO ₃ content (zuwa 98,5%). Sakamakon rashin tsabtace ƙananan carbonate ba kasa da 2% ba. Samfurin a cikin gonaki, duk da haka, an ragargaje shi ta jiki na kayan alli. Musamman ma, yawan ruwa mai zurfi. Yankin ruwan danshi yana da kimanin 32%.

Wanda ake son adadi

Daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa suna lura da Rossoshanskoye, Krupnennikovskoe, Buturlinskoe da Kopanischenskoye. Gilashin allon na karshen shi ne 16.5-85 m. Abincin da aka ƙera ya ƙunshi Layer-vegetation Layer. Tsarinsa yana kusa da 1.8-2 m A kan kwakwalwar layin Laytaceous Layer ya kasu kashi biyu. A cikin ƙananan ƙananan akwai kimanin 98% na carbonate, a cikin ɓangare na sama ya dan kadan - har zuwa 96-97.5%.

A cikin Buturlinsky an saka wani launi mai tsabta na Turunian. Girman da ke cikin Layer yana da 19.5-41 m. Girman ruwan sama yana da 9.5 m. Margels ya wakilta shi, wani launi mai cin ganyayyaki, yatsun sandy-argillaceous da sandstones. Yankin magnesium da carbonci carbonates sun kai 99.3%. A wannan yanayin, masu ba da carbonate sun kasance a cikin karamin adadi.

Stoilensky da Leptinsky ajiya suna da matukar sha'awa ga masana'antu. A wa annan wurare, an yi wa allun allurar nauyi kamar yadda ake yiwa ƙwaƙwalwa. Yawan kuɗi na shekara-shekara yana da fiye da ton miliyan 15. Game da biyar daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a tattalin arzikin kasa. Musamman ma, allunan sun zo wurin sintiri na Starooskolsky da sauran kananan masana'antu. Ƙara mafi girma na dutsen doki mai ɓata yana ɓacewa.

Kullin, wanda yake a cikin yankunan karkarar baƙin ƙarfe, an kwatanta shi a matsayin babban ingancin silica da carbonate content. Ana iya amfani dashi don dalilai na masana'antu ba tare da zurfi ba. Wajibi ne a ce a cikin aiwatar da zanen ma'adinai da kamfanonin sarrafawa da ke kwarewa a cikin baƙin ƙarfe, yana da muhimmanci don samar da hanyoyi na fasaha don allon da aka fitar a lokaci guda ko wani wuri don ɗakin ajiyarta.

Yin amfani da amfani

Amfani masu amfani da alli na sanannen lokaci. Da farko, an yi amfani da irin amfani da aikin. An samar da lemun tsami. Cretaceous foda yayi aiki a matsayin tushe na putty, fillings, paints da sauransu. A ƙarshen karni na 19, aka fara kafa tsire-tsire masu zaman kansu a cikin ajiyar Belaya Gora. A cikin kullun mai lemun tsami daga dutsen dutsen, lemun tsami da foda sun samo. A 1935, Shebekinsky Combinine, wadda ke samarda kayan aikin masana'antu, ya bayyana. Amfanin amfani da alli mai amfani shine a cikin lantarki, fenti, polymer, roba da sauran masana'antu.

Tare da karuwa a buƙatar samfurori, ana buƙatar abubuwan da ake bukata don kyautatawa. Kamfanoni da suka kasance a shekarar 1990 ba su iya samar da masana'antun da kayayyakin da suka dace. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun fara bayyana a yankin Belgorod. Yawancin su sun kasance saboda yawan kundin dutsen da aka gano da kuma ƙwarewar fasahar sarrafawa. Duk da haka, hanyoyin da za a iya cirewa da kuma aiki na gaba, da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, baza su iya samar da kayan da ake bukata ba. Saboda haka, yawancin masana'antu sun rufe. Tare da wannan, manyan kamfanoni sun gudanar da sabuntawa da sake gina kayan aiki. An samar da samfurin kayan inganci cikin shekaru 90 da Belgorod, Petropavlovsk, shuke-shuke Shebekinsky.

Samar da nau'in inganci

Mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don samfurori da aka yi daga alli, ban da rabon carbonates, sune haɓaka - ƙarancin nika. An bayyana a cikin saura a kan sieves na wani girman ko a cikin yawan barbashi na darajar da aka ba (misali, 90% na barbashi ne 2 mcd).

Ana fitar da sababbin hanyoyin samar da launi da launi, rubber, polymer da sauran kayan da aka yi amfani da shi don albarkatun kasa, ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin saki da amfani. Wannan ya fi dacewa a cikin masana'antun takarda. Kamfanoni a cikin wannan masana'antun suna buƙatar musamman a kan allon foda, wanda ya maye gurbin kaolin a cikin samarwa.

Maganar ingancin ingancin kayayyaki ana mayar da hankali a masana'antu a cikin yankin Belgorod. Bugu da ƙari, kamfanin Shebekinsky, wanda ke samar da allunan da aka raba, an kirkiro sabon haɗin. Don haka, a 1995, wani injin sarrafawa ya fito a Lebedinsky GOK, ZAO Ruslaym. An gina shi a kan aikin Mutanen Espanya na kamfanin "Revert" tare da kimanin kimanin kilo mita 120 na shekara. Tsarin yana samarwa har zuwa 10 nau'i na alli. Ta hanyar ingancin su, ba su da wata alaƙa da alamun analogues na kasashen waje kuma sun bi ka'idodin duniya. An samar da kayan aiki tare da kayan fasahar zamani na zamani, ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a kan layin suna sarrafawa da kuma sarrafawa.

A cewar kamfanin kamfanin "Mabetex" a Stoilensky GOK, an gina wani shuka tare da samar da kayan ingancin samfurori na ingancin kilo mita 300. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen kamfanin suna samar da ƙarin ƙaruwa a iya aiki.

Kiwo

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai a cikin aiwatar da nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin dutsen a cikin sabon filin ko wani shafin da ke aiki a cikin layin sarrafa aiki shine halayen alli a lokacin da aka rushe. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, abu yana da nau'o'in halayen injiniyoyi daban-daban a kan tafkin tafki. A hankali, waɗannan bambance-bambance bazai yiwu ba a mafi yawan lokuta. Tabbatar da halayen alli a kan aikin da ake yi a cikin fasahar fasaha yana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar kafa fasalin tazararsa a cikin yanayi m a karkashin aikin injiniya. Don wannan, ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman.

Sodium bicarbonate

Don samar da shi, ana amfani da kayan daban daban, ciki har da ma'auni ko alli. Abubuwa mai amfani don jiki, wanda yana da sodium bicarbonate, sun san mutane da yawa. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da shi don cututtuka na gums da ƙura, ƙwannafi, don liquefaction na sputum a lokacin coughing. A cikin masana'antun, kayan jiki na soda da alli sunyi yawa. Ana amfani da wadannan abubuwa guda biyu a cikin gine-ginen, kammalawa, masana'antu na kayan, fenti da varnish da sauran kayan. Game da samar da sinadarai mai kwalliya, yin amfani da alli kawai an dauke shi wani zaɓi mara kyau. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, wannan nau'in ya sha ruwan dadi sosai, saboda sakamakon abin da ke cikin nau'ikan kayan aiki ya canza. Wannan, bi da bi, yana da mummunan rinjayar tsarin tafarkin fasaha.

Zan iya samun CaCO _3?

An yadu yadu cewa likitoci sun bada shawarar yin amfani da alliyoyin likita. An yi amfani da kaddarorin wannan abu don taimakawa wajen sake raunin ƙwayoyin calcium. Da farko dai, ya kamata a ce likitoci basu yarda da wannan ba. Sau da yawa kwararru yi wa marasa lafiya da suke so a ci alli (abinci). Amfani Properties daga cikin abu, duk da haka, shi ne sosai m. A sha'awar cin abinci zai iya tashi saboda rashin kaci. Duk da haka, ya kamata ka sani cewa halaye na abu yana da manyan canje-canje lokacin da aka haɗi. Tsayawa ta hanyoyi masu yawa na oxidative, ya yi rashin daidaituwa ta ainihi kuma ya juya cikin haɗari. By ta mataki ne kama da abu na slaked lemun tsami. A sakamakon haka, asalin oxidized zai fara shafi mucosa ciki. A wannan yanayin, ba a bayyana alamar kariya ba. Maimakon haka, a akasin haka. Ya kamata mu tuna cewa ƙaddamar da allura a cikin abu abu ne ƙwarai. A sakamakon haka, yin amfani da alli mai zurfi na iya haifar da kullun tasoshin. A wannan yanayin, likitoci sunyi shawarar su maye gurbin shi tare da gluconate mai yawan ƙwayoyi ko magunguna masu kama da juna. Amma don kawar da ƙwannafi, to, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi ƙoƙarin kawar da shi tare da taimakon allon, ba ya taimaka a wannan.

Amfani da masana'antu da kuma iyali

Mel yana aiki ne a matsayin takarda, wanda ake amfani dashi a bugu. Gyara yawanci na calcium carbonate a cikin nau'in daji yana rinjayar siffofin da aka gani da kuma bugawa, rashin tausayi, sassaucin samfurin. Saboda gaban allon, abrasiveness na samfurori ya rage. An yi amfani da dutsen a cikin kasa don yin wankewar ganuwar, gage, kare itatuwa. Ana amfani da laka don tsaftace ruwan 'ya'yan kwari, wanda, a biyun, ana amfani dashi a cikin masana'antar wasan. Ga waɗannan dalilai, a matsayin mai mulkin, abin da ake kira dutsen da aka kira shi ya dace. Irin wannan allon an samo chemically daga alli-dauke da ma'adanai. Tare da wasu dutsen carbonate, an yi amfani da kayan don gilashin dafaɗɗa kamar ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka sanya cajin. Dangane da alli, yanayin zaman lafiya na samfurin, ƙarfin injinta da kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin tasirin weathering da reagents ya karu. Ana amfani da irin wannan nau'in a cikin samar da takin mai magani. Bugu da ƙari, an saka allon a cikin abinci ta dabbobi masu noma.

Kamfanin masana'antu na Rubber

Kullin yana da fari a cikin dukan kayan da ake amfani dashi a masana'antu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da gaske cewa yin amfani da wannan kayan abu mai mahimmanci ne na tattalin arziki. Koda yana da ƙananan kuɗi. A lokaci guda, gabatarwa zuwa samfurori na caba ba zai cutar da shi ba. Dalili na biyu na shahararren kayan albarkatu a masana'antu shine fasahar fasaha. Nauyin ƙwallon yana sauƙaƙe hanyar aiwatar da kayayyakin samfurori. Musamman, sabili da haka, an ƙaddamar da lalacewa, yanayin samfurori ya zama santsi. Ana yin amfani da dutsen da kuma samar da launi mai laushi da lausherette, da dai sauransu.