Siffofin da baƙin ƙarfe, rarrabuwa, abun da ke ciki, Properties, lakabtawa da kuma aikace-aikace

Yau, kusan babu wani daya fanni na rayuwar mutum, wanda ba zai yi amfani da baƙin ƙarfe. Wannan abu ne da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, na dogon lokaci da kuma ji dadin mai kyau suna kuma a zahiri. Iron simintin gyaran kafa - tushen mai girma yawan sassa, majalisai da kuma sunadaran, da kuma a wasu lokuta ma wadãtacce samfurin, iya yin ayyuka sanya shi. Saboda haka, a wannan labarin, za mu biya sosai kusa da hankali ga wannan baƙin ƙarfe mahadi. Har ila yau, gano abin da su ne irin simintin gyaran kafa da baƙin ƙarfe, da jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye.

definition

Iron - wannan shi ne na biyunsa gami da na baƙin ƙarfe, da carbon, a cikin abin da fiye da 90% Fe, da kuma C - ba fiye da 6,67%, amma ba kasa da 2.14%. Har ila yau, carbon iya zama na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin nau'i na cementite ko graphite.

Carbon bada gami isasshe high tauri, amma a lokaci guda, lowers da tauri da kuma ductility. A wannan batun, da baƙin ƙarfe ne gaggautsa abu. Har ila yau, a wasu brands na Cast baƙin ƙarfe ƙara musamman Additives, wanda suke iya bayar da wani fili na wasu kaddarorin. A cikin rawar da alloying abubuwa iya zama: nickel, chromium, vanadium, aluminum. baƙin ƙarfe yawa index ne 7200 kilo da cubic mita. Daga abin da za mu iya cewa da nauyi na Cast baƙin ƙarfe - wani adadi da ba za a iya kira kananan.

tarihi bayanai

Pig baƙin ƙarfe sun dade da aka sani ga mutum. A farko ambaci gami kwanan rana ta shida karni BC.

A kasar Sin a zamanin da, da baƙin ƙarfe aka samu tare da wani wajen low narkewa zafin jiki. A Turai, da baƙin ƙarfe fara samun game da a cikin 14th karni, a lõkacin da suka farko ya fara yin amfani da tsãwa Tanderu. A wancan lokaci, wani Cast baƙin ƙarfe tafi zuwa ga samar da makamai, harsasai, sassa na yi.

A kan ƙasa na Rasha alade baƙin ƙarfe samar da aiki ka'idojin a cikin 16th karni, sa'an nan kuma fadada cikin hanzari. A cikin sau Petra na Rossiyskaya Empire cikin sharuddan samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe ya iya kauce wa dukan al'ummai na duniya, duk da haka, riga da shekara ɗari da ya sake fara dauka da matsayi a kasuwa na ferrous metallurgy.

Iron simintin da aka yi amfani da su haifar da wani iri-iri na ayyukan art a zamanin tsakiyar zamanai. A musamman, a cikin 10th karni Sin Masters jefa a gaske musamman adadi na zaki, wanda nauyi wuce 100 tons. An fara daga 15th karni a Jamus, sa'an nan kuma a wasu ƙasashe, jefa baƙin ƙarfe da ya samu da widest watsa. Daga shi sanya fences, grills, wurin shakatawa sculptures, lambu furniture, tombstones.

A karshe shekaru na 18th karni jefa baƙin ƙarfe kamar yadda zai yiwu da hannu a cikin gine na Rasha. A karni na 19th kuma a general kira "baƙin ƙarfe shekaru", tun gami da aka sosai rayayye a yi amfani da gine-gine.

Features

Akwai daban-daban iri Cast baƙin ƙarfe, amma talakawan narkewa zafin jiki na karfe fili ne game 1200 digiri Celsius. Wannan adadi ne 250-300 digiri kasa da ake bukata domin karfe smelting. Wannan bambancin da ake dangantawa da wata fairly high carbon abun ciki, wadda take kaiwa zuwa kasa da ta dangantaka ta kusa da baƙin ƙarfe kwayoyin halitta a matakin kwayoyin.

A lokacin narkewa da m crystallization na carbon kunshe ne a cikin Cast baƙin ƙarfe, yana da ba lokacin da za a cika shiga cikin kwayoyin raga na baƙin ƙarfe, da kuma saboda baƙin ƙarfe karshe samu ne quite gaggautsa. A wannan batun, ba tambaya inda akwai m tsauri lodi. Amma yayin da yana da girma ga wadanda sassa wanda da high bukatun ga ƙarfinku.

samar da fasaha

Babu shakka duk wani nau'i na Cast baƙin ƙarfe samar a wani harin bom da gagarumar wuta. A gaskiya, da aiwatar da narkewa - wajen laborious aiki da bukatar tsanani abu zuba jari. Daya tonne na baƙin ƙarfe na bukatar game da 550 kilo coke kuma kusan ton na ruwa. Hijira tama cajin cikin ɓuyar zai dogara ne a kan baƙin ƙarfe abun ciki. Mafi sau da yawa amfani da tama, a cikin abin da baƙin ƙarfe ba kasa da 70%. A karami taro na kashi ne a ke so, tun da shi zai zama tattalin arziki disadvantageous don amfani.

A mataki na farko na samar da

baƙin ƙarfe smelting daukan wuri kamar haka. Da farko a cikin tanderu mai cike tama da coking ci maki cewa bauta wa sallamar da kuma kula da da ake so zafin jiki a cikin tanderu shaft. Bugu da kari, wadannan kayayyakin ne a aiwatar da kona rayayye shiga a cikin sinadaran halayen rage baƙin ƙarfe.

A layi daya ga makera jiragen ruwa juyi hidima a matsayin mai kara kuzari. Ya taimaka wajen narke kankara sauri, wanda na taimaka wa speedy saki na baƙin ƙarfe.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa tama kafin loading cikin ɓuyar ne hõre musamman pre-magani. Ta niƙa, kawar da shuka (lafiya barbashi narke sauri). Bayan an wanke cire barbashi wanda ba ya ƙunshi ƙarfe. Sa'an nan raw calcined sa'an nan cire daga gare sulfur da kuma sauran kasashen waje abubuwa.

Na biyu lokaci na samarwa

The wa lodi da kuma a shirye domin aiki da wutar makera an ciyar da iskar gas ta hanyar musamman burners. Cox heats da albarkatun kasa. Wannan saki carbon wanda hadawa da oxygen da kuma Forms wani oxide. Wannan oxide ne sai halarci akan rage baƙin ƙarfe daga tama. Ka lura da cewa tare da karuwa a cikin adadin gas a makera da sinadaran dauki gudu rage-rage, da kuma lõkacin da ta kai a wasu rabo da aka tsaya gaba ɗaya.

Wuce haddi carbon shiga a cikin narke da ya hada da wani fili da baƙin ƙarfe, forming ƙarshe simintin. Dukan waɗanda abubuwa ba su narke, ne a kan surface kuma ƙarshe cire. Wannan sharar gida yana kira slag. Yana kuma iya a yi amfani domin samar da wasu kayayyakin. Siffofin na baƙin ƙarfe samu a cikin wannan hanya da ake kira da simintin da kuma alade.

bambantawa

Modern rarrabuwa na baƙin ƙarfe gami shafi rarraba data cikin wadannan iri:

• White.
• Rabin-zuciya.
• Gray flake graphite.
• High-ƙarfi spheroidal graphite.
• Forging.

Bari mu bincika kowane irin dabam.

fari Cast baƙin ƙarfe

Saboda haka shi ake kira da baƙin ƙarfe daya cewa kusan duk na carbon ne chemically mamaye. A aikin injiniya, wannan gami da ake amfani da su sau da yawa sosai, saboda yana da wuya, amma sosai gaggautsa. Ya kuma ba za a iya machined da daban-daban sabon kayan aikin, sabili da haka ake amfani da su ta hanyar allura daga sassa cewa ba su bukatar wani magani. Ko da yake irin wannan Cast baƙin ƙarfe damar da nika abrasive ƙafafun. White jefa baƙin ƙarfe na iya zama duka talakawa da kuma doped. A wannan waldi shi sa matsaloli kamar yadda tare da samuwar daban-daban karaya a lokacin da sanyaya ko dumama, kazalika saboda nonuniformity na tsarin kafa a cikin waldi batu.

White simintin mari samar da lalacewa saboda farko crystallization na zubi gami a lokacin sanyaya wucewa. Mafi sau da yawa suna amfani da aiki a karkashin bushe gogayya da yanayi (msl, birki gammaye), ko don samar da sassa da ciwon high lalacewa juriya da kuma zafi juriya (yi Mills).

Af, fari Cast baƙin ƙarfe ya samu da sunan da saboda gaskiyar cewa bayyanar ya fashe - haske crystal, annuri surface. A tsarin da baƙin ƙarfe ne da wani sa na ledeburite, pearlite da cementite sakandare. Idan baƙin ƙarfe ne hõre doping, to, shi ya canza kama zuwa troostite pearlite, austenite ko martensite.

rabin Cast baƙin ƙarfe

Nau'in simintin mari zai zama bai cika ba idan ba mu ambaci wannan nau'in na wani karfe gami.

Domin hankula hade ce baƙin ƙarfe carbide da eutectic graphite a cikin tsarin. A general, da cikakken tsari ne da wadannan: graphite, perlite, Ledebur. Idan Cast baƙin ƙarfe hõre zafi magani ko alloying, shi zai kai ga samuwar na austenite, martensite da acicular troostite.

Wannan irin na baƙin ƙarfe ne wajen m, don haka da aikace-aikace ne mai iyaka. The sosai guda sunan gami da aka haka ya kira domin ta hutu - mai hade da duhu da haske yankunan da crystal tsarin.

Mafi na kowa injiniya kayan

Gost 1412-85 Gray jefa baƙin ƙarfe ƙunshi a cikin abun da ke ciki game da 3.5% carbon, 1.9 zuwa 2.5% silicon, har zuwa 0.8% manganese, har zuwa 0.3% phosphorus da kasa da 0,12% sulfur.

Wannan graphite Cast baƙin ƙarfe yana da wani farantin siffar. Yana ba ya bukatar musamman gyara.

Graphite faranti da ƙwarai raunana mataki saboda launin toka Cast baƙin ƙarfe da kuma halin da sosai low tauri da kuma kusan babu elongation (Ni adadi ne 0.5%).

Gray Cast baƙin ƙarfe da aka bi da kyau. A tsarin da gami iya zama kamar haka:

• Ferrite-graphite.
• Ferrite-perlite, graphite.
• Perlite, graphite.

Compressive m Cast baƙin ƙarfe ne sosai fiye da a tashin hankali. Shi ne kuma quite da kyau a welded, amma wannan na bukatar a Preheat, da kuma matsayin filler abu dole ya yi amfani da musamman Cast baƙin ƙarfe tsakiya tare da wani babban abun ciki na silicon da carbon. Ba tare da preheating waldi ne da wuya, saboda bleaching baƙin ƙarfe a cikin Weld zone zai faru.

Yana samar da launin toka baƙin ƙarfe sassa aiki a cikin rashi na tura kaya (pulleys, inuwõyi, firam).

Nadi na baƙin ƙarfe faruwa bisa ga ka'ida: MF 25-52. Biyu haruffa nuna cewa wannan shi ne m Cast baƙin ƙarfe, da yawan 25 - adadi tensile ƙarfin (a MPa ko kgf / ^mm2), da lambar 52 - tensile ƙarfi a lankwasawa lokacin.

high-taƙawa Cast baƙin ƙarfe

Nodular baƙin ƙarfe, ta sha bamban daga sauran "yan'uwa" a cewa da shi ya ƙunshi mai siffar zobe graphite. An samu ta hanyar gabatar da a cikin zubi gami da takamaiman kwatanta (MG, Ce). Yawan graphitic inclusions da su mikakke girma iya zama daban-daban.

Abin da kyau spheroidal graphite? Gaskiyar cewa wannan nau'i na minimally raunana karfe tushe, wanda, bi da bi, na iya zama pearlite, ferrite ko pearlite-ferrite.

Ta hanyar amfani da zafi magani ko alloying baƙin ƙarfe tushe may zama needled-troostite, martensitic, austenitic.

Kan sarki ductile baƙin ƙarfe ne bambance bambancen, amma a general shi ne irin wannan nadi: HF 40-5. Abu ne mai sauki ga tsammani cewa RF - shi ne ductile da baƙin ƙarfe, da lambar 40 - wani nuna alama daga cikin tensile ƙarfin (kgf / ^mm2), da yawan 5 - zumunta elongation da aka bayyana a cikin dari.

ductile baƙin ƙarfe

A tsarin da ductile Cast baƙin ƙarfe kunshi a cewa da shi ya ƙunshi graphite a cikin ƙwayoyi, ko siffar zobe siffar. A wannan yanayin, flake graphite iya samun daban-daban watsawa da kuma Compactness, wanda a nuna yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan inji Properties na Cast baƙin ƙarfe.

A masana'antu, ductile baƙin ƙarfe ne sau da yawa sanya daga ferritic tushe da cewa samar da mafi girma sassauci.

Bayyanar karaya ferritic ductile Cast baƙin ƙarfe yana da baki velvety bayyanar. A mafi girma da adadin perlite a cikin tsarin, da m zai zama Kink.

A general, ductile Cast baƙin ƙarfe da aka samu daga fari da baƙin ƙarfe simintin gyaran kafa saboda dogon bege a dafuwa mai tsanani zuwa da zazzabi na 800-950 digiri Celsius.

Don kwanan wata, akwai hanyoyi biyu zuwa tsirar ductile baƙin ƙarfe: Turai da kuma Amirka.

American Hanyar ne languor gami a cikin yashi a zazzabi na 800-850 digiri. A wannan tsari, graphite an zubar da tsakanin hatsi da m baƙin ƙarfe. A sakamakon haka, da baƙin ƙarfe yakan mallaki danko.

A cikin Turai Hanyar for Fitar languish a tama. A zafin jiki a wannan harka shi ne game da 850-950 digiri Celsius. Carbon shiga tama, game da shi decarburizing surface Layer zama taushi da kuma simintin gyaran kafa. Iron zama ductile da kuma rike da zuciyar fragility.

Sa alama na ductile baƙin ƙarfe: 40-6 CN, inda CN - shi ne, ba shakka , malleable Cast baƙin ƙarfe. 40 - Tensile ƙarfi nuna alama. 6 - elongation%.

sauran Manuniya

Amma ga rabuwa na baƙin ƙarfe ƙarfi, akwai da wadannan rarrabuwa da ake amfani da:

• Al'ada ƙarfi: Rm zuwa 20 kg / mm ^2.
• Karuwan ƙarfi: Rm = 20 - 38 kg / mm ^2.
• High ƙarfi: Rm = 40 kg / mm ² ko mafi girma.

Domin ductile baƙin ƙarfe ne zuwa kashi:

• Nonplastic - Elongation kasa da 1%.
• Maloplastichnyh - daga 1% zuwa 5%.
• Roba - daga 5% zuwa 10%.
• Karuwan ductility - fiye da 10%.

A ƙarshe, kuma son ya zama tabbata a lura da cewa da kaddarorin wani baƙin ƙarfe ne quite wani gagarumin tasiri har ma da siffar da kuma yanayin da cika.