Silicon: aikace-aikace, da kuma sinadaran jiki Properties

Daya daga cikin na kowa abubuwa a yanayi - shi ne silicium, ko silicon. Irin wannan fadi da rarraba nuna muhimmancin da kuma muhimmancin al'amarin. Yana da sauri gane da kuma koya mutanen da suka koya yadda za a amfani da silicon. Its amfani dogara ne a kan musamman Properties na wanda za mu yi magana da kara.

Silicon - wani sinadari mai

Idan ka bayar da bayanin wannan abu a kan halin da ake ciki a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, yana yiwuwa a gano wadannan muhimmanci da maki:

1. Lambar siriyal - 14.
2. Period - wani uku kananan.
3. Group - IV.
4. Subgroup - gida.
5. A tsarin da m electron harsashi da aka bayyana, ta hanyar dabara ² 3s 3p ^2.
6. Chemical kashi silicon Si ne denoted da wata alama, wadda aka furta a matsayin "Silicium".
7. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar wanda shi farfado: -4. +2. 4.
8. A valence na zarra ne IV.
9. Silicon atomic nauyi ne 28,086.
10. A yanayi, akwai uku barga isotopes na kashi da taro lambobi 28, 29 da kuma 30.

Saboda haka, silicon kwayoyin halitta daga sinadaran ra'ayi - da rabi isasshe karatu, ya bayyana wani iri-iri daban-daban Properties.

Tarihi na samu

Tun da ainihin yanayin rare da taro abun ciki da aka daban-daban mahadi daga cikin kashi, tun zamanin da, mutane amfani da su san game da dũkiyarsu da kuma sunayen yawa daga gare su. Pure silicon aka dogon zauna bayan da haddi na mutum ilmi a cikin sunadarai.

A mafi m mahadi, wanda aka yi amfani da gidaje da masana'antu al'ummai tsoho al'adu (Masarawa, Romawa, Sin rusichi, Persian da sauransu) masu daraja da kuma Semi-duwatsu masu daraja bisa silicon oxide. Wadannan sun hada da:

• opal.
• rock crystal.
• tofaz.
• chrysoprase.
• onis.
• chalcedony da sauransu.

Har ila yau sanya amfani da haihuwa ma'adini da ma'adini yashi a yi kasuwanci. Duk da haka, da elemental silicon zauna dab aa har da XIX karni, ko da yake masana kimiyya da dama sun yi kokarin a banza rarrabe shi daga daban-daban mahadi, ta amfani da catalysts, da kuma high yanayin zafi, kuma ko da wutar lantarki. Waɗannan su ne haske zukatanku, kamar:

• Carl Scheele.
• Gay-Lussac.
• Tenar.
• Gemfri Devi.
• Antuan Lavuaze.

Yi nasarar samun silicon tsarki nasara Jens Jacobs Berzelius a 1823. Domin wannan ya ciyar da kwarewa fluoride tururi alloying silicon da kuma ƙarfe potassium. A sakamakon haka, an amorphous gyara daga cikin kashi. A wannan masana kimiyya aka kira su zuwa ga Latin sunan ga bude zarra.

Har yanzu daga baya, a 1855, wani masanin kimiyya - St. Claire Deville - gudanar haduwa da dama daban-daban allotropes - crystalline silicon. Tun da ilmi na wannan kashi da kuma da kaddarorin zama sosai da sauri uwa. Mutane sun gane cewa yana da musamman siffofin da zai iya sosai a yi amfani da saduwa nasu bukatun. Saboda haka, a yau daya daga cikin mafi nemi bayan abubuwa a cikin Electronics da fasahar - shi ne silicon. Its amfani ne kawai fadada gẽfunanta a kowace shekara.

Rasha sunan da aka ba zarra masanin kimiyya Hess a 1831. Yana da wannan kuma makale a wannan rana.

Contents a cikin yanayi

Ruwan dare a cikin yanayi, silicon ne na biyu ne kawai zuwa oxygen. Its yawan a kwatanta da sauran kwayoyin halitta ya kunshi ɓawon burodi - 29.5%. Bugu da kari, carbon da silicon - biyu musamman kashi cewa zai iya samar da wata da'ira a haɗa da juna. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa na karshe ne fiye da 400 daban-daban na halitta ma'adanai, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wanda ya samu a cikin lithosphere, hydrosphere da biomass.

Ina daidai yake kunshe silicon?

1. A cikin zurfi yadudduka na kasar gona.
2. Da kankara, Wuraren kuma iri-iri.
3. A kasan jikin ruwa, musamman da tekuna da ruwaye.
4. A shuke-shuke da marine rayuwa a cikin dabba mulkin.
5. A cikin mutane da kuma ƙasar dabbobi.

Za ka iya alama wasu daga cikin na kowa ma'adanai da kuma kankara a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da yake ba a manyan yawa na silicon. Sunadarai su ne irin wannan cewa nauyi abun ciki na m kashi a cikinta ya kai 75%. Duk da haka, da ainihin adadi ya dogara da irin abu. Saboda haka, kankara da kuma ma'adanai da silicon ciki:

• feldspars.
• Mica.
• amphibole.
• opals.
• chalcedony.
• silicates.
• sandstones.
• aluminum silicates.
• lãka da sauran.

Tara a cikin bawo da exoskeletons na marine dabbobi, silicon ƙarshe Forms karfi silica adibas a kan tushe na tafkunan. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin halitta kafofin wannan kashi.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, an gano cewa, Silicium iya zama a cikin m 'yan qasar tsari - a cikin nau'i na lu'ulu'u ne. Amma irin wannan adibas ne sosai rare.

The jiki Properties na silicon

Idan ka ba mai hali na kashi na sa na zahiri da kuma sinadaran Properties, na farko na dukkan shi wajibi ne don designate da jiki sigogi. Ga 'yan asali:

1. Yana wanzu a biyu allotropic gyare-gyare - amorphous da crystalline, abin da ya bambanta a duk kaddarorin.
2. A crystal raga ya yi kama da cewa na lu'u-lu'u, saboda carbon da silicon a cikin wannan girmamawa ne kusan m. Duk da haka, da nisa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta na daban-daban (da fiye da abin da na silicon), saboda haka da lu'u-lu'u da yawa wuya da kuma karfi. raga irin - fuska-tsakiya cubic.
3. A samfurin ne sosai gaggautsa, zama roba a high yanayin zafi.
4. Da narkewa zafin jiki ne 1415˚S.
5. Tafasar batu - 3250˚S.
6. Abu Yawa - 2,33 g / cm ^3.
7. Launi Connection - azurfa launin toka, ya nuna halayyar ƙarfe luster.
8. Yana yana da kyau semiconducting Properties, wanda suke iya bambanta da Bugu da kari daban-daban jamiái.
9. Insoluble a cikin ruwa, Organic kaushi da kuma acid.
10. Musamman mai narkewa a cikin alkalis.

Koma zuwa jiki Properties na silicon taimaka mutane domin gudanar da shi da kuma amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar wani iri-iri kayayyakin. Alal misali, Properties dogara ne a kan yin amfani da semiconductivity tsarki silicon lantarki.

sinadaran Properties

Chemical Properties na silicon karfi da dogara a kan dauki yanayi. Idan muka magana game da m abu a misali saituna, kana bukatar ka nuna sosai low aiki. Dukansu crystalline da amorphous silicon ne sosai inert. Kada hulɗa tare da wani karfi oxidants (wanin sunadarin flourine) ko da karfi rage jamiái.

Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa surface daga cikin kayan oxide film Sio ₂ aka kafa nan da nan, wanda ya hana kara interactions. Shi ne iya iya kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da ruwa, iska da kuma vapors.

Idan misali yanayi canza da kuma yin dumama silicon zuwa da zazzabi sama 400˚S, ta reactivity zai kara karfi. A wannan yanayin, shi zai amsa tare da:

• oxygen.
• duk wani nau'i na halogen.
• hydrogen.

Tare da kara karuwa a yawan zafin jiki, da samuwar kayayyakin da dauki tare da boron, nitrogen da carbon. Na musamman muhimmancin ne silicon carbide - SiC, tun da shi ne mai kyau abrasive kayan.

Har ila yau, da sinadaran Properties na silicon ana ganin haka a fili a cikin halayen da karafa. Da su ya oxidizer, don haka da kayayyakin da ake kira silicide. Irin wannan mahadi an san ga:

• alkaline.
• alkaline.
• mi karafa.

Fili yana m Properties samu a lõkacin alloying na baƙin ƙarfe ne da silicon. Yana Bears sunan ferrosilicon tukwane da aka samu nasarar amfani a cikin masana'antar.

Tare da hadaddun abubuwa da martani silicon ba shiga, don haka duk abin da suka jinsunan iya soke kawai:

• Ruwa regia (a cakuda nitric da hydrochloric acid);
• caustic alkalis.

Kamar wancan ne da bayani zazzabi ya kamata ba kasa da 60 ° C. Duk wannan ya tabbatar da jiki akai abu - lu'u-lu'u-barga crystalline raga, ba shi da ƙarfi ne, kuma inertness.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

Shiri na silicon a m tsari - da tsari ne quite tsada tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, ta nagarta na Properties ko dai hanyar bada kawai 90-99% m samfurin, yayin da impurities a cikin nau'i na karafa da carbon kasance har yanzu. Sabõda haka, kawai samun da kaya bai isa ba. Ya kamata kuma qualitatively bayyanannu daga kasashen waje abubuwa.

A general, samar da silicon ne da za'ayi a manyan hanyoyi biyu:

1. White yashi, wanda shi ne mai tsarki silicon oxide Sio _2. Calcining shi tare da aiki karafa (yawanci magnesium) da aka kafa a free kashi a cikin nau'i na wani amorphous gyara. The tsarki na wannan hanya ne m, da samfurin da aka samu tare da wani amfanin 99.9 cikin dari.
2. A mafi kowa hanya a kan wani m sikelin - a narke sintering yashi da coke a cikin na musamman thermal kilns. Wannan hanya da aka ɓullo da Rasha masana kimiyya Beketovym N. N.

Bugu da ari magani ne daukan hotuna zuwa tsaftacewa kayayyakin hanyoyin. A saboda wannan dalili, acid ko halogens (chloro, fluoro).

amorphous silicon

Silicon halayyar zai zama bai cika ba idan ba mu yi la'akari dabam kowane daga cikin allotropic gyare-gyare. Na farkon su - shi ne amorphous. A wannan jiha daukarsa lamba abu ne mai ruwan kasa foda ruwan kasa, finely tarwatsa. Ne sosai hygroscopic, shi farfado isasshe high reactivity kan dumama. A karkashin tuta yanayi, shi ne iya mu'amala kawai da karfi oxidizer - sunadarin flourine.

Kira amorphous silicon ne wani nau'i ne na ƙarau ba duka daidai. Its raga ya nuna cewa abu - shi ne wani nau'i na finely raba silicon data kasance a cikin nau'i na lu'ulu'u ne. Saboda haka, kamar yadda irin wannan, wadannan gyare-gyare - wannan fili.

Duk da haka, dũkiyõyinsu bambanta, don haka ya yi magana da allotropes. By kanta, da amorphous silicon yana da babban ikon svetopoglotitelnoy. Bugu da kari, a karkashin wani yanayi, wannan nuna alama ne da yawa fiye daga wani irin crystalline form. Saboda haka, yana da ake amfani da masana'antu dalilai. A wannan tsari (foda) fili an sauƙi amfani da wani surface, ko yana roba ko gilashi. Saboda haka, shi ya dace domin yin amfani da shi ne amorphous silicon. A aikace-aikace dogara ne a kan yi na hasken rana Kwayoyin na daban-daban masu girma dabam.

Ko da yake lalacewa da batura daga irin wannan quite sauri, saboda da abrasion na bakin ciki fim abu, amma yin amfani da da kuma bukatar da ake kawai girma. Bayan duk, ko da a cikin wani gajeren sabis rai na hasken rana Kwayoyin dangane amorphous silicon ne iya samar da makamashi ga dukan sha'anin. Bugu da kari, da samar da irin wannan abu ba tare da sharar gida, wanda ya sa shi sosai tattali.

Tattalin ta rage wani canji na mahadi aiki karafa, msl, sodium ko magnesium.

crystalline silicon

Shiny azurfa-m gyara daga cikin kashi. Yana da wannan tsari ne ya fi kowa, kuma mafi m. Wannan bayani da wani sa na gwajin kwari Properties mallaki by abu.

Halaye na silicon crystal raga hada nau'ukanta iri, kamar yadda da dama daga gare su:

1. Lantarki ingancin - da cleanest kuma mafi high. Wannan shi ne irin amfani da lantarki a gina sosai m kida.
2. Solar sa. Sunan kanta ma'anar fannin amfani. Shi ne kuma wani fairly high tsarki silicon, da yin amfani da abin da yake wajibi ne don ƙirƙirar high quality, kuma dogon-guje hasken rana bangarori. Photoelectric converters cewa su ne bisa crystal tsarin ne mafi ingantaccen da kuma sa-resistant fiye da wadanda yi amfani da amorphous gyara ta sputtering a kan daban-daban iri substrate.
3. Fasaha silicon. A irin wannan abubuwa suna hada da wadanda samfurori, wanda ya ƙunshi game da 98% m kashi. All sauran ke zuwa daban-daban iri impurities:

• boron.
• aluminum.
• chloro.
• carbon.
• phosphorus da sauran.

A karshen irin na dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya an yi amfani da su samu silicon polycrystals. Don yin wannan, gudanar da wani tsari na recrystallization. Saboda haka, tsarki samu ta hanyar irin kayayyakin, wanda za a iya dangana ga kungiyoyin na hasken rana da kuma lantarki quality.

By yanayi polysilicon - shi ne tsaka-tsaki tsakanin amorphous da crystal gyara. Tare da irin wannan embodiment ne sauki ga aiki, shi ne mafi alhẽri a recyclable da tsaftacewa sunadarin flourine da chlorine.

Products da cewa su ne sakamakon za a iya kasafta kamar haka:

• multisilicon.
• monocrystalline.
• siffa lu'ulu'u.
• silicon ya da.
• Fasaha silicon.
• samar da sharar gida a cikin nau'i na da wani ɓaɓɓake da scraps na kayan.

Kowane daga cikinsu yana amfani da masana'antu da kuma ake amfani da wani mutum gaba daya. Saboda haka, samar da matakai, a kan silicon, suna dauke da ba sharar gida. Wannan muhimmanci rage ta tattalin arziki da daraja, ba tare da shafi ingancin.

Amfani da tsarki silicon

silicon masana'antu ne da aka kafa, da kuma ta sikelin ne quite ƙato. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da rabi a matsayin blank, kuma a cikin irin daban-daban mahadi, shi ne tartsatsi da kuma bukatar da a fannoni daban daban na kimiyya da fasaha.

Inda aka yi amfani da crystalline da amorphous silicon a cikin purest siffan?

1. A metallurgy matsayin alloying Bugu da kari, da ikon canja da kaddarorin karafa da su gami. Saboda haka, shi ne a yi amfani da narkewa na karfe da kuma jefa baƙin ƙarfe.
2. Daban-daban na abubuwa da barin yi sabta embodiment - polysilicon.
3. Silicon mahadi da kwayoyin halitta - shi ne mai sinadaran masana'antu, wanda shi ne musamman rare a yau. Silicone kayan ana amfani da magani, a yi da kayayyakinsa, kayan aikin da yafi.
4. Production na daban-daban hasken rana bangarori. Wannan hanya da samun makamashi ne daya daga cikin alamar rahama a nan gaba. Eco-friendly, kudin-tasiri da kuma hardwearing - babban abũbuwan amfãni daga irin wannan wutar lantarki.
5. Silicon lighters amfani ga mai dogon lokaci. Ko a zamanin da mutane da amfani da duwatsu walƙiya domin walai daga wuta. Wannan manufa shi ne tushen domin samar da iri daban-daban lighters. Yau, akwai nau'in a cikin abin da duwatsu da aka maye gurbinsu da gami da wani abun da ke ciki, wanda ya bada mafi m sakamakon (arcing).
6. Lantarki da makamashin hasken rana.
7. Production zerkalets a gas Laser na'urorin.

Saboda haka, tsarki silicon yana da yawa m kuma na musamman Properties cewa ba da damar yin amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar muhimmanci da kuma zama dole kayayyakin.

A amfani da silicon mahadi

Bugu da kari wani sauki abu ne used da kuma daban-daban silicon mahadi waxanda suke da matukar yadu. Akwai wani dukan masana'antu da ake kira silicate. Ya dogara ne a kan yin amfani da daban-daban abubuwa, da suka hada da wannan madalla abu. Mene ne dangane da cewa suna samar?

1. Ma'adini yashi ko kogi - Sio _2. Yana amfani ga yi na ginin da kuma na ado kayan, kamar siminti da gilashi. Amfani da irin kayan da sananne ne. Babu wani daga cikin yi ba, ba tare data gyara, wanda ya tabbatar da muhimmancin silicon mahadi.
2. Silicate tukwane, wanda ya hada da kayan kamar earthenware, ain, bulo da kuma kayayyakin bisa su. Wadannan aka gyara an yi amfani da magani, a yi na tableware, kayan ado, iyali abubuwa, yi da kuma sauran m yankunan mutum aiki.
3. Silicone mahadi - silicone, silica, silicone man fetur.
4. Silicate manne - ana amfani da matsayin ofishin, a pyrotechnics kuma yi.

Silicon, farashin wanda dabam a kasuwannin duniya, amma ba ya haye zuwa ƙasa lamba na 100 Rasha rubles da kilogram (na crystal) ne mai rare da kuma muhimmanci abu. Babu shakka, da mahadi wannan kashi da kuma yadu m.

A nazarin halittu rawar da silicon

A cikin sharuddan muhimmanci ga jikin silicon ba tare da muhimmanci. Da abun ciki da kuma rarraba zuwa kyallen takarda ne kamar haka:

• 0,002% - tsoka.
• 0.000017% - kashi.
• Jini - 3.9 MG / l.

Kowace rana ya kamata fada cikin game da daya gram na silicon, ko za su ci gaba da cutar. M ba daga gare su, duk da haka tsawo yunwa silicon take kaiwa zuwa:

• gashi hasara.
• bayyanar kuraje da kuma pimples.
• fragility da brittleness na ƙasũsuwa,
• haske capillary permeability.
• gajiya da ciwon kai.
• fitowan da yawa bruises da kuma bruises.

Domin shuke-shuke, da silicon - da muhimmanci alama kashi zama dole ga al'ada girma da kuma ci gaba. Animal karatu sun nuna cewa da wa] annan girma mafi kyau, wanda kullum cinye Yã isa zama adadin silicon.