Superstring ka'idar m harshen for dummies

Superstring ka'idar, a rare harshe, shi ne sararin samaniya a matsayin sa na fašakarwar strands na makamashi - kirtani. Su ne tushen yanayi. Jarrabawa ya bayyana wasu abubuwa - branes. Duk abubuwa cikin duniya kunshi vibrations na kirtani kuma branes. A na halitta saboda abin da na halitta shine bayanin nauyi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa shi yana dauke da key da daidaituwa da nauyi tare da wasu interactions.

A ra'ayi ne ɓullo da

A ka'idar da hadade filin, superstring ka'idar - zalla ilmin lissafi. Kamar dukan jiki Concepts, shi dogara ne a kan lissafai cewa za a iya fassara a cikin wani hanya.

Yau, ba wanda ya san daidai abin da zai zama karshe version na wannan ka'idar. The masana kimiyya da wajen m ra'ayin da na kowa abubuwa, amma ba wanda ya yet fito da wani karshe lissafi za a cike duk superstring ka'idar da gwajin ya ba tukuna kasance iya tabbatar da shi (ko da yake shanyewa ma). Lissafin kimiyya, Mun halitta a Saukake version na lissafi, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba quite bayyana mu talikai.

Superstring ka'idar ga sabon shiga

A cikin jarrabawa a kan biyar key ideas.

1. Superstring ka'idar predicts cewa duk abubuwan da mu duniya an yi sama da fašakarwar strands na makamashi da kuma membranes.
2. Ta yayi kokarin sulhunta janar dangantakar (nauyi) tare da jimla kimiyyar lissafi.
3. Superstring ka'idar zai hade dukan daga cikin muhimman hakkokin sojojin talikai.
4. Wannan jarrabawa predicts wani sabon connection, supersymmetry, tsakanin biyu fundamentally daban-daban na barbashi, bosons da fermions.
5. A ra'ayi ya bayyana a yawan ƙarin, yawanci unobservable girma talikai.

Kirtani kuma branes

Lokacin da ka'idar tashi a cikin 1970s, makamashi strands a shi an dauke 1-girma abubuwa - kirtani. The kalmar "daya-girma" ya nuna cewa kirtani yana daya kawai girma, tsawon, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da, misali, wata square, wanda yana da tsawon da kuma tsawo.

Wadannan superstring ka'idar raba zuwa iri biyu - rufe da bude. Open kirtani yana tips cewa ba a lamba tare da juna, yayin da rufaffiyar kirtani ne madauki da babu bude iyakar. A sakamakon haka, an gano cewa, wadannan kirtani, kirtani kira na farko da irin, da fallasa 5 asali iri interactions.

Interactions da su ne bisa kirtani ikon connect da kuma raba su tips. Tun da iyakar bude kirtani iya zo tare da nunawa rufaffiyar, ba shi yiwuwa a yi a ka'idar superstrings, ba ciki har da wani looped kirtani.

Wannan ya tabbatar da muhimmanci kamar rufaffiyar kirtani da kaddarorin cewa an yi ĩmãni kimiyyar lissafi da zai iya bayyana nauyi. A wasu kalmomin, masana kimiyya ya gane cewa superstring ka'idar, maimakon bayanin al'amarin barbashi iya bayyana su da halayensu da kuma karfi na nauyi.

Shekaru daga baya, an gano cewa, ban da kirtani, da kuma sauran muhimman abubuwa na ka'idar. Su za a iya daukarsa a matsayin zanen gado ko brane. Kirtani za a iya a haɗe zuwa su daya ko garesu.

jimla nauyi

Modern kimiyyar lissafi biyu main kimiyya dokar: general ka'idar dangantakar (GR) da kuma jimla. Suna wakiltar wani mabanbanta filin daga kimiyya. Jimla kimiyyar lissafi kulla tare da mafi kankantar kwayar barbashi halitta da kuma GTR, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya bayyana yanayi na sikelin na taurari, da taurari da kuma duniya baki daya. Shiriritar da cewa kokarin hada su, da ake kira da ka'idar jimla nauyi. A mafi alamar rahama daga wadannan ne yanzu da kirtani.

An Rufe thread dace da hali na nauyi. A musamman, da suka mallaka Properties graviton barbashi shari nauyi tsakanin abubuwa.

Hada hannu sojojin

Kirtani ka'idar ƙoƙarin daidaita da hudu sojojin - electromagnetic, da karfi da rashin karfin nukiliya, da kuma nauyi - a cikin daya. A cikin duniya, da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin hudu daban-daban mamaki, amma kirtani theorists yi imani da cewa a cikin farkon duniya, a lokacin da akwai wuce yarda da high matakan da makamashi, da duk wadannan sojojin da aka bayyana da kirtani, hulda da juna.

supersymmetry

All barbashi a sararin samaniya za a iya raba iri biyu: bosons da fermions. Kirtani ka'idar predicts cewa akwai dangantaka tsakanin su, da aka sani da supersymmetry. Idan supersymmetry ga kowane boson da fermion dole ne wanzu domin kowane fermion - boson. Abin baƙin ciki gwaje wanzuwar irin wannan barbashi ba ya tabbatar.

Supersymmetry ne mai ilmin lissafi dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa na jiki da lissafai. Ta aka samu a wani daban-daban yanki na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma aikace-aikace suka kai ga renaming ka'idar supersymmetry kirtani (ko superstring ka'idar, a rare harshe) a cikin tsakiyar 1970 ta.

Daya daga cikin abũbuwan amfãni daga supersymmetry ne cewa shi ƙwarai simplifies da lissafi, kyale don kawar da wasu canji. Ba tare da supersymmetry lissafai kai ga jiki saba wa juna, kamar da iyaka darajar da kirkirarrun makamashi matakan.

Tun da masana kimiyya sun ba ya lura da wani barbashi annabta da supersymmetry, shi ne har yanzu a jarrabawa. Mutane da yawa lissafin kimiyya yi imani da cewa dalilin wannan - da bukatar wani gagarumin adadin kuzari, wanda ake dangantawa da sananne nauyin Einstein ta lissafi E = mc ^2. Wadannan barbashi iya zama a farkon duniya, amma kamar yadda ya sanyaya sauka, kuma bayan da Big Bang, da makamashi baza, wadannan barbashi an koma low makamashi matakan.

A wasu kalmomin, da kirtani makarkata kamar yadda high makamashi barbashi rasa ƙarfi, wanda sanya su abubuwa da ƙananan vibration.

Masu bincike fatan cewa astronomical kallo ko gwaji tare da barbashi accelerators tabbatar da ka'idar, gano wasu daga supersymmetric abubuwa tare mafi girma makamashi.

ƙarin ma'aunai

Sauran ilmin lissafi sakamako na kirtani ka'idar shi ne cewa shi ya sa hankali a duniya, da yawan ma'aunai ne mafi girma daga uku. A halin yanzu, akwai biyu bayani ga wannan:

1. Ƙarin ma'aunai (shida na su) sun folded, ko, a cikin terminology na kirtani ka'idar compactified da wuce yarda da kananan size, to gane wanda zai yi nasara ba.
2. Mu da aka makale a cikin wani 3-girma brane, da sauran girma mika bayan shi kuma ba su da samuwa a gare mu.

An muhimmanci yanki na gudanar da bincike tsakanin theorists ne ilmin lissafin tallan kayan kawa na yadda wadannan ƙarin matsayi iya nasaba da namu. Recent sakamakon hasashen cewa masana kimiyya nan da sannu zã su iya gane wadannan karin girma (idan sun wanzu) a cikin mai zuwa gwaje-gwajen, kamar yadda suka iya zama mafi girma daga baya sa ran.

fahimtar manufar

Manufar nemi da masana kimiyya binciken superstrings - "ka'idar kome", watau guda jiki bane wanda a muhimman hakkokin matakin ya bayyana duk zahiri ... Idan nasara, shi zai iya bayyana da yawa tambayoyi game da tsarin da mu talikai.

Bayani na al'amarin, kuma taro

Daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na zamani bincike - bincike ga mafita don real barbashi.

Kirtani ka'idar ya fara a matsayin wani ra'ayi da ya bayyana da barbashi kamar hadrons, daban-daban mafi girma vibrational jihohin da kirtani. A mafi zamani formulations, al'amarin, lura a mu sararin samaniya shi ne sakamakon da vibration na kirtani kuma branes tare da mafi ƙasƙanci makamashi. A vibrations samar da karin high-makamashi gaɓũɓuwa, wanda yanzu a cikin duniya basu wanzu.

A taro na wadannan na farko barbashi na bayyana yadda da kirtani, da branes compactified a nade a cikin ƙarin girma. Alal misali, a cikin wani Saukake a lokacin da suke folded a cikin siffar wani Donut, kira lissafi da kuma kimiyyar lissafi torus kirtani iya kunsa da wannan tsari a cikin hanyoyi biyu:

• short madauki ta tsakiyar torus.
• dogon madauki kewaye da dukan m karkara na torus.

A takaice madauki ne mai haske barbashi, kuma mafi - mai tsanani. Lokacin da ka kunsa da kirtani a kusa da toroidal compactified aunawa da samuwar sabuwar abubuwa tare da daban-daban talakawa.

Superstring ka'idar takaice kuma a fili, kawai kuma elegantly bayyana mika mulki tsawon a taro. Rushewarta ji ne da yawa wuya torus, amma bisa manufa su ma aiki.

Yana da ma zai yiwu, ko da yake yana da wuya su yi tunanin cewa igiyar shigar da torus a biyu kwatance a lokaci guda, wanda zai haifar a cikin sauran barbashi tare da wani daban-daban taro. Branes kuma iya kunsa da karin girma, samar da ko da more damar.

Definition na sarari da kuma lokaci

A da yawa versions na superstring ka'idar ji fadi, yin su unobservable a halin yanzu matakin na fasahar ci gaba.

A halin yanzu shi ne ba a bayyana ko kirtani ka'idar iya bayyana da muhimman hakkokin yanayin sararin samaniya da kuma lokaci fiye da ya aikata Einstein. Yana girma ne backdrop ga hulda da kirtani, da m real ji ba.

Mun bayar da wani bayani, ba gaba daya kammala, game da biyayya da sarari-lokaci kamar yadda wani wanda aka samu daga cikin jimlar adadin dukkan kirtani interactions.

Wannan dabarar ba ya sadu da ra'ayoyi na wasu lissafin kimiyya da cewa ya haddasa zargi da jarrabawa. M ka'idar madauki jimla nauyi a matsayin masomin ta amfani da quantization na sarari da kuma lokaci. Wasu yi imani da cewa yana yiwuwa shi zai kasance ne kawai a daban-daban tsarin kula da dukkan guda na asali bane.

Quantization nauyi

Babban nasara ta wannan jarrabawa, idan ya tabbatar, zai zama wani jimla ka'idar nauyi. Yanzu description of nauyi a general dangantakar bai tafi tare da jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Karshe, tsawwala hani a kan hali na kananan barbashi, yayin da yunƙurin bincika sararin samaniya a wani musamman kananan sikelin take kaiwa zuwa saba wa juna.

A daidaituwa na sojojin

A halin yanzu, lissafin kimiyya da aka sani hudu da muhimman hakkokin sojojin: nauyi, electromagnetic, rauni da karfi da makaman nukiliya interactions. Daga kirtani ka'idar da shi ya nuna cewa duk sun zarar sun manifestations guda.

A cewar wannan jarrabawa, kamar yadda da farkon duniya sanyaya bayan da babban kara, shi ne guda hulda da aka raba cikin daban-daban aiki a yau.

Gwaje-gwajen da high makamashi taba ƙyale mu mu sami ƙungiyar na wadannan sojojin, ko da yake wadannan gwaje-gwajen ne zuwa yanzu fiye da na yanzu fasahar ci gaba.

biyar zažužžukan

Bayan superstring juyin juya halin a 1984, da ci gaban da ya faru a wata feverish taki. A sakamakon haka, maimakon daya ra'ayi juya biyar, da ake kira irin na, IIA, IIB, HO, ya, kowanne daga wanda aka kusan gaba daya bayyana mana duniya, amma ba a karshen.

Physics, taba version na kirtani ka'idar a cikin begen samun gaskiya duniya dabara, halitta 5 daban-daban bambance-bambancen karatu na dogaro da kai. Wasu daga dũkiyõyinsu daidai da zahiri na duniya, wasu sun karya ne.

M-ka'idar

A wani taro a 1995, da likita Edward Witten samarwa a m bayani da biyar shiriritar. Bisa ga kwanan nan gano biyuntakar, su duka zama lokuta na musamman na wata guda m ra'ayi kira Witten M ka'idar superstrings. Daya daga cikin key Concepts ya zama brane (raguwa of membrane), asali abubuwa da ciwon fiye da daya girma. Ko da yake marubucin ya ba miƙa full version, wanda ba ya zuwa yanzu, da M ka'idar superstrings taƙaice kunshi wadannan siffofin:

• 11-girma (10 da 1 sarari na boko girma).
• biyuntakar, wanda kai ga biyar theories bayanin wannan zahiri.
• branes - kirtani, da fiye da 1 ji.

bincike

A sakamakon haka, maimakon daya akwai 10 ^{da 500} yanke shawara. Ga wasu lissafin kimiyya da shi ne dalilin da rikicin, yayin da wasu riƙi anthropic manufa, wanda ya bayyana da kaddarorin na sararin samaniya tare da mu gaban a shi. Ya zauna a sa ran, a lokacin da theorists zai sami wani hanya don kewaya superstring ka'idar.

Wasu fassarori ce cewa mu duniya ba daya kawai. A mafi m versions damar da wanzuwar wani iyaka yawan kaunun, wasu daga wanda dauke da ainihin kofe na namu.

Einstein ka'idar predicts da wanzuwar wata rage girmanta sarari, da ake kira mai wormhole ko Einstein-Rosen gada. A wannan yanayin da biyu m site hade short nassi. Superstring ka'idar damar ba kawai cewa, amma kuma dangane da m maki na layi daya halittu. Za ka iya har matsawa tsakanin kaunun tare da daban-daban dokokin kimiyyar lissafi. Duk da haka, wata ila zaɓi, idan jimla ka'idar nauyi zai sa su zama ba zai yiwu ba.

Mutane da yawa lissafin kimiyya yi imani da cewa holographic manufa, a lõkacin da duk bayanai dauke a cikin juz'i na sarari, yayi dace da bayanai a rubuce a kan surface, zai ba da damar da zurfi fahimtar manufar ikon strands.

Wasu yi imani da cewa superstring ka'idar damar mahara ma'aunai na lokaci, sakamakon zai iya zama mai tafiya ta su.

Bugu da kari, a cikin tsarin na jarrabawa akwai wani zabi ga Big Bang model, bisa ga abin da sararin samaniya shi ne sakamakon wani karo tsakanin biyu branes da ke ta wurin maimaita hawan keke na halitta da halaka.

A matuƙar rabo na sararin samaniya ya ko da yaushe sun shagaltar da kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma karshe version na kirtani ka'idar iya taimaka ƙayyade da yawa na al'amarin, kuma cosmological m. Sanin wadannan dabi'u, cosmologists za su iya sanin ko sararin samaniya za su ji ƙyama sai, har sai da shi suka fashe, duk fara sake.

Babu wanda ya san sakamakon da ka'idar kimiyya, muddin dai ba za a ci gaba da kuma gwada. Einstein, rubutu lissafi E = mc ^2, ba su sa ran cewa zai kai zuwa fitowan da makaman nukiliya. The halitta na jimla kimiyyar lissafi ba su sani ba cewa shi zai zama dalilin da Laser da transistor. Kuma ko da yake da shi ba tukuna san abin da zai irin wannan zalla msar tambayar ra'ayi, tarihi ya nuna cewa, lalle zã samun wani abu na ban mamaki.

Don ƙarin bayani a kan wannan jarrabawa za a iya samu a cikin littafin Endryu Tsimmermana "Super Kirtani Theory for dummies."