Protists - wannan ... hali da kuma tsarin fasali

A duban farko, ga alama cewa zamani systematics ya riga ya gano dukan manyan halittun da ba ta yin husũma. Amma ba haka. Ka ji irin wannan din hadin kai a matsayin protists? Idan ba, sa'an nan mu labarin ne a gare ku.

Tarihi na samu

Protists - wani ra'ayi cewa an fara gabatar a cikin kimiyya Jamus halittu Ernest Haeckal. Wannan ya faru a 1886. A wannan lokacin, shi aka riga aka sani da biyu mulkokin hali: shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Duk sauran halittu masanin da kuma kawo protists. Amma kimiyya ba tsaya har yanzu. Systematics ware sabon manyan siffofin, samar da halittun. Kuma a 1969, Amirka ecologist Roberg Whittaker bayyana protists da wani zamani view. Af, wannan masanin kimiyya kira marubucin tsarin "biyar mulkoki." Irin wannan rarrabuwa na dukan abubuwa masu rai ne har yanzu dacewa a yau.

Halaye na protists

By protists ne duk kwayoyin, wanda jiki ba ya nuna wadannan yadudduka. Kuma shi ba kome nawa suka kafa Kwayoyin. A tsarin ne halin da protists tsakiya. Daga cikin shuke-shuke na wannan kungiyar algae. Heterotrophic protists an gabatar protozoa da gribopodobnymi kwayoyin.

A tsarin da algae

Description protists fara da na farko shuke-shuke da ya bayyana a duniya - algae. Daga cikin su akwai wakilan metazoans. Yana chlamydomonas da chlorella. Duk da cewa su dukan jiki ne wakilta guda cell, sun gudanar da wani dukkan matakai na rayuwa. Wannan numfashi ta hanyar harsashi propelled ta flagellum, autotrophic abinci mai gina jiki, haifuwa ta rarraba a cikin biyu ko sporulation. Kwayar algae ne mafi bambancin. A jikin su Kwayoyin suna da alaka anatomically, amma ba samar da kyallen takarda. Irin Tsarin ake kira thallus ko thallus.

heterotrophic protists

Wannan kungiyar hada da nau'in da suke iya ci kawai kwayoyin sinadaran shirye. Heterotrophic protists - ne guda-celled, ko protozoa. Duk da sunan, su tsari ne ma quite wuya. Daya daga cikin na kowa ne mafi sauki wakilan Paramecium caudatum. Kamar dukan dabbobi da su surface naúrar wakilta jini membrane da pellicle wakiltar cushe gado cytoplasm. Dindindin wasu gabbansa daga wadannan protists ne narkewa kamar, kuma contractile vacuole. A farko ne da za'ayi enzymatically warware kwayoyin abubuwa, da kuma na biyu - da tsari na osmotic matsa lamba da kuma ruwa da gishiri musayar.

A ciliates auku ko da jima'i tsari, wanda daukan nau'i na Tasrifu. A wannan yanayin biyu dabbobi converge kafa cytoplasmic gada, a kan abin da tsakiya kayyade bayanai musayar tsakanin su. Very bambancin da wasu gabbansa motsi heterotrophic protists. A ciliates ne m cilia a Euglena - guda flagellum. Amma Amoeba Proteus Forms ba m protrusions na cytoplasm, wanda ake kira pseudopodia, ko pseudopodia.

Gribopodobnye protists

Wannan rukuni na protists mugun kama real namomin kaza. Alal misali, raga jiki ne wakilta labyrinthulomycetes yawo plasmodia. A cell bango kunshi wani m Oomycetes cellulose. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin tsari na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, sai suka samar mobile zoospores. Wadannan cututtuka su ne hankula ga polryadka gifohitridievyh, mafi yawan abin da su kwayuka parasites na algae da kwaro.

A musamman Properties

Protists - ne kwayoyin da cewa suna da sosai m fasali. Wadannan sun hada da pseudopodia gribopodobnyh labyrinthulomycetes. Sun ci tare da kama Tsarin makwabtaka Kwayoyin, samar da wani dukan cibiyar sadarwa. wakilan domin an bayar da wata, tsattsarkar protuberance hrizofitovye kira gaptonemoy. Ya kunshi microtubules, kewaye da wata tashar na endoplasmic reticulum. A dinoflagellates kiyaye su musamman tsarin da tsakiya, chromosomes waxanda suke ko da yaushe a Jihar spiralizirovannom.

Mene ne polyphyly

Sau da yawa sosai protists kira polyphyletic kungiyar, ko taxon. Wannan yana nufin cewa shi ne hada da kwayoyin da cewa sun tabbatar da dangantaka da wakilan sauran taxonomic raka'a ba a hada a cikin wannan. Saboda haka, kawai koma zuwa dabba mulkinsa, kuma algae - da shuka mulkin. Polyphyletic halittun basa zamani taxonomy, saboda wakilainsu ba su da magabata. Misalai na irin wadannan kungiyoyi ne banda kisan gillar dabbobi ko autotrophic kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, protists - shi eukaryotic kwayoyin, wanda ba ya samar da wadannan tsokoki. Daga cikinsu akwai guda da kuma kwayar jinsunan, auto- da heterotrophs. Domin zamani wakilan protists ne algae, protozoa da gribopodobnye kwayoyin.