Tyuring Alan: biography, photos, aiki. Taimako zuwa ga Computer Science

Alan Mathison Turing - a duniya-sanannen masanin kimiyya na baiwa, mai code wato Ubangiji Yesu Kristi, wani majagaba na kwamfuta kimiyya, wani mutum mai ban mamaki da makoma, wanda ya yi tasiri a kan ci gaban kwamfuta da fasaha.

Alan Turing: a takaice biography

Alan Mathison Turing aka haife shi a London a kan Yuni 23, 1912. Mahaifinsa Yulius Tyuring wani mulkin mallaka jami'in waɗanda suke ɗauke da aikin farar hula a India. Akwai ya hadu da aure to Alan mahaifiyar - Ethel Sara. A uwãyensa sun kasance har abada mazaunin a Indiya a matsayin yara (Alan da Yahaya, ya wana) ya koyar a zaman kansa gidaje a Ingila, inda suka samu wani m upbringing.

Its ikon yin azãbar sciences , Alan nuna sau daya a lokacin wani fikinik. Domin samun yardar mahaifinsa, yaron uncomplicated da tattaunawa iya samun ruwan zuma. Don wannan karshen, ya gano da Lines a kan abin da ƙudan zuma aka tashi, da kuma shugabanci na su gudu. Sa'an nan, wajen tunani mikawa wadannan Lines, na iske batu na mahada, inda ya samu wani m da zuma.

Fice ikon ainihin sciences Alan bayyana a lokacin da yake karatu a babbar Shernborskoy makaranta. A shekarar 1931, kamar yadda wani masanin ilmin lissafi yaron ya ci gaba da karatu a kwalejin Kings, Cambridge University. A cikin rubutun a kan ƙarshen tsakiyar iyaka Theorem na yiwuwa, wanda aka sake gano, ba da sanin game da wanzuwar irin wannan baya aiki. A cikin makaranta, Alan yana cikin Science College of jama'a, ya sabawa rubuce-rubucensu aka bayar na musamman kyauta. Wannan ya ba da saurayi mai kyau damar samun ilimi da kuma bi kai-biya a fagen daidai kimiyyar.

Turing inji

A 1935, masana kimiyya Alan Tyuring farko yi amfani da kwarewarsu a fagen ilmin lissafi dabaru da kuma fara yin bincike, wanda ya nuna a shekara gagarumin sakamako. Ya gabatar da manufar computable aiki, wanda za a iya aiwatar da a da ake kira Turing na'ura. The daftarin na wannan na'urar yana da dukan asali siffofin na zamani model (mataki-mataki hanya na aiki, memory, kula da software), kuma ya yi da samfur na dijital kwamfuta, ƙirƙira shekaru goma daga baya. A 1936, lissafi Alan Turing koma Amurka da kuma zaunar da curator a Princeton University, a 1938 aka bayar da digiri na likita na falsafa da kuma mayar da su zuwa Cambridge, ƙi da tayin lissafi John von Neumann zauna da kuma aiki a makaranta kamar yadda wani mataimaki.

Birtaniya aiki "matsananci"

A daidai wannan lokacin, Birtaniya ta sanar da ƙaddamar da aiki "matsananci", manufar wanda ya zuwa wiretaps Jamus matukan jirgin da kuma su fassarar. Da batun ya shafi aka located a London ofishin na gwamnatin makaranta na lambobin da ciphers (boye-boye Cif na Birtaniya m naúrar), wanda shi ne saboda barazana da farkisanci hare-haren da aka gaggawa dauka don Bletchley Park, located a tsakiyar Ingila.

Yau da shi gidaje da Museum of coders da kwamfuta fasaha. Shi ne a cikin wannan sirrin wuri intercepted samun tashoshin samu bayanan asiri a kullum. da yawan masu lamba saƙonni a cikin dubban raka'a. Ga kowane mai shigowa da rubutu Gyarawa: mitar rediyo, kwanan, lokaci na interception da Preamble. A karshen dauke da ID na cibiyar sadarwa, da kira alamar na karɓa a tashar da kuma aikawa, lokacin aika saƙonni.

Winston Churchill - firaministan kasar Birtaniya - ya kira Bletch Park your hen cewa kayansa mãsu zinariya qwai. A manajan aiki ne Alastair Denniston - wani tsohon soja na basirar aikin soja. A ma'aikatan cryptanalysts, ya sãmi wani m ma'aikata da kuma kwararru na fadi da profile: lissafi, masana ilimin harsuna, dara, Egyptologists, zakarun a warware crossword wasanin gwada ilimi. A irin wannan bambancin da talented kungiyar ya da wani lissafi Alan Turing.

Turing kan "daure kai."

Division Turing aka tuhuma da takamaiman aiki: aiki tare da rufaffen rubutu, haifar da na'urar "daure kai." - inji, ya jadadda mallaka a Netherlands a 1917 da kuma aka asali tsara don kare banki ayyukan. Wadannan model an rayayye amfani ga watsin rediyo saƙonni Wehrmacht a ayyukan gudanar da sojojin ruwa da kuma iska karfi. Ciphers "daure kai." To farkon yakin duniya na II su ne mafi iko a duniya. Yana da aka yi ĩmãni har cewa crack su kusan ba zai yiwu.

Don gane da shigar wanda ke aiki rubutu, da ake buƙata don samun wannan na'ura, to san ta asali saituna, rufe haruffa a wasu hanya da ãyõyin panel, da kuma duk abin da aka gudanar a gaban shugabanci. A wannan kudin da za a haifa tuna cewa ka'idojin boye-boye makullin da kuma canza sau daya a rana. Encrypting da Wehrmacht kokarin wahalad da hanyoyin na watsa kanta cryptanalysis: Message Length kada wuce 250 characters, da kuma mika su haruffa 3-5 teams.

Hard aiki cryptographers jagorancin Turing ya da wani rabo: shi an halitta a na'urar da cewa zai iya karanta da sakonni "daure." Bugu da kari ga dukan ilmin lissafi dabaru, kamar yadda tips ana amfani da wannan stereotyped phrases da wanda ke magana da Jamus, da kuma wani maimaita rubutu. Idan tips bai isa ba, da abokin sa su. Alal misali, a wani nuna mined wani sashe na teku, sa'an nan ya kasa kunne ga maganganun da Jamusawa a kan wannan lokaci.

Nasarar Alan Turing

A sakamakon painstaking aiki a 1940 aka kafa shi cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "bam", wanda yake shi ne mai babbar hukuma (nauyi - daya ton, da gaban panel - 2 x 3 mita, na'ura mai juyi 36 kungiyoyin kanta). A amfani da wannan na'urar bukatar musamman da basira da kuma shi ne kai tsaye dogara a kan cancantar ma'aikata da kuma sabis. A Bletchley Park da lokacin da aka kafa fiye da ɗari biyu na wadannan inji cewa ba da damar zuwa decipher game 2-3 dubu kowace rana.

Tyuring Alan yi farin ciki tare da su da aiki da kuma sakamakon cimma. Yana kawai ya fusata da} ananan hukumomi, da kuma yanke su kasafin kudi. Abin farin, bayan jerin fushi hukuma rubutu aikin dauki iko da Winston Churchill, ƙara da kudade. "Daure kai." Boye-boye da sauran Jamus inji aka karya, da kawayenta sun iya zama sane da m kwarara daga m m.

Jamus fiye da shekara sani ba game da kasancewar "bom", da kuma samun da zuba, sun sanya gagarumin} o} arin kara haduwar boye-boye.

Duk da haka, Turing ba tsoron bambamce: shi ne mai sauki mu jimre da sabon matsalar, kuma a cikin makonni shida da Birtaniya da damar yin amfani da makiya bayanai.

Cikakkar AMINCI cipher lokacin yakin duniya na II shi ne ba a cikin shakka, da Jamus, har ƙarshen search for dalilin da yayyo na muhimmanci da bayanai a ko'ina, kawai ba a cikin "daure kai.". Watsuwar "daure kai." Code halin canza hanya na yakin duniya na II. M bayanai ba kawai taimaka kare Birtaniya Tsibirin, amma kuma ga dace da horo ga manyan-sikelin ayyukan a nahiyar, wanda aka shirya da Jamusanci gefe. Birtaniya cryptographers nasara, wani muhimmin taimako ga nasara a kan Nazism, kuma Tyuring Alan kai tsaye a shekarar 1946 samu lambar yabo a cikin Order of British Empire.

Eccentricities kwamfuta baiwa

Sahaban da aka bayyana Turing a matsayin dan kadan eccentric mutum, ba ma m, kyawawan gall da karshe himma.

• Da yake rashin lafiyan, Tyuring Alan antihistamines fi so mask. A da shi, sai ya tafi zuwa ga ofisoshin shuke-shuke flowering. Zai yiwu wannan ya bayyana da rashin so da baƙuncin da za a rinjayi da gefen sakamakon da miyagun ƙwayoyi - wato, sleepiness.
• Wani alama da aka ba a lissafi dangane da bike, wanda a wani lokaci ya tashi sarkar. Tyuring Alan, ba so a magance ta gyaran da tunani jũya pedals a daidai lokacin da kuma samun saukar daga keke sarkar straightening makamai.
• Own MUG a Bletchley Park, a talented masanin kimiyya tacked a kan wa baturin kewaye, cewa shi ba sata.
• Rayuwa a Cambridge, Alan taba sa agogo ga daidai lokacin, ya siffa ta wajen tunani, kayyade wurin da wani star.
• Da zarar Alan koya game da fall daga cikin shakka Birtaniya laba, ya narkar da samuwa tsabar kudi da kuma binne sakamakon azurfa bullion wani wuri a wurin shakatawa, sa'an nan gaba daya manta mafaka.
• Turing ne mai kyau dan wasa. Feeling da bukatar da za a caje, sai ya sheƙo a dogon nesa, domin sanin wa kansu cewa fice a harkar wasanni. Sa'an nan, a cikin rikodin lokaci na lashe 3- kuma 10-mile nesa daga cikin kulob din, kuma a shekarar 1947 ranked biyar a gudun fanfalaki.

Eccentricities na Alan Turing, wanda sabis ne invaluable ga kasar Birtaniya, 'yan sa bewilderment. Mutane da yawa abokan aiki tuna da tashin hankali da kuma babbar sha'awa da abin da kwamfuta kimiyya baiwa dauki up wani amfani a ra'ayin. Turing daukarsa da babban daraja, kamar yadda ya tsaya asali daga tunani da kuma naka m. A talented lissafi, da ciwon duk makings na wani m malami, iya warware da kuma bayyana wani samuwa, ko da mafi m aiki.

Alan Turing: da taimako ga kwamfuta kimiyya

A shekarar 1945, Alan ƙi yin aiki malami a jami'ar Cambridge, da kuma a kan shawarwarin na M. Newman shiga cikin National jiki Laboratory, wanda a lokacin kafa wani rukuni na zane da kuma halittar ACE - kwamfuta. A cikin shekaru 3 (1945 zuwa 1948) - a lokacin da wanzuwar kungiyar - Turing sanya farko almara da kuma sanya wasu muhimmanci shawarwari domin ta zane.

Rahoton on ACE masanin kimiyyar bai wa kwamitin zartarwa na NFL Maris 19, 1946. A wani rakiya rubutu a haɗe da shi ya bayyana cewa, aikin dogara ne a kan EDVAG aikin. Duk da haka, aikin da babban yawan m ideas da take kai tsaye zuwa harshen Turanci lissafi.

Software na farko kwamfuta ma rubuta Alan Tyuring. Kwamfuta tare da painstaking aiki na wannan talented malamin ba su iya sun kai irin wannan matakin a matsayin a yau. A lokaci guda, da kuma na farko dara shirin da aka rubuta.

A cikin watan Satumba 1948, Alan Turing, wanda biography ne a rayuwa da aka hade tare da lissafi, ya canjawa wuri zuwa aiki, a Jami'ar Manchester. Nominally, ya aka nada mataimakin darektan Lab kwakwalwa, a gaskiya, wannan adadin a cikin ilmin lissafi sashen na M. Newman, da kuma ke da alhakin shirye-shirye.

Bad luck wargi

Turanci lissafi, wanda ya ci gaba bayan da yaki, aiki tare da m, aka kawo wani sabon aiki: to decipher Soviet code. A wannan lokaci, ƙaddara ta taka m wargi da Turing. Wata rana gidansa An sata. Barawo bar wani rubutu na hankali ya sosai a ke so ga 'yan sanda, amma da fushi Alan Turing nan da nan ya kira ga shafin. A cikin shakka daga gudanar da bincike an gano cewa barawo ya aboki na Alan ta lover. A lokacin shaidar Turing ya shigar da kishili, cewa a cikin wadanda shekaru ne mai laifi a Ingila.

M fitina ga sanannun malaman ci gaba na dogon lokaci. Ya aka kira su zuwa ga wani biyu-shekara kurkuku abun ciki, ko hormone far wa rabu da jima'i so.

Alan Turing (photo sama a bara) ya zaɓi karshen. A sakamakon da magani daga cikin mafi iko da kwayoyi, wanda dade na shekara, a Turing ɓullo da rashin ƙarfi, kuma gynecomastia (nono kara girma). Criminally tsananta Alan aka cire daga m aiki. Bugu da kari, Birtaniya ji tsoron cewa 'yan luwadi za a iya dauka da Soviet yan leƙen asirin ƙasar. Scientist da ake zargi da leken asiri ne ba, amma an hana daga tattauna aikinsa a Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Story of Alan Turing ta bakin ciki zuwa da zuciyar: ilmin lissafin baiwa sallame daga sabis da kuma haramta don ya koya. Da suna da aka abada lalace. A 41 saurayin da aka jefa overboard al'ada kari na rayuwa, bar ba tare da ƙaunataccen aiki, tare da karyayyen psyche da hasãra kiwon lafiya. A 1954, Alan Turing, wanda biography, kuma a yanzu ya kama zukatan mutane da yawa, da aka samu matattu a cikin gidansa, kuma a kan nightstand kusa da gado sa a cije ni apple. Kamar yadda ya juya daga baya, shi da aka cushe da cyanide. Tun Alan Turing sake scene daga kuka fi so hikaya "Snow White" a 1937. A cewar wasu rahotanni, wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa 'ya'yan itacen ya zama wani alama na duniya shahara "Apple" kwamfuta kamfanin. Bugu da kari, Apple ne har yanzu alamar zunubi, Littafi Mai Tsarki ilmi.

The official version of mutuwar wani talented lissafi - kunar bakin wake. Alan mahaifiyar yi imani da cewa guba ya wani hatsari, saboda Alan ko da yaushe ba da gangan aiki tare da sunadarai. Akwai version cewa Turing gangan zaba wannan hanya na tsere daga rayuwa, don ba da damar uwãyensu ba su yi ĩmãni a kashe kansa.

Fi na Turanci lissafi

Babban lissafi aka gyara posthumously. A shekarar 2009, firaministan kasar Birtaniya Gordon Brown ya fito fili ya nemi afuwa ga zalunci sha wahala da kwamfuta kimiyya baiwa. A shekarar 2013, Turing afuwar da aka yi wa zargin batsa Elizabeth II - Queen of Great Britain.

Alan Turing ta aiki ya ta'allaka ba kawai a cikin ci gaban da bayanai da fasaha: a karshen rayuwar wani masanin kimiyya kishin kansa tambayoyi na ilmin halitta, wato - ya fara samar da sunadarai ka'idar morphogenesis, wanda ya ba da cikakken wasa a hade da ikon daidai da hazaka lissafi, falsafa, cike da asali ra'ayoyin. A farko da almara na da ka'idar da aka bayyana a cikin na farko rahoton a shekara ta 1952 da kuma wani rahoto ya bayyana bayan da masanin kimiyyar ta mutuwa.

A mafi babbar lambar yabo a fagen kwamfuta kimiyya ne "Turing Award". Ta lashe kyautar da aka yi a shekara Association for kwamfuta Farms. Amirka ta wannan lambar yabo, da adadin abin da a halin yanzu tsaye a 250, 000, da Google kamfani da Intel. A farko na irin wannan muhimmanci lambar yabo a shekarar 1966 aka bayar da Alan Perlis domin samar da compilers.