Synecology karatu muhalli tsarin

Lafiyar Qasa idan aka kwatanta da o, ilmin dabbobi da kuma ilmin jikin mutum shi ne gwada da matasa nazarin halittu horo cewa ka fito a cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th. Yana nazarin dangantakar rai abubuwa da kuma ga al'umma tare da juna da kuma jiki yanayi. Daya daga cikin sassan - synecology - nazarin lafiyar qasa da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne wani ɓangare na biogeocenosis: shuke-shuke, kwari, namomin kaza, dabbobi a hadin gwiwa da juna. Kimiyya da kanta, ta samo asali a cikin aikin na malamai kamar L. Dollo, O. Habila, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu koyi ainihin Concepts da lafiyar qasa sashe da kuma gano tsarin da kuma aiki na muhalli tsarin.

Biogeocoenoses aka gyara a matsayin biosphere

Tare mutane daga jinsuna daban - yawan - rayuwa nuna wa mata banbanci. Su suna da ha a cikin ya fi girma al'ummomi - biocenoses. Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin mutane a cikin wani da aka ba yanayin kasa bayyana irin dangantaka, kamar allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, gasar, trofotsenoticheskie connection. Synecology karatu da dangantakar dake tsakanin kwayoyin da suke kunshe a cikin al'amarin, kuma ta binciko bayani dalla-dalla na interspecies dangantaka na shuke-shuke da dabbobi na subsystems cewa samar da wata Tsayayyar al'umma.

Me ake nufi da muhalli tsarin

Akwai yanzu kuma yi amfani da muhalli kimiyya ne ba kawai da kalma "biogeocoenosis", amma kuma irin wannan abu a matsayin "} ire", gabatar da Arthur Tansley. Dukansu suna amfani da su koma zuwa ga halitta da tsarin da su gyara: fitosoobschestv da dabba daga alƙarya wadda ta synecology nazarin bisa hasashe na interconnectedness dukkan halittu tare da su muhalli. Ya kamata a lura da cewa, tsakanin biyu sharuddan kamata ba za a daidaita. Kalmar "biogeocoenose" ba V. Sukachyov, daukawa mai manyan ma'anoni ba ne, kamar abin da na halitta da gidaje tare da zagayowar kwayoyin halitta da kuma makamashi gudana gudana a cikin su. Amma manufar "yanayin kasa" shi ne tartsatsi, musamman a cikin kimiyya da kuma rare adabi, saboda ta aerodynamics yanzu amfani da su faye hali mai fadi da dama nazarin halittu gidaje, biyu na halitta da kuma wucin gadi.

Theory biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

Scientist views aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar shahararren Rasha masana kimiyyar Dokuchaev, tsunduma a gona kimiyya, da kuma Vernadsky - wanda ya kafa ka'idar da biosphere. By hada da ilmi na geochemistry, na Forest, geobotany V. Sukachev ya halitta sabon horo - biogeocenology. Ta, kazalika da synecology - sashe da lafiyar qasa, da karatunsa da dangantakar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin biome, idan akai la'akari da alamu na interspecific dangantaka da kuma yawan mutane da na ga phytoplankton da zoocenoses. Bisa ga ideas na masanin kimiyya, duk da yadudduka na biosphere cike da rai, a cikin abin da akwai matakai na interconversion na biomass da kuma makamashi. Suna aiki ne kamar kafuwar abinci sarkar.

Sun hada da kera - autotrophic kwayoyin, musamman shuke-shuke. Bi consuments farko, na biyu, na uku domin, waxanda suke da heterotrophs.

A karshe mahada a cikin abinci, sarƙoƙi ne utilizers na matattu kwayoyin halitta - decomposers. Wadannan sun hada da ƙasa kwayoyin cuta, fungi saprotrophs ma wasu kwari. Duk abubuwan na matattun yanayi, kunshe a kunsa kamar gona, ruwa, da yanayi, da aka kira biotope.

Research Hanyar synecological

A cikin farkon zamanin kimiyya, masana kimiyya samu gwaji data da taimakon bincike - expeditions. A cikin tsakiyar karni na 20th, irin hanyoyin sun zama rinjaye a matsayin tsit-zagaye gwajen Tracer hanya, radiotreking. A 21st karni, shi ya zama aiki amfani da tracking da taimakon wucin gadi Duniya da tauraron dan adam domin motsi na dabba alƙarya. Alal misali, manyan zata tsage-hoofed dabbobi, labeled radiochipami. Ganin cewa a synecology - wannan sashe da lafiyar qasa, da karatunsa da dangantaka tsakanin manyan yawan kwayoyin da juna, da masu bincike ya yi amfani da ilmin lissafi bincike da kuma cybernetics. A karshen da ake amfani da kwaikwaiyo da kuma Hasashen na gyara da cewa yin up da na halitta tsarin.

Wannan nazarin aikin phytosociology

Tsire-tsire ne mafi muhimmanci mahalarta a cikin al'ummar yanayin kasa na rayuwa. A sakamakon photosynthesis, suka samar da duk sauran halittu masu rai abinci, bada wani makamashi ajiye. Synecology nazarin dangantaka tsakanin gyara da kuma phytocenosis alƙarya da heterotrophic kwayoyin, kwari, Kayan-da dabbobi masu cin nama.

A floristic abun da ke ciki na shuka al'ummomi mafi biotsenozov da wahala da kuma kira jinsunan richness. Shuka kwayoyin a cikin al'amarin wakilci a cikin nau'i na matakan, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga wani iri-iri na muhalli maharibai. A kwance bambancin da shuke-shuke kira mosaic kuma, da bambanci ga layering, kadan ya dogara da tsawon hasken rana. Amma shi ne kai tsaye saboda da iri dangantaka, kamar allelopathy da gasar. Shuka al'ummomi canza su kuzarin kawo cikas saboda circadian rhythms da successions, kamar deforestation, geokataklizmy, gandun daji gobara.

A dalilan da yawan kuzarin kawo cikas na dabba alƙarya

Irin wannan sani kimiyya a matsayin S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, karatu da canje-canje a cikin yawan mutane intraspecific al'ummomi. Kuma Charles Hewitt buga da Kalmar "tãguwar ruwa na rai". Da suka faru a cikin halitta gidaje da kuma tare da trofotsenoticheskimi matakai ne Manuniya na biotic yuwuwar na yanayin kasa. Nazarin gwada yawa ƙarfafa muhimmancin mutane ne na girma m muhimmancin ga anti-annoba matakan da cewa sarrafa circadian rhythms hakori waddan, yada zoonotic cututtuka, kamar annoba da kuma tularemia. Synecology kuma nazarin da tasiri na mutum aiki a kan matsayi zoocenoses, musamman akan rage alƙarya da rare da kuma namun dajin, raguwa a yawan al'ummomin kudi ne m dabbobi.

Nau'in na dangantaka da kwayoyin a cikin biomes

Ka tuna cewa synecology - da lafiyar qasa da karatu da dangantaka a tsakanin mutane na Flora da fauna. Wadannan sun hada da mutualism, gasar, allelopathy. Alal misali, a phytocenology dade sane da facts na incompatibility na wasu daga cikin shuke-shuke da juna: baki irin goro fitarda mai guba ga pome da duwatsu 'ya'yan itatuwa abu damuarn su girma da kuma fruiting, da kuma kaiwa ga mutuwar shuke-shuke.

Mutualism - wani nau'i na Gwamuwar alƙarya da jinsuna daban, daga abin da kwayoyin samu moriyar juna (da sufi kaguwa da kuma teku Anemone, flagellates cewa rayuwa a cikin hanjinsu na kwari da kuma taimaka musu su rushe cellulose).

Energy musayar a Muciya

Biogeocoenoses constituting wani rai harsashi na Duniya, da hira ne da za'ayi a matsayin biomass da makamashi, da kuma masu bude tsarin. Wadannan halitta tsarin yana bukatar wani ambaliya da haske makamashi. Phototrophs ta amfani ga kira na Organic abubuwa, kwayoyin na ATP da kuma ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - da kimiyya da karatu da juna canji na biomass da kuma makamashi.

Bã su da wani ra'ayi na muhalli dala da ta samar da sarkar. Muhimmancin samar da makamashi daga wata ƙananan trophic matakin to hakan ya yi ɗã'a ga dokokin general na kimiyyar lissafi, haka ma, da bambanci tsakanin makamashi matakan da m iko da nawa don 10-20%, yayin da sauran makamashi ne dissipated kamar yadda zafi. A cikin wannan takarda mun dubi sashe na da lafiyar qasa - synecology, da kuma samu hanyoyin da ta gudanar da bincike, da kuma muhimmancin rayuwa-goyon baya ga biosphere.