T-64BM "Bulat-" (tank) - modernization karshe T-64

Tarihi na Soviet tank masana'antu sani lokuta da dama a lokacin da na'ura saki 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da suka wuce, har yanzu zama quite dacewa da zamani fagen fama. Ba tare da zamani, ba shakka. Daya misali - "Bulat". Wannan tank ne samuwa da Kharkov shuka da kuma wakiltar wani zamani daga tsohuwar mota T-64A.

magabacinsa

Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan tanki a lokaci daya ya kasance daya daga cikin alamar rahama aukuwa na Soviet masana'antu. A tarihin halittarsa Dates baya ga 60s, a birnin Kharkov Design ofishin. Daga tsakiyar duk wannan 60-ies ya aka aiko a kan wani injin mai bel, inda sabon mota fara salla-sarrafa tare da tankuna T-64, T-62 da kuma T-55. Official al'amurra faru ne kawai a cikin shekara ta 1969, da kuma na farko na duk suka kammala Elite sulke rarrabu, located a kan yammacin karkata daga cikin kasar.

History of T-64A

Shi ne gaskiya ce cewa na asali ra'ayin bayyanar da irin wannan inji zo daga zanen kaya kamar yadda nisa baya a matsayin shekarar 1946. Wannan ra'ayin ya sa su su fara aiki a kan halittar wani tushen sabon dizal engine (wanda a da Tarayyar Soviet kasance ko da yaushe matsala). Ba da da ewa shahara a kunkuntar da'irori KB №75 kammala da ya halitta. Kusan nan da nan muka fara aiki a kan tanki kanta, wanda na dogon lokaci ta haifa da code sunan "tsargi 430".

Post-Soviet tarihi

"Shestdesyatchetverka" ta fara samar a shuka Malyshev 1963 (Kharkov tank factory). Batun dade kwata na karni, lokacin da lokacin da taro line na da a cire game da 5500 daga wadannan inji, wanda aka ci gaba domin da lokaci.

Nan da nan bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet Kharkov Tank Factory ya sauri don kama da 'yancin kai na Ukraine (da duk kayan, rigaya ya biya). Ba mamaki, da "kasashen waje" T-64 da sauri daina goyon ma'aikatar tsaro, amma saboda da sauran ƙasa na Rasha tankuna da sauri "retrained" a cikin horo da na'ura a kan abin da dalibai aikata mafi kafiri darussan da aka kawai wasting su albarkatun.

In mun gwada kwanan nan (a 2011) da aka bayar a m umurci aika duk sauran tankuna da za a jikinsu. Idan muka magana game da halin yanzu harkokin, wannan karamin daki-daki, ya yi aiki a mai kyau gadon sarautarsa: yanzu Ukrainian hukumomi ba zai iya la'anta Rasha na samar da wadannan tankuna Donbass. Hukumance su yi ba.

Tun da dukan aikin database ya kasance a hannun kwararru daga Ukraine, sai suka yanke shawarar ba ga rushe kamfanin har zuwa karshen. An yanke shawarar fara da haɓaka tsohon kayan aiki da shigarwa na gwada sabbin makamansu, kula kayan aiki da kuma sauran abubuwa. A karkashin iri sunan T-64E inji halin yanzu aiki (albeit a kananan batches) aka kawota a jihar kamar ta Kudu Sudan da Somalia, wanda kawai ba su da kudi ga wata al'ada, ta zamani, sulke da motocin.

Saboda haka inda ya yi da wannan "Bulat"? A tank ne a kara raya wannan tsohon line.

Na zamani da T 64E

Shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa m sojojin na Ukraine gaggawa bukatar al'ada tankuna. A halin da ake ciki ya kasance mai stalemate: kamar Kharkov ne kambi jauhari dukkan tank samar da Tarayyar Soviet, shi ke kawai duk mai kyau motoci da aka sayar na dogon lokaci, amma daga "gwangwani" T-80 da kuma T-72 sun kawai wani lokacin da harka. A takaice, za mu bukatar sabon, "Ukrainian" tankuna.

Hakika, mai fatan aka liƙe a kan Semi-mythical (wa kansu Ukrainians) "Ku kãma", shi ke kawai a cikin APU wadannan tankuna ne har yanzu ba fiye da goma, kuma su darajar ne irin wannan cewa count a kan ci gaba jikewa da " 'yancin kai" dakarun wannan dabara ne m. Amma wadannan inji faranta kasafin kudi na man fetur a cikin UAE, wanda na su amsa sosai gaskiya ma.

A bayani da aka samu gwada da sauri. A warehouses zauna tari m T-64. Yana kawai zauna to "dunƙule" to su 5TDFE sabon engine, wanda ikon ne mai matukar kyau da 900 lita. wani. Oddly isa, amma duk da aikin Ukrainians gudanar a ɓõye, wani sabon tank ba wanda ya iya gani. Kawai kamar wata shekaru da suka wuce, shi ya fara rayayye Tallata a kafofin watsa labarai, da ya gudanar ya "haske up" ko da a babbar makamai nuni a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.

A ka'ida, da farko tank an nuna wa jama'a a 1999, kawai (a kan wani aiki jita-jita) shi ne mai izgili-up a cikin bakin ciki sosai mataki na shiri, da kuma mota bai jira Ukrainian sojojin. Tank sojojin na wannan jiha a lokacin kafa kawai daga ragowar hannun jari na T-72 da kuma T-80U.

Abin da ya canza a cikin tanki?

Ya kamata a lura da cewa sakamakon da gaske ne bayyane ko da ido tsirara. Tank daina kama wani relic daga yakin duniya na biyu, ya zama kamar wani zamani yaki na'ura. A ƙwanso da tank ko'ina rarraba tsauri kariya, da frontal ɓangare na kamannuna powerfully da kuma dogara. Bari mu dubi babban sabon fasali:

• A tarnaƙi daga cikin mota rufe da tsaro naúrar "ruwa 2". Domin mafi kyau ɗaukar hoto na surface an yi su a matsayin square ko rectangular.
• Iri biyu "kuzarin kawo cikas" - "ruwa 2" da kuma "Contact-1" - tunanin mutuntaka rarraba a fadin surface na makamai, suka hallara don mai sauki da kuma cheap "raga" makirci. Babban amfani da wannan hanya na kafuwa ne musamman hur makamai kariya na na'ura.
• A tsarin bangaren na hasumiyar kuma fundamentally canza, wanda shi ne musamman a bayyane a gefe view. Ukrainian jam'iyyar ba ya mika game da wannan lokacin, amma masana bayar da shawarar cewa hasumiyar da aka sanya wani ƙarin daki ga ammonium.

To, abin da kuma shi ne halin da wani tanki a kan tushen da abin da aka halitta "Bulat"? Tanki, kamar yadda muka riga ce, sanye take da yafi nagartaccen kayan kallo. A karo na farko a cikin wannan aji na tankuna bayyana panoramic gani da thermal imager, wanda ƙwarai qara chances na rayuwa cikin wani tanki yaƙi.

Saboda haka kamar yadda wani wuri domin ta kafuwa a zabi mai kyau sosai, za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa da inganci da aka yi da gangan. A general, duk Ukrainian tankuna bambanta mai kyau ra'ayin, kawai da aiwatar da ayyukan sau da yawa shan wahala. Yawanci wannan ne saboda da low quality na amfani da makamai karfe, da kuma rashin gogaggen kwararru na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet makaranta.

Babban makamai na tanki

Babban makamai na wani tanki gun zamo 125 mm. Bugu da kari, da inji yana a muhallinsa nan da nan magance biyu kayayyaki: suka kunshi jiragen sama atomatik igwa GS-23 (30 mm) gun NSVT zamo 12.7 mm, da kuma AH-17 atomatik gurnati gabatarwa.

Wadannan kayayyaki ne musamman tasiri a birane muhallin, inda al'ada Soviet tankuna ne bisa ga al'ada nauyi asarar daga anti-tanki makamai. Bugu da kari, su ne musamman tasiri a alubalantar da haske sulke da motocin na abokan gaba, ba don ciyar a banza kyale iyaye munition.

A general, da aikin da za'ayi shi ne, lalle m. Amma wannan shi ne - ba "Bulat". Tanki, wanda ake kira da sunan, shi ne a kara ci gaba da kuma aiki kawai da aka bayyana canji na haihuwa na'ura. Saboda haka mu a karshe samun saukar zuwa bayanin irin kai tsaye "gwarzo" wannan labarin.

To, abin da yake "Bulat"?

Saboda haka, sabon Ukrainian tank ne a "babban sake tunani" inji T-64A da kuma T-64B (da sauran gyare-gyare a). Manufar na zamani ya kawo sabon mota dama har zuwa matakin T-80UD, T-84U. Kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, "da farko bayyanar" ya faru a shekarar 1999.

All zamani ya zurfafa cikin aikin a yankunan uku:

• A gagarumin karuwa a motsi (sabon powerplant).
• Ƙarfafa da kariya, ciki har da daga fiye ko žasa zamani anti-tank tsarin.
• Kara firepower da kuma fama ikon ta hanyar shigarwa na sabon makamai tsarin.

ikon shuka

Shi ne ma'ana cewa domin ya inganta motsi a cikin engine daki an saita gaba daya sabon dizal engine. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da ta gada, wannan rawar 5TDFM mota da aka zaba, wanda ikon ne 850 horsepower. A ka'ida, wannan kara ci gaba da shi ne quite haihuwa dizal 5TDF a kan abin da injiniyoyi yi aiki.

Wannan a cikin tsohon engine daki shige wani sabon 5TDFM, shi ya ɗauki ba kawai gaba daya maye gurbin tsohon da kuma wanda ya kasa aiki iska sabta, amma kuma rework shaye tsarin, wanda kuma ba ya hadu da wani zamani da bukatun. Don Ukrainian tank "Bulat" (zarar sake, halitta a kan tushen da haihuwa T-64) bai ganimar da hanya da kuma monstrously, kamar da wanda ya riga, a Kharkov, ɓullo musamman gammaye a kan waƙoƙi don tsara tuki a kan jama'a hanyoyi.

Duk da haka dai, bayan wani kwalta karauka motocin motsi na shafi, wanda ke sanye take da irin wannan na'urorin, ba zai juya cikin wani tanki da harbe-harben kewayo. A amfani da irin wannan makirci a gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙarin gyare-gyare ba a bukata, don samar da mafi caterpillars. A roba gammaye da fasteners shuka (zato) suna tsĩrar dabam, a kan request.

A general, Ukrainian tankuna, "Bulat" da "Riƙe" a dukan aiki aiki ne tare da manufacturer, wanda ya haddasa wani girmamawa.

Kariya daga anti-tanki makamai

Hardening aka samu da installing sabon gidaje tsauri kariya daga hasumiya, da kuma aft gefe na tanki. A manufacturer rahoton cewa ya ya iya inganta zaman lafiyar da oda na ajiyar ga sakamako na tarawa tarin harsasai (AFB), kazalika da sub-zamo makamai sokin bawo (BPS). A wannan yanayin, da girmamawa da yake a kan gaskiya cewa nauyi na tanki ya karu kawai dan kadan.

Kariya kit kunshi biyu raba kayayyaki: m makamai doka da ciki tsauri kariya tsarin. External tsauri tsaro gabatar frontal module da fuska da cewa an saka kewayen kewaye da ƙwanso. A kan rufin hasumiyar, da kuma a wasu wurare m tara ire sassan cewa za a iya sauri canza a taron na su gazawar. Abubuwa na ciki tsauri kariya dabaru bunkasa juriya ga anti-yana nufin ko da more.

Total nauyi na cikakken sa na tsauri kariya (ciki har da nauyin abu) shi ne game da 3.5 ton. Daya kawai tank ƙungiya, da kuma a kan kansa, su iya yi shigarwa na kimanin 5.5-6 hours. Gina-in tsauri kariya cewa an riga an shigar a kan tanki manufacturer, ba ya bukatar wani karin kulawa a lokacin aiki. Saboda haka, tsarin na kariya daga Kharkov masana'antun ne mai kyau, saboda shi ba ya bukatar nagartaccen kayan aikin da ga shigarwa da kuma aiki na sosai m kwararru.

Amma dai ba duka. Me ya sa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da tank ƙungiya kashe a lokacin da ya sha kashi antitank makamai da (mai yiwuwa) yana amfani da dakaru na abokan gaba? Daga wuta da zafi. Don kare mutane da kuma inganta su chances na rayuwa, Ukrainian tank magina sun bayar da wani atomatik wuta extinguishing tsarin, da mayar da martani lokacin da (bayan wasu injiniya gyare-gyare) an rage zuwa 150 msec.

modernization sakamakon

To, abin da yake cikin T-64 "Bulat"? Kamar yadda ya bayyana kansu, Ukrainian kera (ba wahala daga wani wuce haddi na farjõjinsu), ya "shi ne kusan m zuwa Rasha tank T-90" da "m, a yi tare da sabuwar" kagara "."

Hakika, inji yana da kyau yiwuwa ga kara da haɓaka, musamman a inganta propulsion engine ta hawa 6TD 6TD-1 ko 2-. Iya ƙwarai inganta gani, a saka ta sha bamban SLAs, kewayawa da kuma sadarwa kayan aiki. Bugu da kari, cikin na'ura bayan da haɓaka da hanya kusa da 11 kilomita dubu (ga sabon tank).

Idan muka ajiye da pathos, duk ba haka ba ne Rosy. Eh, da halaye sabunta hanyoyin T-64 zai iya da gaske a idan aka kwatanta da T-72 farkon jerin. Wannan kawai yadda ya iya "ƙetare" a ta sha bamban T-90 da kuma sabon juyi na T-72, ba duka bayyananne.

A ka'ida, shi bai yi kyau halaye. Saboda haka, a cikin yi da hanya ƙafafun da sauran shasi sassa na T-72 da aka yi amfani da kan wani ton ferrous gami, alhãli kuwa a gare T-64 ba su da fiye da 200 kilo. Haka kuma, wannan hujja da cika fuska rage kudin fada inji, amma abin dogara "hodovka" shan wahala.

Abinda da T-64 da gaske mafi alhẽri, yana da maintainability shasi. Kuma a sa'an nan, ga karshe yawa tambayoyi daga masana (sake tunani daga cikin wadanda ba ferrous karfe gami). Gaskiyar cewa Jamus Democratic Republic (wanda ya tafi a kan mafi yawansu, wadannan tankuna) motocin sun kasance m da'awar daga cikin lalacewa waƙoƙi da rawanin. A T-64 sau da yawa sosai tashi caterpillars, sau da yawa shi ne tare da tsanani raunin da raunin mutanen da suke a cikin kusanci na tanki.

Kuma shi ne quite "m" duba Ukrainians sanarwa cewa su "mafi kyau zamani tank" kusan ba ya wuce Birtaniya "Challenger" da kuma Jamus "Damisa 2" - wanda ya dubi musamman m cikin haske da cewa Birtaniya mota da aka ma'ana gane a matsayin mafi kyau tank a lokacin NATO ayyukan a Iraki. Yana zai zama superfluous zuwa ce, "Bulat" iya yin yaki ne kawai a cikin Donbas, inda cibiyar sadarwa riga cike da hotuna na farfashe motoci da kuma kone Ukrainian. Mene ne ya haka da kyau?

A fili, ta cheapness: kudin da haɓaka wani tsohon T-64 (daidai da biyu-shekaru uku da suka wuce) ne game da 400 dala dubu, yayin domin samar da "Riƙe" dole ne su kasance a kalla miliyan 1.5.

bincike na shortcomings

A cibiyar sadarwa a yau ne yawan "Songs", wanda suna duqufar da "sabon" tank cewa son tsara wani lokacin da objectivity, bari mu magana game da shortcomings.

Da farko, nauyi da kuma engine iko. "Bulat" weighs 45 ton lokacin da engine ikon 850 l / s. "M, kuma m Rasha tank T-72" yana da wani nauyi na 44,5 ton da kuma engine, wanda damar 1000 l / s. Abin da ke da wata "m motsi" (brochures Kharkov shuka) a nan za mu iya magana? A T-72, idan ya cancanta, za ka iya rataya kamar wata ton na makamai, yayin da T-64 don wannan dalili za su canza engine.

Kuma a nan ne "crux al'amarin." Ko da a cikin "ragged" 70s yunkurin sun kara raya T-64 da shigarwa na mota a 1000 l / s. Matsalar shi ne cewa shasi na haihuwa inji iya tsayawa ba irin gwaje-gwaje, da suka fara a zahiri marmashe kan tafi. Saboda wannan, da 1987 da Soviet jagoranci na gari da karshe watsi da kara ci gaba da na T-64.

Gun. Tank "Bulat", da halaye na wanda muka gani, da model sanye take da KBA3 (al'ada 2A46M-1). A manufacturer ikirarin cewa shi ne "mafi alhẽri bindigogi T-72 da kuma T-90." Ina mamaki da abin da zai iya zama mafi alhẽri? A Rasha tankuna shigar gun 2A24M-4 / M-5, wanda ya bada 17% kasa watsawa a lokacin da harbe-harben kan tafi da kuma samar da wani ci gaba na 15-20% a daidaito (as lokaci a kwatanta da haihuwa 2A46M-1). Paradoxically, ba in ba haka ba.

Amma ga real harbi range, to wannan shi ne duk da mafi ban sha'awa. Kuna hukunta da hukuma, har yanzu bisa ga Soviets, da "Ukrainian" real gun samar da wani fanni na bugawa da manufa ne 1.5 km (wanda ga waɗanda sau ya na kullum). The "tagiltsev" kamar yadda wannan darajar ne daidai 2.3-2.5 km. Kuma inda ne "kyautata"? Sake shi ne ba a bayyana.

Amma game da makamai masu mahimmanci, labarin nan yana da maƙasanci. Babu wani (!) Gwajin "Bulat" na Ƙarshe mai cikakke tare da duk wannan "kayan jiki" bai wuce ba. Duk bayanai daga jami'ar Kharkov ne kawai ke samo asali. Tabbas, abokan ciniki na ƙasashen duniya sunyi jagorancin irin wannan hujja: suna da sha'awar T-72, T-80, T-90 da kuma "Oplot", amma saboda wasu dalili sun kasance basu damu sosai "Bulat".

Koma daga dukkanin sama, zamu iya samo taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen ra'ayi. Kyakkyawar Kharkov yana inganta dabi'u masu kyau na tsohuwar T-64, amma ba ya juya shi a cikin babban kaya ba. Tsarin zamani yana da kyau sosai, yana saduwa da bukatun sojojin Ukrainian na yau da kullum, wanda ba a lalata ta hanyar tsarin kudi na yau da kullum. Duk da haka, mu'ujizai ba faru: da mota na '60s, ko da wani sabon engine kuma tsauri kariya, na zamani tank ne bã su daidaita.