The Internet matsayin duniya bayanai tsarin. Lokacin da Internet ya bayyana a Rasha? online Resources

Internet ne saba wa hankula mazauni na zamani birnin, amma wannan Jihar harkokin da aka riga da wani wajen dogon da wuya hanyar samuwar da kuma ci gaban fasaha, godiya ga wanda ya yiwu don tabbatar da tayin na World Wide Web a kan duniya sikelin. Mene ne wadannan mafita? Yadda yana da World Wide Web a Rasha?

definition Internet

The Internet matsayin duniya bayanai tsarin ne kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa, inda nodes an rarraba a ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma a lokaci guda Azancin nasaba ta hanyar yin amfani da wani musamman adireshin sarari. The aiki na duniya na cibiyar sadarwa yana yiwuwa da farko godiya ga daidaituwa sadarwa nagartacce: misali, an yi amfani da matsayin farko TCP / IP, aiwatar identically a kan duk kwakwalwa haɗa ta World Wide Web.

A zamani irin na Internet a matsayin duniya bayanai tsarin, akwai game da shekaru 30 da haihuwa. Amma da lokacin da ya faru kayayyakin more rayuwa, a kan tushen da cikar World Network, aka isasshe ci gaba a kasashen da dama, a duniya.

Yana zai zama da taimako ga la'akari da hanyar da shi ne sahu a daban-daban jihohi. Abin lura shi ne cewa tarihi na ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa, a kan tushen da wanda ya fara da za a gina da zamani Internet, kusan daidai da lokacin da adawa tsakanin biyu duniya most fasaha tsarin - Yamma da kuma Soviet. Hakika, wannan ne mai matukar Saukake rarrabuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tsarin na farko tsarin da kuma na biyu da aka rayayye tasowa yanki, na kasa da fasaha, shi ne sosai daban-daban a wasu lokuta.

A karshen, dalilin da ci gaban da zamani Internet ya zama Yammacin model - amma a lokacin da ta bullo a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, Soviet kwararru sun riga ya gwaninta daga cikin abubuwan tayin na kwamfuta cibiyoyin sadarwa, wasu har kama da Western model na Internet. La'akari da, sabili da haka, shi ne yadda za a ci gaba da World Network a yammacin ɓangare na fasaha tsarin, sa'an nan kuma, a lokacin da akwai da Internet a Rasha dangane da ƙayyadaddu na kasa kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa kayayyakin more rayuwa.

A tarihin na Internet a kasashen turai

A karshen 50s, daya daga cikin mafi wuya lokaci na Cold War, gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta kafa Amirka masana kimiyya aiki: don ƙirƙirar wani data kayayyakin more rayuwa da zai iya aiki ko a fuskar duniya makamai rikici. Masana kimiyya sun samarwa da ra'ayi irin wannan tsarin - wani aikin kira ARPANET.

A shekara ta 1969, da kwakwalwa da dama manyan jami'o'in Amurka da aka yanar-gizon karkashin makircinsu cewa an ci gaba da masana kimiyya a cikin tsarin na wannan aikin. Daga bisani, da kwarewa tsiwirwirinsu da masu bincike, da aka dauka a kan masu yawa sauran masu ruwa da tsaki: wannan ya haifar da yaduwa na kwamfuta cibiyoyin sadarwa da cewa aiki a kan ARPANET matsayin kasar.

Bayyana da musamman shirye-shirye domin wannan kayayyakin more rayuwa: misali, riga a 1971 domin ARPANET aka rubuta software tsara don aika saƙonni. A gaskiya, muna magana ne game da bayyanar da farko e-mail - ainihin ayyuka na internet a yau har yanzu sun hada da kungiyar na musayar bayanai a cikin dace format. A cikin 70 na email shi ne, bisa ga masu bincike, da kuma duk mafi mashahuri aiki na kwamfuta cibiyoyin sadarwa, deployable cikin American project.

A hankali, da ARPANET kai sikelin da United States: cibiyar sadarwa fara connect da daban-daban Turai cibiyoyin. Sadarwa da Amirka kayayyakin da aka shirya a lokaci guda via tarho na USB aza a fadin Atlantic Ocean.

A gaskiya, tun da gamuwa da ARPANET a Turai, musamman a shekarar 1973, da musayar bayanai da cibiyar sadarwa fara shirya Birtaniya da kuma Norwegian kungiyoyin, da aikin da ya zama na kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, sadarwa a tsakanin kwakwalwa located in sassa daban daban na duniya, sun ba ko da yaushe kasance barga saboda da rashin kullum yarda da matsayin for data musayar.

A dacewa batun aka warware bayan gabatarwar duniya TCP / IP yarjejeniya. An har yanzu amfani da kusan dukkan Internet albarkatu.

By lokacin gabatarwar TCP-IP yana da US-Turai cibiyar sadarwa shi ne, a maimakon haka, Inter-shiyya fiye da duniya - duk da cewa a shekarar 1983, bayan ya samu da sunan "Internet." Amma ta kara da tayin da aka m. Wannan tsari da gudummawar da sabuwar dabara, a 1984, da DNS misali - dangane da shi ya zama aiki domain name sabis. Yana iya a lura da cewa a cikin wannan shekara a ARPANET aikin a yanzu yana da wani tsanani gasa a fuskar NSFNet cibiyar sadarwa na kwakwalwa na daban-daban jami'o'i.

NSFNet biyu ababen more rayuwa bisa Internet

NSFNet kayayyakin damar samar da yawa mafi girma kuzarin kawo cikas data. Ta girma ne tare da mafi m taki. A hankali, da "Internet" ya zama sananne a matsayin lokaci tsiro NSFNet cibiyar sadarwa. A shekarar 1988, ya zama zai yiwu a yi amfani da albarkatun ga kungiyar na saƙon nan-take a chat format - via IRC.

A shekarar 1989, Birtaniya masanin kimiyya Tim Berners-Lee ɓullo da manufar a duniya kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa, da World Wide Web. A lokacin na gaba 2 shekaru, ya haifar da wani dan aiken na hypertext - HTTP, HTML harshe, kazalika da identifiers URL. A cewar da yawa masu bincike, shi ne godiya ga sabuwar dabara na Tim Berners-Lee Internet matsayin duniya bayanai tsarin fara m Maris a fadin duniya.

Wadannan matsayin, kazalika da yiwuwar a duniya TCP / IP yarjejeniya sa zuwa hawansa cikin World Wide Web a kan duniya sikelin da babban gudun. A farkon 90-ies kafa na asali damar da Internet, samuwa ga masu amfani a yau: samun damar zuwa shafukan yanar gizo a fadin bincike, ajiye bayani a kan su, samun da kuma canja wurin fayiloli. Hakika, ya kasance rare da sabis e-mail, IRC.

ся язык гипертекста, технологии управления сайтами. Xia inganta harshen hypertext content management fasaha. NSFNet, но в 1995 году данная функция была передана сетевым провайдерам. Kamar yadda wani kayayyakin Dalili na Internet na dogon lokaci NSFNet sabobin ake amfani, amma a 1995 wannan aiki da aka canjawa wuri zuwa cibiyar sadarwa azurtawa. стандарт WWW, посредством которого было возможно передавать практически любые данные с использованием каналов интернета. A shekarar 1996, ya zama fiye faruwa WWW ma'auni wanda shi ya yiwu don canja wurin kusan duk wani data ta amfani da Internet tashoshi. FTP. Amma shi rike munasaba da kuma FTP misali. интернет-ресурсы продолжают его использовать в целях организации эффективного обмена файлами. Yau, da yawa online albarkatun ci gaba da amfani da shi domin shirya ingantaccen fayil sharing.

A cikin saba nau'i na World Wide Web matsayin dukan kafa farkon 2000s. Kamar yadda ka ƙara gudun mai amfani da damar yin amfani da online albarkatun ta hanyar fasahar kamar DSL, fiber, 3G, 4G, musamman rare ne da albarkatun don saukar da video, kamar YouTube, caca portals, girgije da sabis. Yana shirya ta hanyar da yanar-gizo ba kawai don sadarwa a tsakanin mutane, amma kuma tsakanin daban-daban na'urorin - daga sauki iyali abubuwa zuwa manyan masana'antu kayayyakin more rayuwa. Akwai yalwa da kimiyya Concepts yadda ya ci gaba da Internet a matsayin duniya bayanai tsarin a nan gaba. Su ne sosai daban-daban, da kuma a mutunta mutane da yawa su ganin ya dogara da ainihin Hakika na ci gaba kwamfuta fasahar.

Tarihi na Internet a Rasha

Yanzu za mu karanta, a lokacin da Internet ya a Rasha. A yammacin model na ci gaba online sadarwa, mun koyi, shi ne a yanzu muhimmanci gare mu mu fahimci yadda za a yi ya dace da kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin kasar.

Kamar yadda muka gani a baya a wannan labarin, na dogon lokaci, bayanai fasahar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ci gaba a layi daya da yammacin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa wani babban har su ci gaba da aka sanya yiwu godiya zuwa fitowan da Tarayyar Soviet da albarkatun domin haifuwa na yammacin tushe na microprocessor, wanda aka rayayye aiwatar a daban-daban matakan da gwamnatin sadarwa a cikin 60-70s, amma kafin da cewa Soviet masana kimiyya yana da matukar m ci gaban da nasu . Amma dai hanyar, jigon da Internet a yammacin fassarar iya bambanta materially daga waɗanda Concepts na kwamfuta cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Back a cikin 1950s, Soviet masana kimiyya sun kafa wata cibiyar sadarwa kwamfuta matsayin wani ɓangare na wani makami mai linzami tsaron kayayyakin ayyukan. Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa da aka dogara ne a kan Soviet kwakwalwa irin "Diana-I», «Diana-II» da kuma sauran yanke shawara. A musayar bayanai tsakanin dacewa kwakwalwa ne da za'ayi yin lissafi da yanayin da makami mai linzami jirgin.

A cikin 1970s, kwamfuta cibiyoyin sadarwa da ake rayayye da hannu a yakin Sphere - musamman yadda kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin tsarin na irin ACS Express da kuma tsarin "Siren", ba ka damar in ajiye, bi da bi, dogo da kuma iska tikiti. A 1974, na kwamfuta da aka ƙirƙira koi-8.

A farkon rabin na 80th Cibiyar VNIIPAS fara yi, ta amfani da kwakwalwa, m data musayar tare da kasashen waje da kungiyoyi. UNIX (на принципах которой функционируют современные ОС Linux и, в свою очередь базирующиеся на ней ОС Android, которые можно отнести к самым распространенным в мире, если брать рынок мобильных устройств). A general, a cikin shekaru 80 da tayin na Soviet yanar-gizon kwamfuta tsarin tafi sosai aiki, sun fi mayar saboda da zargin da Tarayyar Soviet sarrafa versions na UNIX aiki tsarin (a kan ka'idodin da wani aiki na zamani Linux kuma, bi da bi, dangane da tsarin aiki Android, wanda za a iya dangana ga ya fi kowa a duniya, idan ka dauki mobile kasuwar). A gaskiya ma, ta 1990 Tarayyar Soviet duk bukata domin kara bunqasar na Soviet kwamfuta networks da Internet zuwa aiki a kan tushen da NSFNet Resources aka kafa.

"RELCOM" - da kasa kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa

Akwai wani dukkan-Union kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa "RELCOM" wanda ake amfani ladabi da Internet fasahar. Sadarwa tsakanin kwakwalwa da aka bayar da tarho tashoshi. A muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina kayayyakin more rayuwa da wannan taka leda Developers na m "Demos", tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da daban-daban software mafita.

A watan Agusta shekara ta 1990, masu bincike daga Kurchatov Cibiyar sun kafa wata dangane da University of Helsinki domin tabbatar da aiki na e-mail saƙonni a cikin baza tashoshi, a gaskiya, da Internet. A watan Satumba 1990 masana 'RELCOM "da" Demos "kamfanin rajista yankin .su Tarayyar Soviet, wanda shi ne har yanzu a amfani - kuma akwai wani version cewa da shahararsa za su yi girma.

A Tarayyar Soviet, da mai amfani da cibiyar sadarwa FIDO ɓullo da tare da "RELCOM". By 1991, domin Soviet masu amfani da samun dama da "RELCOM" zama samuwa albarkatun don magance yankin - kamar yadda a cikin zamani Internet. A shekarar 1992, tuni a Rasha Federation akwai na farko azurtawa.

Amfani da kasa da kasa misali TCP / IP a Rasha da ake zama ubiquitous. A watan Afrilu 1994, na kasa yankin .ru aka rajista. Tun daga nan, da Internet a Rasha ɓullo da matsayin dukan kazalika a kasashen turai. A lokaci guda, Rasha kwararru sun kuma yi wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban da World Wide Web, musamman a matakin da cin gaban anti-virus, uwar garke mafita.

Saboda haka, za mu yi karatu yadda cibiyar sadarwa ne Internet, musamman na ci gaban dace fasahar sadarwa a Rasha da kuma a cikin kasashen yamma. Mu yanzu karatu cewa ne World Wide Web yau.

Modern Internet: samar da sabis

Damar yin amfani da yanar-gizo, ga masu amfani da ISP. Muna nazari da takamaiman matsalolin da za'a warwaresu da su.

Wane ne naka na Internet? A cikin farkon shekaru na World Wide Web da aka dauke da irin wannan kamfanin samar da ya sauya sheka sabis don samar da mai amfani da sadarwa da kewaye Internet sabobin. Yanzu da bada - a bada na Premium sadarwa albarkatun domin aiki na cibiyar sadarwa kayayyakin more rayuwa a yankin da kuma wani lokacin na kasa sikelin. Kamfanonin samar da ayyuka, na iya zama a matsayin manya-manyan, kasa da kasa da kuma gida, wanda zai iya aiki a kan sikelin da daya birni.

Akwai wani babban yawan dabaru da wanda masu samar da sabis zai iya samar da su da sabis: na gani, kuma tarho tashoshi, da tauraron dan adam, mobile internet. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da abũbuwan amfãni, kuma disadvantages. A kan abin da tashoshi ana amfani da su a babban har a kan farashin da Internet generated da ISP. Matsayin mai mulkin, mafi araha kudin ga mai amfani da aka aike tashoshi, a bit tsada - cell, mafi tsada - tauraron dan adam. A wannan yanayin, biyan bashin da za su iya zama a cikin sabis:

• a cikin wata fee format.
• ga zirga-zirga.
• a wasu lokuta - domin lokacin samun cikin Net.

Aikin na Internet a duniya a yau ne da farko don samar da masu amfani da yiwuwar ya ziyarci daban-daban shafukan.

Modern Internet: Gizo

Posted a kan Internet site - wani tarin fayiloli (rubutu, graphics, video da kuma audio rikodin dauke da wasu multimedia aka gyara), wanda aka isa via ladabi kamar WWW, HTTP, FTP, da sauran da suke da mafi kyau duka a cikin wani batu. Hakika, da fayilolin bayanai a wani hanya tsare zuwa sauƙaƙe ji na bayanai da amfani.

Babban kashi na tsarin site - wani shafin yanar gizo. A mafi yawan lokuta, an yi shi a cikin harshen da HTML, sau da yawa ta amfani da daban-daban rubutun. The site iya samun wani lãbãri waninsa. Wannan na iya zama online jarida, blog, video Hosting, wasanni, nisha portal - akwai kuri'a na irin albarkatun da za a iya located a kan World Wide Web.

Modern Internet: Radio da TV

Sama mu lura da cewa, tare da ci gaba na sadarwa na na'urorin fasahar zamani da kuma kara da data kudi, suna samun shahararsa daban-daban video albarkatu a kan Internet. Kamar yadda irin wannan za a iya dauke, misali, Internet TV, kuma online rediyo. Waɗannan kimiyoyi sa shi yiwuwa a gudanar da watsa shirye-shirye TV da rediyo da shirye-shirye a kan musamman shafukan da amfani da musamman fasahar.

Abin lura shi ne cewa da yawa daga cikin ci-gaba da sabis ba ka damar shirya naka sanarwa ga wani sha'awar mai amfani. Internet TV shan la'akari da ruwan dare na high-gudun Lines - wannan ba wani gata, amma wani na kowa hanya. Wanne a lokaci guda na iya bukatar gagarumin zuba jari daga mai amfani (mutum, kudi) a cikin gabatarwa da kuma ci gaba. A wannan za a iya ce ga yanar. Online jarida ko nisha portal za a iya rijista da kowa fata, amma su juya su a cikin wani recognizable alama - ba aiki mai sauki.

Modern Internet: hannu aikace-aikace

Daya daga cikin mafi furta yayi a ci gaba na zamani Internet za a iya daukan ubiquitous hannu aikace-aikace - musamman software da za a kaddamar da wayoyin salula na zamani ko Allunan. Aikin, da aikace-aikace data a lokuta da dama na iya zama kama da Web pages. Amma akwai takamaiman mafita daga cikin dace da irin, misali, saba da samar da amintacce samun wani sirri account, kamar banki. Internet a yau - a sadarwar yanayi a cikin abin da za ka iya canza wurin kusan duk wani dijital bayanai, da kuma a lokuta da dama ta na bukatar yin amfani da takamaiman ladabi da fasahar, ciki har da wadanda na hannu aikace-aikace.

summary

Saboda haka, mun koya abin da yake da ra'ayi na World Wide Web, kazalika da key fasahar da cewa ana amfani domin tabbatar da aiki. Jigon da Internet - don samar da masu amfani a duniya a barga low-cost samun daban-daban iri amfani bayanai, fayiloli, multimedia abun ciki, kazalika da albarkatun ta hanyar abin da mutane za su iya sadarwa tare da juna da kuma musanya wata iri-iri na bayanai. Irin wannan yiwuwar yau ne saba wa mazaunan, mai yiwuwa a duk faɗin duniya, ko da yake ya kasance a baya samuwa ga 'yan kaxan mutane, a lokuta da dama, da suka da za a iya amfani ne kawai a gaban high, cancantar a filin na bayanai da fasaha.

Wane ne naka na internet, wanda daga gare su iya haɗi zuwa da a abin da farashin - tambayoyi da za su kusan lalle sani da hankula mazaunin da wani zamani birnin. The World Wide Web ci gaba da halittu farfadowa: akwai sabbin ayyuka, da fasahohi, Concepts na kungiyar sadarwa masu amfani, da inganta na'urar don canja wurin bayanai. A hanyar da tafi ne fasaha ci gaba, sa'an nan, abin da zai tattalin arzikin duniya, mun ayyana vector domin kara raya da Internet.