SamuwarLabarin

The kudin gyara daga shekarar 1961 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet: tabbatacce kuma korau bangarorin

A shekarar 1960, Tarayyar Soviet gwamnatin soma wani umurnin a kan kudin garambawul. Don kwanan wata, dukan takardun da suka shafi ta aiwatar, an classified. Magana game da dalilan da ya kai ga shi, za ka iya, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta suna kira a yau ta masu bincike hakika ya faru, amma shi ne hoto na cikawa ba za mu iya ba. Mene ne kudin gyare-gyare na shekarar 1961 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet? Makiyan, da tattalin arziki da voluntarism NS Khrushchev ko larura? Amsa ga wannan uniquely nan da nan zai yi aiki ba.

Jigon monetary garambawul

Har da kudin gyara daga shekarar 1961 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet sun kasance a wurare dabam dabam banknotes shiga wurare dabam dabam a 1947. A gyara fara tare da Janairu 1, 1961, ya ci gaba da 1st kwata, sa irin denomination da kuma ragewar darajar kuɗi. Ko da yake gwamnati ta sanya kowane kokarin jaddada cewa shi ne mai sauki musayar kudi (denomination).

By raba duk yarda banknotes ba tare da ƙuntatawa. A tsohon takarda kudi canza zuwa sababbi, wanda da karami da kuma 10: 1 rabo.

Bugu da kari, bisa ga majalisar ministocin kasar da hukuncin May 4, 1960 № 470, recalculation batun da wholesale, kiri, sayen da kuma shiri farashin kaya iri iri, aiki da kuma ayyuka, kazalika da surcharges, karin zargin, da rangwamen, wanda aka shigar a wuya nawa. Kuma ma duk wani nau'i na adibas da aka gudanar a tanadi, ofisoshi, bankuna, duk iri albashin, ciki har da ijara rates, albashi, kudade, kamasho, da kari, duk wani nau'i na albashi da sauransu.

denomination

Kamar yadda na aikin version gudanar da sauye-sauye gabatar da ma'aikatar kudi na Tarayyar Soviet, mai monetary garambawul ne saboda 'yanci na tanadin kudi da kuma bada su a mafi amfani,. A gaskiya Sanadin wannan taron ba ya ayyana, da cewa ya yarda masana yi nasu karshe, amma ga mafi yawan mutane musayar kudi kuma kasance a cikin memory daga cikin sauki denomination.

ragewar darajar kuɗi

Tun wannan lokacin, wurare dabam dabam na kasashen waje a cikin kasar da aka dakatar, mafi yawan jama'a sani ba game da darajar musayar kudi, da kuma a kan darajar da zinariya, da mafi yawan mutane a kasar hukunci a kan farashin kayan ado, da cewa je kada a gane canje-canje na ruble da dollar, da zinariya, software.

A wasu kalmomin, da financiers jayayya ragewar darajar kuɗi da ruble Soviet sau, wanda ya sa a sharply rage da zinariya abun ciki da kuma canza a kan dollar. Idan har 1961 da dollar ya 4 rubles, bayan yin gyare-gyare da darajar da aka ba su canja ba kamar yadda komai, 10 sau, amma kawai 4.44 sau. Yanzu da dollar da daraja 0,90 aninai. A matsayin mai yawa lokaci, da zinariya, ya tashi a price. Idan kafin yin gyare-gyare na daya ruble ƙunshi 0,222 g, bayan da suka gyara, wannan adadi ya 0,987g.

A dalilan da ragewar darajar kuɗi

Kudin gyara a shekarar 1961 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ne batun da yawa karatu. Suna da tsananin sabanin. A musamman, daya daga cikin dalilan da garambawul da aka kira wani karuwa a mai samar da fitar da kaya ta Tarayyar Soviet. Yadda wajaba a kansa shi ne wannan dalili, yana da wuya a ce, amma da gaske mai samar ya karu shekara.

Har ila yau, ya kira wani adadin dalilai: Matsalolin tattalin arzikin da dangantaka da gudana sake fasalin a gudanar da aikin noma. da makamai tseren - shi ma wani real factor da zai iya adversely shafi tattalin arzikin da Tarayyar Soviet, mai gaskatãwa ga rage daga cikin sojojin. Ka bã taimakon "m" ƙasashe.

Yadda ya yi da garambawul

Bayan da aka buga a cikin Buga ƙuduri mai lamba 470 akai-akai ya karu sayayya na kerarre kaya, ta ƙara tallace-tallace a cikin kayan ado da kuma Jawo Stores, adibas daga jama'a ya tashi a tanadi bankuna, kamar yadda za su ta atomatik yi musayar kuma recalculation.

A watan Oktoba 1960, ya fara a Jamhuriyar Deposit bankuna. A kan farashin tags biyu farashin a Stores: sabon da haihuwa. Wannan ya yi domin ba da damar ga mutane don samun amfani da sabon farashin. A Janairu 1, 1961 ya fara musayar haihuwa banknotes da kuma tsabar kudi na sababbi. takamaiman exchangers an halitta, inda za ka iya musanya wani yawan haihuwa kudi.

Kudi ne wani sabon model

A girman da monetary gyara takardar kudi a 1961 sun kasance sosai daban-daban daga wadanda sun yi amfani. Sun kasance a sulusi da murabba'i na haihuwa rubutu. Bugu da kari, sun kasance Multi masu launin - ja, kore, Lilac. A ka'ida, a cikin hanyar kudi da more dace a cikin lissafin.

A takardar kudi saki a ƙungiyõyi na 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles. Aka minted tsabar kudi da kuma sabon 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 15 aninai, 1 Ruble. All tsabar kudi na tsohon samfurin da aka janye daga wurare dabam dabam. A togiya ya tagulla tsabar kudi 1, 2, 3 pennies. Tun shekarar 1958, suka rabu da kuma fara samar da sabon tsabar kudi a cikin manyan yawa. Alal misali, 15 aninai tsabar kudin da aka bayar a cikin manyan yawa da kuma ci gaba da harbin da wani hatimi muddin shekaru 30, wanda sanya su saki mai gaske gigantic.

"Old" da "sabon" kudi daban-daban a hankali, a matsayin karshen kasance karami da kuma sauki a rike. A wannan batun, mutane suka zo tare da wani sabon sunan banknotes bayan yin gyare-gyare na shekarar 1961 - wrappers. Rage kudin takarda a lokacin da buga banknotes - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin m dalilai. Design na kudi, bisa manufa, an kiyaye su. Kawai maimakon wani hoto na Lenin a kan banknotes bayyana wa profile.

Sakamakon na yin gyare-gyare

A kan m gefen sake fasalin sun hada da rage kudin samar da daidaita kudi a kan asali farashin abinci (gurasa, gishiri, sugar, madara) da kuma ashana.

Korau tasirin hada da sama duk da asarar sayen ikon da yawan jama'a, da karuwa a abinci da kuma farashin kayayyakin masarufi. A kayayyakin da low farko kudin farashin karuwa da 10%. Alal misali, idan kudin 1 kg na tumatir a kasuwa ya 15 aninai kawo canji, kuma bayan yin gyare-gyare da suka kudin da "sabon" 15 kopecks.

Jihar zinariya Tutar ruble, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an rage, wanda ya kai ga ta ragewar darajar kuɗi. Na canza da ruble kan dollar. Idan baya da Soviet kudi yana zama m daga gare shi, bayan da ya gyara aikinsa, cewa canza, wanda a cikin sa mai girma kudin na shigo.

A sakamakon yin gyare-gyare da aka za'ayi, kuma dade fiye da shekaru 30, amma, a cewar wasu masu bincike, da mummunan sakamakon sun shafa wadannan shekaru baya da kuma kawo tare da Gorbachev ta perestroika ga rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Tsira da wani fili sakamakon, baya daga tabarbarewar rayuwa na yawan jama'ar, wannan lokaci ya iya saboda da rashin aiki kasuwa da kuma duk rakiyar dalilai: cheap aiki albarkatu, high fitarwa riba. Wadannan dalilai sun yarda da jihar wajen samar da quite da kyau a tattalin arziki da sharuddan.

Me ya sa haka gaggãwa monetary gyara?

abubuwan da ake bukata

A dunƙule dai, da monetary garambawul a 1961 aka ba da za'ayi da kanta. Ta kasance, a cewar wasu masana kimiyya, da hadaddun sake fasalin ya shirya kuma za'ayi da N. S. Hruschovym. Akwai daya more ra'ayi cewa kudin gyara ne saboda wadannan sauye-sauye, a matsayin mafi yawansu ba su za a iya dauke da wani gazawar da kuma ya jagoranci kasar zuwa ga tattalin arziki rashin zaman lafiya.

Kamar mafi yawan canje-canje N. S. Hruschova, da Tarayyar Soviet kudin gyara a shekarar 1961 ya na da yanayin kwatsam rash cewa ba la'akari da sakamakon, dõmin su ɓatar da. Mafi yawansu da aka gano tukuna karkashin Stalin, da lissafin da aka za'ayi, to hango ko hasashen da sakamakon. Amma ga dalilai daban-daban da su aiwatar da su ba zai yiwu ba.

Ya dauki amfani N. S. Hruschov, yankan shawara don kawar da duk matsaloli a daya fadi karkata guda, wanda baya da wani mummunan tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin kasar da kuma aka mai suna tattalin arziki voluntarism.

dokokin sake fasalin

Don daya daga cikin dalilan da musayar kudi management ranked matsayin da gazawar da yin gyare-gyare fara a shekara ta 1957, N. S. Hruschovym. A lokacin da ta daga dukan ƙasar da Tarayyar Soviet ya kasu kashi administrative gundumomi. Da aka halicce su ka gudanar da hukumomin tattalin arzikin. Su, maimakon ma'aikatun, gida management na tattalin arzikin yi.

Mafi yawa daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar da kuma Republican ma'aikatun da ake rubutu da masana'antu da kuma yi, an soke. Ƙarƙashin Enterprises da aka canjawa wuri zuwa gida hukumomin tattalin arzikin. Manufar yin gyare-gyare ne m na masana'antu ko yi management zuwa ƙananan matakan da akan rage Gudanarwa kuma management ma'aikata.

Hukumomin tattalin arzikin - a collegial jikinsu, wanda asali kunshi mutane da dama, amma a kan lokaci, don magance al'amurran da suka shafi bukatar sabon sassan da kuma sashen fara da za a halitta. Idan a farkon shekaru na rage daga cikin administrative na'ura da aka muhimmanci da kuma kawo so sakamakon, sa'an nan a kan lokaci shi ya wuce duk tsammanin sprawl.

sake fasalin harkokin noma

Khrushchev gwaji da aka hõre aikin noma. By ƙarshen 50s na karni na ashirin, masana'antu samar nisa tako gaba daga aikin noma. Kullawa da mazaunan kauyuka da kuma garuruwa da ƙauyukan zuwa wani wurin zama, ya sa ta hanyar da bukatar kauce wa yunwa, shi da aka kaddamar a 30s kuma kasance bayan yakin duniya na II har sabuntawa na tsakiyar ɓangare na kasar, wanda ya halarci shagaltar. Cities, kauyuka, kauyuka da aka rage zuwa juji. Masana'antu da aka lalata ko kwashe m. Garambawul a wannan lokaci za a kai ga unpredictable sakamakon, don haka batun da aka dakatar da wani lõkaci.

Stalin ta gwamnatin gudanar ya mayar da masana'antu, to kafa rayuwa a cikin karkara, amma moneys ba a amfani da aiki na gama manoma. A mafi birane, mutane suna rayuwa mafi alhẽri. Sami mafi kuma, ba shakka, ciyar. Irin wannan disparities tsakanin yankunan karkara da kuma birane mazauna, ba shakka, ya sa da yawa daga gaskiya zargi.

A gyara daga wadannan tambayoyi, ba shakka, yana da za'a warwaresu. Amma tare da su da ake dauka, a saka shi mai laushi, ba daidai ba yanke shawara. A musamman, shi shafi ƙulli daga MTS, wanda ya jagoranci wani akan rage inji da tractors, na na'ura-kwararru. Wannan mataki ya jawo irreparable lalacewar da aikin noma, da tilasta gwamnatin sayi hatsi a kasashen waje. M da tsare-tsaren a kan shirye-shiryen da nama ya kai ga wani gagarumin raguwa a cikin lambobin na shanu.

Da bukatar sake fasalin da aka matsananciyar bukata, amma gwamnatin N. S. Hruschova ya yi kuskure.

rage daga cikin sojojin

Yana da aka za'ayi a karkashin Khrushchev rage daga cikin sojojin, wanda ya kasa da mutane miliyan 1.3 da kuma, a cewar wasu masu bincike, wanda ya sa aka Soviet sojojin babba lalacewar. Gaskiyar cewa rage daga cikin sojojin da aka shirya ko da a karkashin Stalin. Wannan ya zama na din-din-din. Duk abin da aka sosai lissafi lokacin da garambawul da aka haifar da wata 3-shekara, a Bugu da kari, la'akari da gaggawa bukatun duk ritaya (mahalli, pensions).

Rike gyara daga Khrushchev sojojin wasu unpredictable kuma pejorative hali ga Tsohon soji, mutane da suka yi da Army mafi kyau shekaru ransa, na karshe yaki daga farko zuwa karshe minti daya. Ba tare da soja pensions aka bar ba kawai waɗanda suka ciyar saboda lokaci 1-2 shekaru, amma 1-2 watanni.

Wannan rage, ba shakka, ceton kudi zuwa jihar a cikin nau'i na nenachislennyh pensions, rage tabbatarwa kudin fiye da mutane miliyan. Amma mai iko duka aka tsĩrar da sojojin. Da aka jefa miliyoyin servicemen da kuma iyalansu, da suka ragu ba tare da jobs, tsari da kuma rayuwar.

ƙarshe

Tambayar da garambawul N. S. Hruschovym, ciki har da monetary gyara, ya kuma zauna da mai ban sha'awa da kuma kadan da aka sani. ba za ka iya amsa ta unequivocally. Mai gani nan a maƙiya rinjayar da West ba quite dace, amma ba tare da shi, mai yiwuwa ba zai iya yi.

Space bincike, tattalin arziki Tarayyar Soviet jerk - shi ne sakamakon dogon lokacin da soja (adana da kuma canja wurin mafi yawan kamfanonin zuwa cikin kasar) da kuma post-yaki gani tattalin arziki siyasa da kuma al'umma a matsayin dukan, maimakon ayyukan Khrushchev a matsayin "babban" kyautatãwa. Amma don inkarin m nasarori ne ba shi daraja.

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