Tsarist janar Dukhonin: biography, mutuwa, da kuma ban sha'awa facts

A lokacin yakin basasa ja variously kira kisan kisa, ya nuna harbi. Official masa hukuncin kisa kara kamar "Harba.". Amma akwai wasu asirce soma phrases kamar "Aika da lahira." A cikin fall na 1917 akwai kalmar "Aika a hedkwatar MDD Dukhonin". Bari mu gano wanda ya fi general, hedkwatar wanda da Bolsheviks aiko su ya shafa.

tarihi hoto

A cikin hargitsi karni na ashirin da Rasha janar Dukhonin wasa sosai sabon abu rawa. A watan Nuwamba, 1917, Dukhonin nada babban kwamandan Rasha sojojin. Gwamnatin wucin, wanda sanya shi ga post, a lokacin da aka tafi. Su sabon-samu Bolshevik gwamnatin so don gabatar a general ra'ayin yin zaman lafiya tare da Jamus a quite hasara, kuma m capitulation yanayi na Rasha. Wannan ba zai iya ba, zuwa ga Janar Dukhonin, wanda biography ya nuna yãƙi fushi.

Ayyukan Dukhonin kaka na 1917 a Mogilev kudi gane da masana tarihi anti-mutane da counterrevolutionary. Janar zargi ga fitina ga yanke shawara na Bolshevik gwamnati, cewa general, kazalika da sojojin, ba rantse.

Gaskiyar cewa ta yi wadannan mafita, Janar Dukhonin iya zahiri halaka gaban, babu daya tsammani. Janar samu kansa shi kadai a gaban "rundunar siyasa adventurers" wanda ka dauki amfani da rushewar gwamnati, da nufin ya hallaka sojoji da kuma sunã taimakon kasar cikin rashin tsari Bolshevism. Yiwuwa janar sun talauci sosai, amma da ya yi duk abin da ya iya, domin abin da aka ƙarasa da kashe. Brave ayyukan ƙwarai, kuma matsananciyar rasuwar Janar Dukhonin ba da hakkin ya kira shi mai gaskiya ne Bakan'ane na Rasha.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma Ilimi

Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin aka haife shi a Smolensk lardin, a kan Disamba 13 (Disamba 1, Old Style), 1876, a cikin wani iyali na manya. A 1894 ya kammala karatunsa a Vladimir soja makaranta a birnin Kiev ya tafi zuwa Moscow zuwa karatu a cikin na uku Aleksandrovskoe makaranta. Bayan kammala karatu daga kwalejin a 1896, Dukhonin sa suna a cikin wani soja ilimi ma'aikata - Janar Staff Academy. A 1902, ya kammala horo a Academy, samu da daraja na Guard kyaftin, kuma nan da nan ya kara da General Staff.

Soja aiki Dukhonin ɓullo da sosai cikin sauri. Tsãwace cancantar kamfanin kwamandan da bataliya, a watan Nuwamba 1904, ya zama wani babban jami'in mataimaki daga Staff dakaru Division. A shekarar 1906, Nicholas samu da uku mataki Order of St. Stanislaus da St. Anne, kuma aka nada babban jami'in mataimaki duk Kiev soja gundumar. Bayan isowa a Kiev, Dukhonin aure Natale Verner - kyau da kuma ilimi yarinya wanda 'yar daraja daga Kiev.

Early aiki

A cikin fall na 1908 Nicholas fara koyar da dama sciences a Kiev Soja School. A 1911 ya aka bayar da daraja na kanar a gaba. A cikin fall na 1912 Dukhonin koma zuwa hedkwatar, inda ya zama wani babban jami'in mataimaki.

Nikolai Nikolayevich, daga lokacin da ya horar da sojoji, da kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da Janar Alexeyev - shugaban gundumar hedkwatar. Hadin kai da kuma saduwa da Alekseev bar a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Nikolai Nikolaevich kafu daram mark. Alekseev, magana na Dukhonin, ya lura da babban matakin kwarewa na ma'aikatansa da kuma al'adu.

A lokacin rani na 1913, Kanar Dukhonin miƙa tafiya zuwa horar da Austro-Hungarian sojojin a matsayin wani mai tsaro. A wani lokaci a lokacin da Turai da ake hanzari shiga yakin duniya na farko, da kuma Austria-Hungary fadi fitar da primary maƙiyi Rasha, wannan tafiya shi fiye da muhimmanci. Nasarar kammala da manufa, Kanar samu cikin Order of St. Vladimir na hudu mataki, sa'an nan kuma kara a Kiev Soja Circle - Cif na Leken Asiri Division.

A yakin duniya na farko

Lokacin da yakin duniya na farko, Dukhonin nada wani babban jami'in adjutant Sashen Quartermaster Janar Staff na uku Army na Kiev soja gundumar. Army, kasancewa memba na Kudu-Eastern Front, ya dauki bangare a cikin yakin Galicia, wanda aka gudanar daga Agusta 5 ga Satumba 8, 1914. A Dukhonin ayyuka hada da kula da leken asiri. Tare da sanya Kanar wajibai ya jimre brilliantly. A lokacin da wani bincike a shekara ta 1914 a sansanin soja na Przemysl na mu hira da aka gwarzo na da Order of St. George na hudu mataki.

The matasa kanar iya ku zauna a hedkwatar, kuma a 1915 ya nace a kan aika ta zuwa gaban. Saboda haka Dukhonin aka nada shugaban 165 th dakaru rajimanti na Lutsk. Duk da yake a karkashin umurnin, da rajimanti rufe ritaya daga 42nd dakaru Division a cikin fadace-fadace a kusa da kauyen Mokreє (Ukrainian sunan). Domin sana'a shiriya da ƙarfin hali Dukhonin sãka musu da Order of St. George, shi ne a yanzu da na uku mataki. Wannan lambar yabo ne mai girma mai yawa, saboda Order of na biyu digiri na lokacin yakin duniya na farko sun samu ne kawai hudu.

A May 1916 Dukhonin zama Quartermaster Janar Staff na kudu maso yammacin Front, kuma a kusa da mataimaki, zuwa ga Janar Brusilov - Cif na Front sojojin.

Fabrairu juyin juya halin

Abubuwan da suka faru na Fabrairu juyin juya halin Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin ya mayar da martani calmly. Ya, kasancewa a m mutum, ba su san su yi biyayya da sabon gwamnatin da kuma tsara tawayen a kan ja armbands m da impractical cikin sharuddan soja mataki. Kada maimaita gwaninta na zama wasu janar-janar (Miller da Keller) Dukhonin amince da yin hadin gwiwa tare da wucin gwamnatin, sakawa kanta a matsayin mai kare kasar, da kuma ba da wakilin kowa ta amfane shi. A cikin kalmomin Kerensky, Dukhonin ya m da gaskiya mutumin da yake da nisa daga siyasa dabarunsa. Ya kasance, a cewar Kerensky, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda matasa da jami'an da ya hau kan daga Petra Velikogo da Suvorov art nasara, cewa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a nufi girmama qarqashinsu.

A May 1917, Janar Nikolai Dukhonin gangarawa hedkwatar kudu maso yammacin Front. A farkon watan Agusta na wannan shekara, ya zama wata leftana-janar da kuma shugaban ma'aikata na Yammacin Front. 10 Satumba, bayan Janar Alexeyev murabus Dukhonin jagoranci Koli Headquarters of Kerensky.

Ga abin da ya rubuta Laftanar Janar Denikin a kan Dukhonin "Kerensky da wakilan neman sauyi dimokuradiyya samu wannan manufa, da suka kasance jiran haka dogon. Ya kasance mai jarumi soja da kuma wani kwararren jami'in wanda ya ki wani siyasa da nuna bambanci. " Janar Nikolai Dukhonin amince da rawar, a fili risking kansa suna, da kuma ƙarshe da ransa don ya 'yan qasar ƙasar, ya ce Denikin.

A Oktoba juyin juya halin

A farkon watan Oktoba, Janar Dukhonin aminci taka rawar da "fasaha shawara", wanda ya aikata kanta ga kariya na wucin gwamnatin. By domin na Kerenskogo Nikolay Nikolaevich ya fassara da dama da karfi soja raka'a a matsakaicin danniya wuri. Daga baya, da Bolsheviks nasara razagitirovat duk wadannan sassa.

A lokacin da a Petrograd fara Oktoba tawaye, Janar Nikolai Dukhonin halitta a Mogilev musamman kungiyar ga abubuwan da za'ayi a kan m gaban. Amma hana auka daga cikin sojojin, wanda a lokacin ya kai ta koli, ba shi yiwuwa.

Oktoba 25, 1917 Dukhonin kira ga sojojin, kokarin tunatar ta na cewa wajibi ga fatherland bukatar ta don kammala kamunkai, da kuma kwanciyar hankali, mai karfi wuri a kan matsayi da kuma taimaka wa gwamnatin. Ya aiko da wani sakon waya zuwa Petrograd m da Bolsheviks nan da nan dakatar da ayyukansu, barranta daga m kãmun ikon da ya yi biyayya da ta wucin gwamnatin. In ba haka ba, ya ce, sojojin za goyi bayan wannan bukatar ta karfi. A wani lokaci a lokacin da sojojin da aka gaba daya rushe kuma Jamus a kasashen yamma, kai amfani da wannan, duk da zan iya yi, Janar, - aika barazana telegrams.

A dare na Nuwamba 26-27, to koyi cewa domin Kerensky aika wani "karfi dakaru tawagar" Dukhonin janar samarwa bayyana a gare su "biyu a dogara da motocin yaki." A sakamakon haka, Bolshevik sojojin da sauri da kuma sauƙi ci Winter Palace. A safiyar 27th of Nikolai Nikolaevich Na aiko shi a sakon waya tambayar su su daina su m ayyukan, da kuma sallama wa wucin gwamnatin. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i da kudi sojojin kwamitocin yanke shawarar daukar matakan taimakawa Moscow. Bayan kasa cimma yarjejeniya tare da sojoji kwamitocin safe Dukhonin jawabi ta gidan waya, 29 ga Oktoba zuwa A. Kaledin, kuma ya tambaye shi game da yiwuwar aika zuwa babban birnin kasar na Don Cossacks tawagar kwantar da tarzomar a birnin Moscow da kuma ci gaba da Maris a kan Petrograd. Janar Dukhonin amsa bai jira.

A matsayin babban kwamandan

Lokacin da Maris a kan Petrograd kasa, a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, Kerensky a kan dare Dukhonin nada babban kwamandan, saboda na tashi a Petrograd. Janar sanar da sojojin a kan nadin, yana mai kira su zuwa ga ci gaba da matsayi. Nuwamba 1 Dukhonin samu wata wasika daga Kornilov, a cikin abin da Laurel G. Janar tuno da wuya daga cikin aiki da cewa ya fadi a kafadu, da kuma a kan bukatar da matakai mataki don tsara da yaki da zuwan rashin tsari.

Janar Nikolai Dukhonin gane cewa babban hadari za mu iya sa ran daga raya maimakon gaban. Ya dauke shi ya takalifi zuwa goyi bayan wucin gwamnatin a matsayin kawai istinbadi dalĩli. Tsoron wani suna a matsayin babban m na yakin basasa, ya aka iyakance a cikin ayyuka. A High umurnin ya kwatanta hali zuwa yakin basasa, lokacin da bayar da umarnin dakatar da sojojin motsi a kan Petrograd. Fare Dukhonin saɓa wa Bolshevik gwamnati, amma a gaskiya ya kasance shi kadai.

Nuwamba 7 janar na sarauta sojojin Dukhonin samu wani tsari daga majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars, bisa ga abin da ya yi kira ga shugabannin maƙiyi sojojin da kuma bayar da su su daina fada kuma zauna a kan teburin shawarwari. A wannan yanayin, duk da bayanai daga tattaunawar da ya yi don canja wurin zuwa Smolny. Lokacin da Bolsheviks ba da umurni, sun kasance saba wa janar ra'ayi. Gaza bada hašin da oda zai nufin cewa suna da dalilin da ya gane Dukhonin makiyinsa, kuma haka wani maƙiyi daga cikin mutane.

Sane da wuya daga cikin halin da ake ciki, 8 Nuwamba tsarist janar Dukhonin dukan rana tunanin game da shi. A sakamakon haka, sai ya yanke shawarar ya yi wasa a lokacin, ta amfani da gaskiyar cewa a rediyo sakon da dokoki an bayar da oda. Dukhonin telegraphed da War ministan cewa a cikin ra'ayi na musamman muhimmanci radiogram ya ba zai iya yin yanke shawara a kan da abun ciki, tun da shi ba ya da rana da kuma lambarta.

banrazana kira

Bolshevik bore Janar Dukhonin ba zo dandana. Dare daga 8 zuwa 9 Nuwamba, majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars a cikin mutum na Lenin, Stalin da Krylenko kira Duhonininu don bayyana matsayinsu a game da zartarwa domin. A general ya fara amsa da cewa da jama'ar kasar Commissars tambaya ko masõya yarda to tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Ya sa'an nan ya nuna zato cewa Bolsheviks ba zai iya kai tsaye yi shawarwari tare da kawayenta, sabili da haka suna bukatar wani wakilin gwamnatin tsakiya. Commissars bai sharhi a kan kalaman Janar kuma kawai ya tambaye shi ko Yesu ya ba da wani tabbataccen amsar da umarni da kashe wani domin shirya.

Janar Nikolai Dukhonin ki aiwatar da umarnin da Bolsheviks. A sakamakon haka, ya aka kora. Tun da farko lokacin da za a maye gurbin babban kwamandan ba wanda, ya zauna a matsayinsa har da search ya dace dan takarar. Ba da da ewa, ga wurin da zai zo ya Ensign Krylenko.

Bayan wani dare ta wayar tarho tare da shugabannin Bolsheviks, Janar Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin ƙarasa da cewa jama'ar kasar Commissars, wanda aka ba musamman gane yanke shawarar kokarin sasantawa ta hanyar manyan, baiwa da wani istinbadi soja iko.

Resolution kan shiga cikin tsagaita wuta

Nuwamba 10 aka ruwaito cewa a Mogilev Bolsheviks yarda sojojin tafiyar da nasu tsagaita wuta tare da abokan gaba, ba soja kurum marar a kan yardar umurni. A tattaunawar da aka yarda su shiga zabe jikinsu, suka fara da regimental kwamitocin. Kuma kawai a sanya hannu na tsaida wutar yaƙi m kwangila shi ya dauki wani ɓangare gwamnatin. Da shi shi ne karo na farko a tarihin duniya, lokacin da wannan aiki da aka yi amfani da tsagaita wuta. Koyo da wannan, Dukhonin ya yi mamaki. Ya ga a cikin wannan siyasa rabo na rashin tsari da kuma duka auka na statehood. A general ba su yi biyayya da hukuncin SNK, duk da cewa sun san daya sojojin bayan wani.

Nuwamba 13 da sabon babban kwamandan Krylenko zo a Dvinsk, inda sojojin da aka sa cikin biyar na Arewa Front. Kashegari, ya wakilan shiga tattaunawar da umurnin Jamus, aka saba wajibai kamar yadda ya jiɓinci Rasha. Nuwamba 15 Dukhonin fili ya bayyana cewa kafin karshe nasara a kan Jamus naúrar zai yi duk abin da ya Rasha cika ta wajibi ga majiɓinta.

Duk da haka, Janar Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin san umurni kwanaki ana lasafta. A wani zance da Janar Shcherbachov ya tambayi karshen da za a daure da babban kwamandan, idan da kansa wani abu da ya faru. A mayar da martani Shcherbachev bayar da shawarar Dukhonin matsawa GHQ zuwa Kiev. A wannan lokaci akwai a mulki, cikin Tsakiya Rada, wanda ba a gane Soviet gwamnati. Same Nikolai Nikolaevich shawarci Laftanar Janar Lukomsky.

A karshen, 18 Nuwamba umurni da ma'aikata suka fara barin ta, amma janar kansa zauna. Bayan koya a cikin kabari ya zama sulke jirgin kasa tare da yunkuri, ya lura cewa, al'adar umurni riga qaddara. Kashegari, a lokacin da shugabannin gaba battalions zo ya tsaya ga wani fare, Dukhonin umurce su su bar garin. Ya ba ya so fratricide. A lokacin da dare na Nuwamba 20, da janar aika zuwa Bykhov wakilainsu domin saki Janar Kornilov da abokansa. All tafi da kyau, da kuma cewa da dare suka bar birnin. The sosai guda Janar Nikolai Dukhonin bai yi nufin gudu. Ya yarda cewa ya za a kama ko harbe shi, amma abin da ya faru na gaba ya fiye ma da mafi mũnin kintace.

A rasuwar Janar Dukhonin

Nuwamba 20 Janar Krylenko zo a Mogilev dauki a kan post na babban kwamandan Dukhonin. Nikolai Krylenko yanke shawarar ba jira a komai umurni ginin, inda ya kasance a kowane lokaci zai iya zama wanda aka azabtar da soja ta lynching. Ado a cikin fararen kaya, ya tafi zuwa tashar mika-to-hannu canja wurin da hali to ya "gaje", amma karshen tafi zuwa ga birnin. Sa'an nan Nicholas tafi zuwa ga Kwamandan jirgin kasa zuwa jira Krilenko shi. Rabin awa daga baya, da labarai cewa Dukhonin zaune a cikin jirgin kasa da sauri sayar a duk faɗin tashar. game da mota zarar wani taron da makamai maza, waɗanda suka isa zuwa kwantar da ardor na kawai bayyanar Krylenko. Amma ba ga tsawo.

Janar Dukhonin, photos da ba su bambanta ba mai kyau quality, ya gabatar da kansa da kuma kokarin yi magana da wanda zai gaje shi ba, amma ya aka ji ba. Krylenko duk da hankali da aka mayar da hankali a kan kangararrun taro, wanda ya so ya saka Dukhonin. Wasu matuƙan ko da samu a cikin mota da kuma unceremoniously tura Krylenko, yayi kokarin jinkiri a gefe. Lokacin da halin da ake ciki ne gaba daya daga iko, Dukhonin zo zuwa cikin taron, ya ce, "Za ka so a ga Janar Dukhonin? Ina a gaban ku. Na tafi zuwa ... ". Janar don kammala shi da aka ba a ba. Ya aka buga a baya tare da wani bayoneti da kuma jefa kashe wagon. Gilla yanyanke da janar jiki, da matuƙan tafi zuwa ga gari zuwa kashe matarsa. Lokacin taron karya a cikin wani Apartment general, matarsa kuwa ba a gida. Natalia ya a cikin coci, inda ta sami wani aboki. Da yake jawabi game da yadda general aka kashe Dukhonin budurwa Natalia boye a gida.

Daga baya, AI Denikin, wanda ya ba da wani fan na neman sauyi sha'awa Dukhonin, amma ya ya binta bashin da ransa, ya ce cewa Nicholas an gaskiya mutum, wanda ya san jigon da warrior na bashi a fuskar makiya. "Amma a cikin dukan wadannan sabani na neman sauyi Nikolai basu hakura rude" - ya taƙaice Denikin.

By Nuwamba 21 da halin da ake ciki ya kasance bisa al'ada a Mogilev. Krylenko ya iya dakatar da lynchings da kuma shigar da tsaro mafi muhimmanci abubuwa. A nasa umarni Dukhonin gawar da aka sa a cikin wani akwatin gawa, kuma Muka ɗauke su a tashar ginin. Da safe akwai karkashin matsara ya tafi Natalia. A wakilin sabon babban kwamandan ɗauki ta zuwa cikin akwatin gawa da kuma kawo ta'aziya daga Krylenko fuska. Janar kansa bai bayyana a kan bazawara ta idanu. Akwai wani version bisa ga abin da Dukhonin jiki da aka sayo ta matarsa a uncontrolled matuƙan, tsĩrar da a Kiev da aka binne daya da kuma gida makabartun. Wannan ya labarin kammala Janar Dukhonin. The kabari na Nikolai Nikolaevich 1934 ne a kan Lukyanovka hurumi a birnin Kiev.

Ya zauna kawai don ƙara da cewa a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba a birnin Brest-Litovsk, da Bolsheviks fara tattaunawa a kan cikar Brest da zaman lafiya, wanda ba za a iya bayyana a matsayin m. Last rated, amma sosai m cikas a Janar Dukhonin fuska aka jiki shafe ta.

ƙarshe

Janar Dukhonin, wanda biography ne batun da muke zance, daya daga cikin mafi ban tausayi Figures na Rasha hargitsi karni na ashirin da. Ya nuna yadda wuya shi ne ya zama mai gaskiya matsari daga mahaifarsa - gaskiya da mãsu haƙuri. The magana, "An turo zuwa hedkwatar Janar Dukhonin" hade da wani m mutuwa a hannun da haukan yan zanga-zanga gamsu da ramuwa. Amma kada kanka tozarta kansa Dukhonin ji, za a karshe tafiya?