Unicorn: gun Shuvalov Rasha manyan bindigogi

Amfani da catapults don halakar da abokan gaba, a wata nisa da shi aka aikata tun lokacin da. A gagarumin nasara a inganta manyan bindigogi da makamai faru bayan bayyanar gunpowder. Catapults abu da suka gabata, an maye gurbinsu da daban-daban model na bindigogi, howitzers da rokoki. Canza yaƙi dabara sa a wani ci gaba na manyan bindigogi da makamai. Daya daga cikin mafi kyawun samfurori da 18th karni ne unicorn igwa Shuvalov.

Garambawul na smoothbore manyan bindigogi

A lokacin daga XVIII zuwa XIX karni gyara daga cikin materiel shi da aka gudanar a wani sojoji dauke da makamai Tsarist Rasha: shi Saukake kuma hadade. A canje-canje ya shafa da tsawon da manyan bindigogi da kuma kauri su katangu. Muhimmanci rage yawan calibers da friezes - ado a kan itacen. A sakamakon da daidaituwa zama zai yiwu a yi amfani da wannan sassa daban-daban na kida. Unicorn (gun) - Wani sabon makami da aka amince a karkashin umurnin feldtseyhmeystera Janar (Chief of harbi) Count Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Howitzer daga wannan lokaci an cire daga sabis na sarauta sojojin. Ciyar garambawul ya gano wani mutum da Rasha manyan bindigogi a cikin 1812 yaki.

zane ayyukansu

Team jami'an designers jagorancin Count Shuvalov dauki 'yan shekaru yi aiki a kan halittar sabon da kuma inganta kayayyakin aiki, har ka samu gamsu da su model - wani sabon gun - Shuvalov unicorn. "Shin, shi da kanka" - bayar da zamani sana'a qware shafukan, samar da duk dole zane da zane. Ƙirƙiri ga kayan aiki data kasance shirye zane - mai yawa sauki aiki fiye da daya da cewa ya zuwa magance gun masu. Tun kimiyya a wancan lokacin ya da nisa daga msar tambayar lissafin, aiki a kan sabon gun model yi da fitina da kuma kuskure.

A sakamakon yawa gwaje-gwajen, fãce ga unicorns, akwai daban-daban da wasu model na bindigogi, mafi yawan abin da aka jefar. Daya daga cikin wadannan samfurori ba su ɗauke ta Rasha sojojin a cikin sabis, su ne dvuhstvolny pushki- "tagwaye". Wannan manyan bindigogi yanki ne mai biyu-ganga saka a kan wani karusa.

Nasarawa daga wannan makami da aka za'ayi tare da buckshot, wanda kunshi yankakken baƙin ƙarfe sanduna. Yana da aka zaci cewa, sakamakon harbe-harben da irin wannan dako zai zama babbar. Bayan gwaji, ya juya waje cewa ya yi dual igwa ba fiye da al'ada guda-barreled.

Mene ne unicorn (gun)?

Rasha manyan bindigogi daga 1757 aka sanye take da wani sabon kayan aiki ci gaba da jami'an M. V. Danilovym kuma M. G. Martynovym. A makami da aka halitta don maye gurbin dogon-barreled bindigogi da kuma howitzers. Its sunan - unicorn - igwa samu cikin yanci dabba da aka bayyana a cikin gashi na makamai na Count P. I. Shuvalova.

Wannan shi ne musamman zuwa Rasha manyan bindigogi gun hade a kanta da halaye na bindigogi da kuma howitzers, akayi nufi don gudanar da lebur kuma mai lankwasa wuta. Unicorns ne short cannons. Shuvalovskie samfurin ganga yana da wani m tashar a wadda a kwance diamita sau da dama mafi girma daga tsaye. A wannan shi ya bambanta daga na gargajiya guda na manyan bindigogi. Gangar jikin na Unicorn yana da siffar wani m mazugi. Lokacin da harbe-harben daga gare samar kwance motsi yanayin garwa. Kada bindigogi progenitor mafi yawan cajin suka gangara zuwa cikin ƙasa, ko tashi kan shugabannin maƙiya.

Haifar da dokokin sake fasalin dokokin sarauta manyan bindigogi

Bayan na zamanintar da abu a cikin sabis a Rasha sojojin bayyana unicorn. A gun, wanda aka located a kasa hoton ya wakilci kyautata manyan bindigogi gun, a cikin abin da ya hada da mafi kyau Properties gabanin harbe-harben na'urorin.

Martynov da kuma Daniel samfurin a lokacin da aka dauke mafi m, tun da idon da irin wannan samfurori da su lightness da maneuverability. Game da shekara ɗari amfani da sarauta sojojin gun unicorn, wanda zane sun tambayi Rasha ta Austria sãshensu waliyyai a 1760.

Abin da ke bambanta da sabon tsarin daga classic manyan bindigogi?

Don inganta shiriya daidaici makamai zuwa Target zanen da aka samar da sauki diopter, wanda aka sanye take da wani unicorn. A gun aka sanye take da bindiga, wanda shi ne wani Ramin tare da gaban gani. Da harbe-harben kewayon Shuvalov samfurin da aka sau uku mafi girma fiye da na sauran guda da manyan bindigogi. Unicorns yana da ƙananan nauyi fiye da na al'ada bindigogi, amma ya fi girma kudi da kuma cajin iya aiki. Da suka sãɓã da kuma harbe-harben. Da ikon samar da wuta da sojoji na shugaban saka a kan yanayin ne halayyar alama irin wannan makamin, kamar unicorn. A gun, da gada daga cikin sabon makami ya iya zuwa da wani sashe na musamman waje kiwo wuta.

Abin da projectiles kora mai kyautata model?

Shuvalov igwa iya harba bama-bamai, wanda suke da m siffar zobe bawo cika da baki gunpowder da Fitted tare da katako bututu, fis din. Wannan unicorns ne kama da short-howitzers. Da suka sãɓã a caji gudun da iyaka. unicorns rates kasance biyu har fiye da sau da howitzers.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, tartsatsi amfani da tsakiya da kuma daban-daban garwa Unicorn. Igwa (Classic) da aka yi nufi kawai don kula da flatness na harbi. Domin fitar da wuta a kan abokan gaba, da tsohon bindigogi da aka tura a gaba dakaru: su tadawa bai wuce 15 digiri, yayin da akwati Shuvalov unicorn tashe ga harbi a 45 digiri.

A na'urar da aron kusa

Kafin unicorns Rasha da Turai sojojin amfani da igwa zamo 18-25 da kuma 6-8 zamo howitzers. Ma'auni tsawon aka ƙaddara rabo kaya da kuma ta kara diamita. Gargajiya gun a lokacin da aka ba sanye take da wani aron kusa, don haka ne ma ya kira beskamornoy. A ganga tashar a gun shige a cikin kasa, wanda ya kasance lebur siffar ko a cikin wani nau'i na yammancin duniya. Howitzer aron kusa da wani cylindrical siffar.

Unicorns suna sanye take da aron kusa, abin da suke conical a siffar. Bẽne, ya raya rabo daga rage diamita a manyan bindigogi bawo da akayi nufi don ajiye kartuznyh zargin.

A siffar shi ne mai truncated mazugi, wanda ya ƙare mai siffar zobe kasa 2 tare da zurfin ma'auni. Saboda irin wannan shiri, lokacin da nuna a kan manufa bindigogi da tabbatar da cikakken Kafa kuma dako ballistics.

Kan aiwatar da loading da conical Camore sabon bindigogi ne sauki da kuma sauri idan aka kwatanta da cylindrical jam'iyya howitzers. Saboda da nasara zane na unicorn da wani m nauyi, wanda yana da kyau sakamako a kan maneuvering. Bayan 1808 a Shuvalovskie bindigogi don maye gurbin mai siffar zobe zo lebur kasa, tun taso keya. A zurfin da ɗakunan rage.

Abin da manyan bindigogi gun mori inganta?

Unicorns amfani Manufacturing tagulla, da baƙin ƙarfe. Field manyan bindigogi da aka sanye take da uku-funt tagulla kida. Pudova gun wannan abu da aka yi amfani da kewaye manyan bindigogi. Ga ƙasar nufi Unicorns arba'in-laba, Ya sanya daga Cast baƙin ƙarfe.

Igwa 1757 model shekara

Kamar yadda mugunyar odnopudovy unicorn bai yarda goma sha takwas-gun. Ya nauyi ya 1.048 kg. Yana 64 fam kasa da bindiga. A wannan kayan Shuvalovskie halin high motsi. Bisa ga dabara da kuma fasaha halaye odnopudovy unicorn m shida-laba igwa, wanda a 1734 aka dauke da mafi sauki daga cikin filin manyan bindigogi guda. Shuvalov zuriya juya a kira su goma fam m bindigogi kuma mallaki babban hallakaswa sakamako a lokacin da harbe-harben buckshot. Odnopudovy unicorn zarce da kuma m, a nauyi howitzer. Yankunan da sakamakon wuta ko abubuwa masu fashewa fragmentation bama-bamai daga wani ingantattun igwa a maƙiyi kufaifan aka biyu har fiye da sau daga al'ada ragargaza amfani odnopudovaya howitzer.

Kamar yadda size aka ƙaddara?

Har XIX karni ma'auni ji da aka za'ayi ba da diamita na ganga tashar. Amfani ga manyan bindigogi makami gudanar da wannan kimani nauyi na tsakiya. Bayan gwajin trehpudovogo Unicorn zamo kamar abin da yake a 320 mm, shi ya juya daga cewa kayan aiki ne ma nauyi, kuma lokaci-cinyewa a lokacin da loading. The tawagar designers aiki tare da wannan model na manyan bindigogi tsaya.

A kan me suka yi aiki Shuvalovskie bindigogi?

• Kafin nazari a kan harbi unicorn take kaiwa zuwa manufa.
• Kiwon da ragewan na gun breech yi amfani da sighting na'urorin - sukurori.
• Don jefa makamai horizontally musamman levers aka bayar da zanen kaya.
• Kayyade nufin makiya bindigogi da aka za'ayi wedges.
• Ƙonewa foda samar ta hanyar da lagwani, wanda aka sanye take da wani matukin jirgi haske.
• Domin bindigogi da kuma unicorns envisaged muzzle loading: core, bama-bamai da kuma tin kofuna waɗanda cika da finely yankakken waya (garwa) aka sanya a cikin wani makami ta hanyar da ganga. A lokaci guda unicorns Shell daga saman ganga buga da Tapered mazugi kuma da nauyi da aka tam shãfe haske riga samuwa akwai wani lura da baki foda, wanda ya yi vyshibalnuyu aiki.
• A lokacin konewa na gunpowder aka kafa Yã isa zama adadin da makamashi domin ejecting da dako daga ganga. Bayan Unicorns firtsi muhimmanci inganta yadda ya dace da na manyan bindigogi guda. Shuvalov kayayyakin daga konewa na gunpowder cajin makamashi ne gaba daya sallamãwa bouncer dako maimakon ciyar ta hanyar gibba a cikin ganuwar da ganga, kamar yadda shi ne idan a al'ada bindigogi.
• Bayan kowane harbe ganga manyan bindigogi tsabtace Bannik - musamman goge, wanda aka yi amfani da sarrafa tumaki fãtun jikinsu.

Mene ne amfani da wani gajeren-gun?

• Manyan bindigogi zane unicorn kasa fiye da saba gun, amma fiye da turmi.
• A samfurin Shuvalova jadawali aka lasafta ga wani nesa daga sama zuwa dubu uku. Mita. Wannan nesa a lokacin da aka dauke muhimmanci.
• Short ganga unicorn tashe ta daidaito. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa samar da ganga ga manyan bindigogi ba su kasance a cikakke: gaban microscopic tafka magudi a ciki surface na ganga da cewa zai iya canza yanayin wani ba dako, ya faru akai-akai. A daina ganga, da mafi kusantar gaban irin wannan magudi. Rage akwati rage mita zinace da unpredictable rotations bawo a lokacin harbe-harben, kuma wannan, bi da bi, ya inganta daidaito na hits.
• Rage girman da akwati yana da kyau sakamako a kan loading gudun. Kafin zuwan unicorns al'ada daya harbi bindigogi sata akalla minti 15.
• Shuvalov bindigogi da kuma kori-kura aiwatar iko ya fi sauƙi. Bugu da kari, cikin gajeren ganga ya karu digiri Yunƙurin zuwa 45. Wannan adadi ba za a iya cimma ta al'ada gun.

Shuvalov unicorn. Shin, shi da kanka

Yourselfers da suke so su mallaki hannuwa don ƙirƙirar model na makamai ga tarin, ya kamata ka san cewa kafin ka fara Manufacturing unicorn layout, kana bukatar ka yi kafin idanuna wani samfurin na gaba samfurin. Jagora model ne sauki da ya yi da takarda. A cikin tsari, yana da muhimmanci a kalla guda sikelin. Wannan za a iya amfani wasan yara soja, via wanda za su ɗaure zuwa Layout gaba manyan bindigogi bawo zuwa contingent girma na jikin mutum. Lokacin da wani ya kamata kashe kwali master model, ba za ka iya ci gaba da yi na kama, amma na itace.

A aiki tare da wannan abu, shi ne shawarar yin amfani da lacquer, wanda rike tare da kananan details da kuma hana su hijira. Don bindigogi da wani lebur surface, su ya kamata a bi da tare da allura fayiloli. A samfurin bada shawarar yi ciki da al'ada da jan sulfate, wanda za a iya saya a kantin sayar da hardware. Sam impregnation tsari ne lokaci-cinyewa: jan sulphate ya kamata a diluted a cikin wani karamin ganga a wanda ya tsoma gun jũya. Kamar yadda gun zai yi duhu, su dole ne a cire daga cikin bayani da kuma sarrafa ta wajen na ji ko manna (GOI ko asidola). Wannan hanya za a iya yi sau da yawa. Bayan surface jiyya kida zai zama plausible tagulla launi.

ƙarshe

A cikin XVIII karni da karfe shuke-shuke a cikin Urals an dauke da wata babbar masana'antu hadaddun, samar da karin karfe fiye da a kowane Yammacin Turai kasar. A babbar adadin kayan da ake bukata don Count Shuvalov sanya shi yiwuwa a yi mu injiniya aikin. A sakamakon taro samar a farkon 1759 ma'aikatan da aka jefa 477 daban-daban model na Unicorn: bindigogi da shida calibers kuma auna tsakanin 340 kg zuwa 3.5 ton.

Unicorns sun tabbatar da tasiri a cikin yaƙi da Turks, wanda ya ba da nasara a kan Tsarist Rasha da Crimea da kuma New Rasha. A gaban wadannan manyan bindigogi guda a cikin 18th karni yarda da Rasha sojojin zama da karfi a Turai.