Yisti matsayin irin? yisti yaduwa hanyoyi

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu mayar da hankali a kan irin wannan ban sha'awa micro-kwayoyin kamar yisti. Kamar yadda suka ninka? A wannan tambaya dole ne mu amsa. Za ka fahimci abin da siffofin suna kiwo yisti.

Sake bugun - ne haifuwa na sabon Kwayoyin, wanda shi ne m ga iyaye. A sakamakon shi, kuma mafi yawan guda-celled kwayoyin ne domin kara yawan size. Wannan tsari na kwayoyin yafi saboda "zumunci" da suke kewaye da al'adun matsakaici. Ya kamata haifar da wani yanayin da, wanda tsara da mataki na wasu enzymes.

Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa enzymes reducers - iko rage jamiái cewa an saki a cikin matsakaici lokacin da girma ya auku da bata lokaci adadin yisti Kwayoyin. Suna aiki a kan jikin tantanin (for gina jiki disulfide shaidu). Ta hanyar wannan harsashi zama permeable ga rasit na gina jiki matsakaici. Wannan tsiraru da tabbatar da biosynthesis enzymes, ciki har da kundin tsarin mulkin.

yisti yaduwa hanyoyi

Tafiya kai tsaye zuwa mu topic. "Yisti haifa ta hanyar spores ko ba?" - amsar wannan tambaya shi ne shubuha. Gaskiyar cewa Kwayoyin daga wadannan kwayoyin, dangane da al'adun yanayi, zai iya haifa jima'i da kuma vegetatively. Form karshe m na zuwa wasu rukuni na ilimin zaman kanta (Ina nufin iyali) rarraba, ta hanyar dake tasowa da kuma ta dake tasowa, kawo karshen division. A halin yanzu, ya bayyana hudu iri vegetative yaduwa daga yisti.

A farko da irin vegetative haifuwa

Ya lura, misali, HALITTAR Saccharomyces (a Saccharomycetaceae iyali). A wannan yanayin, da kayan wadda harsashi kunshi masu juna biyu Kwayoyin ba canjawa wuri kai tsaye zuwa ga harsashi sabon yar Kwayoyin. A matakin farko na ci gaba da suka samu shi a sakamakon cewa shi ne hada da hankali accumulates a tushe na kodan kanta. Kamar wancan ne scars ne a cikin yankunan mafi girma curvature na jikin tantanin. Sau da yawa suna dab da juna, suna shirya a karkace ko da'irar.

Duk da haka, wannan tsari ne ba halayyar duk kwayoyin na zuwa rukuni na unicellular fungi kira "yisti". Kamar su sauran kiwo jinsunan? Mun ci gaba da labarin mu.

Nau'i na biyu

A gaba irin na vegetative yaduwa ne lura a yisti danginsu Hanseniaspora da Saccharo-mycodes (iyali Saccharoinycoaaceae). Ya fasalin - iyakacin duniya budding, game da shi, kafa mahara tabo. A wannan yanayin, koda (abin da na ninka yisti) da aka kafa a sakamakon protrusions koda tabo, wanda ya kasance daga baya budding, kuma partitions tsakanin sel mikewa.

The uku irin

Ya kasance a cikin iyali da yisti Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (misali, HALITTAR Schizosaccharomyces). Halayyar da irin wannan shi ne cewa ci gaban da cell membranes biopolyaren. The sabon abu na kafa Kwayoyin, an ajiye a cikin nau'i na wani annular outgrowth daga cell cibiyar ta zuwa iyakar a batu na division.

Vegetative haifuwa: na huɗu irin

Shi ne halayyar Endomyces magnusii, su cylindrical Kwayoyin. A wannan yanayin, ta rarraba tsarin canje-canje lura cikin ta harsashi. Idan akwai mai yawa na rarrabuwa, harsashi da aka hada da dama faranti, wadda aka shirya a layi daya da kuma kammala a cikin rumen juna.

mitosis

wasu ɓangare na tsarin tsarin tsakiya da kuma cytoplasm fitowa da ya sel da iyaye a lokacin micropropagation. Kafin kowane cell division lokacin chromosomes cewa suna taka leda daya a lokaci da kuma duk a lokaci guda. Wannan na tabbatar da uniform rarraba tsakanin na biyu da kuma iyaye cell. A irin wannan nukiliya fission, da ake kira mitosis an kiyaye tsananin m yawan chromosomes a cikin cell zamaninsu.

Budding uwa cell

Mun gano cewa, koda - wani abu ne da na ninka lokacin da yisti vegetatively. Idan muka yi la'akari da wannan tsari a cikin lokaci, shi yana iya a lura cewa a game da sa'a daya ya cell kafa gaba ɗaya a ganiya yanayi. Amma daya ta ba zai iya maimaita karshe dake tasowa tsari. Uwar cell a lokacin rayuwa yana da wani talakawan na 25-30 budding (tribal scars). Lãbãraiya wannan tsari - da canji a cikin cell bango tsarin, wanda ake dangantawa da scarring. Sun haifar da wani raguwa a ta amfani surface, wanda rage metabolism da kuma gina jiki da abun ciki, DNA, RNA a cikin sel da take kaiwa ƙarshe zuwa mutuwa.

Zaka iya zaɓar wani hanya, abin lura da tambaya na yadda za a yi kiwo yisti. Rigingimu da wannan tsari ne. Wannan hanya ake kira jima'i. Bari mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Jima'i yanayin na haifuwa

Yisti multiplication abin da ya auku a matsayin jima'i ko vegetatively wakiltar daga wannan ra'ayi da yawa ban sha'awa. Masana kimiyya da dama sun yi karatu da hali na wadannan kwayoyin. Sun gano cewa, da jima'i Hanyar ake dangantawa da germination na spores, wanda suke a cikin asci ko bags (an kira su ascospores) a vegetative Kwayoyin. Kamar yadda yisti haifa ta hanyar spores? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

Wannan tsari yana tare da rabo daga cikin tsakiya ta hanyar meiosis. Lokacin da culturing yisti ne mai kaifi miƙa mulki daga full zuwa matsakaici matalauta a gina jiki, a gaban isasshen zafi da kuma wani gwaji jari na ajiye abubuwa a cikin cell da kuma samun oxygen auku sporulation. Sakamakon shi ascospores ne resistant zuwa m muhalli da yanayi (bushewa, high zafin jiki), amma sun kasance ƙasa thermally barga fiye da kwayan spores. Ascospores mutu a zazzabi na game da 60 ° C, alhãli kuwa kwayan spores iya jure babbar zazzabi - tafasasshen ruwa har ma mafi girma.

Ascospores suna kafa yawanci a sakamakon jima'i Fusion 2 yisti Kwayoyin da m rabo daga cikin nucleus din a hadu. Suna iya zama daga daya zuwa hudu, wani lokacin takwas a daya ascus. Idan yanayi na vegetative girma ne m, da spores germinate a kan sabo da al'adun matsakaici, sa'an nan ne sake koda Kwayoyin.

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na da yisti

A yisti, da rayuwa ta sake zagayowar ake dangantawa da alternating spore da vegetative yaduwa tare da daban-daban tsawo na diploid da haploid bulan. Yisti Saccharomyces, a cikin abin da akwai wani canji gaplo- da diplofaz, zuwa kashi biyu kungiyoyin: gomotallichnye da heterothallic.

heterothallic damuwa

Heterothallic damuwa ne barga haploid da wani diploid lokaci. A wannan yanayin, da diploid Kwayoyin suna iya ninka vegetatively illa ma sha Allahu, da kuma matsa wa sporulation karkashin m yanayi. A sakamakon haka, kafa haploid spore asci, kowanne daga abin da nasa ne daya daga 2-ma'abota iri. Copulation haka a yi kawai lokacin da yake ganawa 2 ascospores ko Kwayoyin daga daban-daban haploid damuwa, sakamakon samuwar wani zygote, kuma diplofaza mayar.

Gomotallichnye damuwa

Gomotallichnye damuwa daga heterothallic bambanta a cewa suna da wani barga diplofaza. Ware daga tambaye haploid spores kafa diploid tsarin. A wasu kalmomin, a cikin zuriyarsa wata guda spore auku samodiploidizatsiya (fe daga haploid Kwayoyin) saboda gaskiyar cewa spores za a iya haɗa a kowace hade ko Nursing masu juna biyu haploid Kwayoyin daga ta toho.

Kuma akwai gomotallichnyh yisti ma'abota iri. AF Rusnak karatu yisti jinsunan SACCH. vini, wanda ake amfani da winemaking. Ta lura da wanzuwar wadannan manyan sa na jinsi. Bayan an yi nazarin shi, mai bincike ya kammala da cewa yanayin da yawanci gomotallichna.

Duk da haka, wasu yisti haploid jihar na dogon lokaci ne iya haifa vegetatively. Kamar yadda wani misali Chizosaccharomyces da Zygosaccharomyces. Haploid Kwayoyin to sporulation ci, kafa diploid zygote. Sa'an nan da taimakon meiosis shi ya raba da kuma bada Yunƙurin zuwa hudu ko takwas haploid spores. Su germinate, kuma bayan wani lokaci za a fara ninka a cikin haploid jihar asexually.

M maki sporulation

Karatu kwayoyin, kamar yisti (as suke yada), masu bincike lura cewa metabolism da kuma sauran ayyuka na kwayoyin ragae a lokacin sporulation. Wannan yanayin tabbatar da rayuwa da su fi karfinsu domin vegetative yaduwa yanayi. Saboda haka, sporulation, wanda hadawa da aiwatar da kiyayewa da jinsin da kuma kiwo, ya kamata a gani a matsayin wani m mataki a cikin ci gaban da yisti kwayoyin.

Results na binciken B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni karatu yadda yisti ninka. Su aka samu ban sha'awa sakamakon a kan sakamako a kan yadda ya dace da kuma rayuwa ayyuka na wadannan kwayoyin mataki na jima'i haifuwa. Culture of giya yisti, wanda ya wuce tare da kara sporulation da spore germination tsari diploidization, wuce gudun fermentation na wort al'adu cewa wadannan matakai ba su wuce. A gwaje-gwaje da za'ayi a poluproizvodstvennyh yanayi, akwai raguwar fermentation zamani daga 35 days zuwa 21-31.

Saboda haka, ya yi ka hadu da irin wannan ban sha'awa micro-kwayoyin kamar yisti. Kamar yadda suka riɓaɓɓanya, yanzu ku sani. Muna fatan ka tuna da abin da siffofin manyan hanyoyi biyu. Yeasts haifa ta hanyar spores da budding. Kowace daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin ne da za'ayi a cikin wani yanayi, kuma kowane daga cikinsu yana da halaye.