Catherine garambawul 2 (takaice). Ilimi absoljutizm Catherine 2

Abin da muka sani game da Rasha Empress Catherine mai girma? A ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da zuriyarsa sau da yawa fito fili facts, kadan alaka jama'a da manufofin. Catherine wani sosai babban fan of kotu bukukuwa, alharini. Baya shi ne ko da yaushe bi ta wani layi na Raya Makon. A rayuwa ta favorites, da zarar alaka da ta soyayya dangantaka, suka tafi a tarihi. A halin yanzu, Rasha Empress ya, a sama da dukan, fasaha, mai haske, m hali da kuma wani talented Oganeza. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin ta bayyana kwamitin tsarin da aka sake tsarafa karo na farko tun zamanin mulkin Petra Velikogo. Babban sha'awa yau kira Catherine sake fasalin 2. bayyana su a takaice, duk da haka, abu ne mai wuya ga nasara. A general, duk da siyasa canje-canje shige zuwa cikin al'ada ka'idar, kira haskaka absolutism. Wannan Trend a cikin XVIII karni, ya zama Popular. Yankunan da yawa na jama'a da kuma rayuwar zamantakewa shãfe Catherine sake fasalin 2. Table "canje a cikin kasar", a kasa, a fili ya nuna wannan.

Ƙananan yara, da kuma ilimi da na Princess Fike

Sophia Augusta Fredericka na Anhalt-Zerbst - don haka busa cikakken sunan nan gaba Rasha Empress. Ta aka haife shi a spring na 1729 a wani karamin gari Jamus kira Stettin (yanzu a yankin Poland). Mahaifinta a cikin sabis na Prussian Sarki. Shi ne mai m mutum. A lokaci daya, shi ne na farko da regimental kwamandan, sa'an nan kwamandan kuma daga baya Gwamnan asarsa birni. Uwar nan gaba empress ya na sarauta jini. Ta kasance mai girma-inna Bitrus III - nan gaba mijin 'yarsa. Sofia, ko kuma kamar yadda aka kira zumunta, Fike, aka ilimi a gida. Ta yi karatu Faransa, Italiya, English, labarin kasa, tarihi, tauhidin, rawa da kuma taka leda music. A yarinya da gaisuwa disposition, ya m, aka abokai tare da boys. A uwãyensa sun kasance m tare da ta hali. Fike iyali da yake matalauta. Amma mahaifiyarta yi mafarkin cewa riba ba 'yarsa aure. Ba da da ewa, ta mafarkai da aka bayyanar da cewa ya zama a rayuwa.

Aure da magaji zuwa kursiyin Rasha

A 1744, Zerbst Princess Fike aka gayyace tare da mahaifiyarta a Rasha zuwa fādar sarki domin bikin aure tare da nan gaba Rasha Sarkin sarakuna Peter III, wanda ya ta biyu dan uwan. Goma sha shida shekara haihuwa amarya aka zarar gabatar Elizabeth, wanda yake neman a tsayar da dama na maye ga Romanovs, fatan ya aure ta ne'er-yi-dan. Rasha Empress zaton cewa kyawawan kuma m Sofia iya janye hankali Peter daga yara amusements da kwiyakwiyi kuma toys. Da zarar Fike bayyana a Rasha, shi ya fara tare da so su koyi da Rasha harshen, kotun Da'a da kuma Orthodox, dokar Allah ta. A bikin aure da aka shirya domin Agusta 25, 1745. A kan Hauwa'u na Sofia soma Orthodoxy kuma ya karbi sunan Catherine I. A bikin aure rana a 6 karfe da safe da gimbiya da aka dauka zuwa dakin da Elizabeth, inda ta ado da kuma tsefe. Bikin aure bikin ya faru a cikin Kazan coci. Abin lura shi ne cewa a kan shekaru 17 bayan da cewa nan da Life Guard zai dauki bai'a ga sabon Empress Catherine Alekseevna. Bayan bikin aure da aka ba wani babban ball kuma liyafa a fādar sarki, inda Fick aka tilasta rawa ga m maye tsofaffi manya. Nan da nan bayan bikin aure, da ya bayyana cewa sabon miji ba za su cika aure aikinsu. Duk lokacin da Bitrus ya ciyar a wasanni tare da tin da sojoji da kwali gidãje. Su aure bedroom, ya juya a cikin wani ɗakin kare saboda farauta karnuka. A bayyane yake cewa wannan ignoramus ba zai iya gudu jihar. A halin yanzu, Rasha da ake bukata ciki da sake fasalin. Catherine 2, kamar yadda irin wannan, bai wanzu ba. Eh, da kuma rufe fādar sarki sa ran cewa gudummawar matar sarki da kuma uwar 'ya'yansa ga Fike ne duk. Nawa sun kasance kuskure.

A Accession zuwa kursiyin Catherine

A halin yanzu Empress Elizabeth Petrovna aka Fading tare da kowane wucewa rana, ta kiwon lafiya ya kasance sosai rauni. A dangantaka lashe maza ban ci gaba. Bitrus ya rayu a bayyane, da ya farka kuma ya yi magana game da so ya aure ta. Catherine kanta aka zarar ma kwashe shekaru 26 na kyamara-yar jam'iyyar kadet Sergei Saltykov. A 'yan watanni bayan da Fike ya ba ta haifi ɗa, wanda suka kira Paul. A kotu muke tafiya jita-jita cewa mahaifinsa ne a lover of Catherine. Duk da wannan duka, Empress Elizabeth sanar da yaron ta biyu bi da bi magaji a kan karaga. A halin yanzu, Rasha, a ƙawance da Austria da Faransa yake yaƙi da Prussia, inda ya lashe daya nasara bayan wani. Wannan so kowa da kowa, fãce infantile Bitrus, suka yi tunani King Frederick II na Prussia unrivaled soja baiwa. Ya bayyana cewa, a cikin yanayin da ya Accession zuwa kursiyin Rasha a kammala da mai wulãkantarwa zaman lafiya tare da Prussia, rasa duk da cewa shi ya samu a cikin shakka daga cikin yaki. haka nan da nan ta faru. Elizabeth ya mutu a kan Kirsimeti Day a 1761. Bayan haka, Bitrus shi ne Rasha sarki. A watan Maris 1762 ya kammala tare da Prussia a duniya, wanda ya sa da yawa daga damunsu a Rasha sojojin. Yana yanke shawarar yin amfani da mabiya Peter III Catherine Orlov 'yan'uwa, daya daga wanda, Gregory, ya ta lover kuma mahaifin ta karshe yaro. A Kazan Church Catherine gudanar da yanka na shafewa, da kuma shan rantsuwar matsayin Empress na All Rasha. A farko yi rantsuwa amincewa ta sojoji. Yana faru Yuni 28, 1762. Sa'an nan ba wanda zai yi imani da abin da zai zama Politika Ekateriny 2.

Janar bayani game da sarautar da Empress

A mako bayan abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana, Yuli 6, Catherine samu wata wasika daga Orlova cewa mijinta Bitrus, da suka rubuta cikin abdication da kõre zuwa gidan gona Ropsha mutu. Kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido, da sabuwar sanya empress garzaya, da kuka da kururuwa cewa ita da zũriyarta ba zai gafarta. Duk da haka, wasu kafofin nuna cewa shi na sane da shirya yunkurin da mijinta, a matsayin 2 kwanaki kafin ya yi kisankai da shi aka aika zuwa likita Paulsen ba tare da kwayoyi, da kuma tare da kida domin autopsies. Duk abin da ya, dama da kursiyin Catherine babu daya jayayya. Kuma a yau za mu iya takaice ta 34-shekara mulkinsa. Don fahince ta jirgin cikin jihar masana tarihi sau da yawa amfani da wani lokaci kamar "haskaka absolutism". Mabiya wannan ka'idar yi imani da cewa jihar dole ne mai karfi da autocratic ikon, wanda zai yi aiki zuwa ga amfanin dukkan 'yan kasarta da. Haskaka absolutism na Catherine 2 da aka bayyana da farko a karfafa burokrasi, kasar daidaituwa da kuma karkashin shugabancin tsakiya gudanar da tsarin. A Empress zaton sararin ƙasa na Rasha da kuma ta tsaurara sauyin yanayi wajabta haihuwa da kuma ci gaba a nan autocracy. Schematically, za ka iya nuna Catherine sake fasalin 2.

Table "canje a cikin kasar"

Kamar yadda ka gani daga tebur, a cikin wadannan sauye-sauye da aka cikakken bayyana da haskaka absolutism na Catherine 2. Ta nemi su mayar da hankali duk jihar ikon a cikin hannãyenku, kuma ya zauna a cikin ƙasa na duk azuzuwan a kan musamman, ta bullo da dokokin.

"Umarnin" daftarin aiki - manufar haskaka absolutism Catherine 2

A Empress, Rave game da rubuce-rubucen da Montesquieu kuma dauko ka'idodi na ka'idarsa, ya yi yunkurin convening da ake kira dokoki Hukumar, wanda babban makasudin - gano bukatun da mutane a gudanar da wani zama dole ya gyãra a cikin jihar. Kamar yadda wani sashi na jiki samu halartar 600 wakilai, daga cikin daban-daban azuzuwan. A matsayin shiriya daftarin aiki da hukumar Catherine aka bayar "Umarnin", abin da yake, a gaskiya, da msar tambayar Dalili na haskaka absolutism. An sani cewa ya ya kusan gama sake rubutawa daga cikin ayyukan Montesquieu - himma shigeba, ka'idar. Catherine kanta yarda cewa ta ne da mulkin nan "a wasu wurare daya line, daya kalma." A hukumar dade kawai shekara shida, kuma aka sa'an nan narkar. An wannan jiki an kira su zuwa ga gudanar da wani administrative gyara daga Catherine 2? Kila, eh. Amma masana tarihi a yau yarda da cewa duk da aikin da hukumar da aka nufin samar da wani m image na Empress a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje. Shi ne wannan jiki yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta da sunan "Mai girma."

Gudanarwa gyara daga Catherine 2

Wadannan sababbin abubuwa an halatta Nuwamba 7, 1775. Canza tsarin administrative rabo daga cikin ƙasar Rasha. A baya can, ta kasance uku-naúrar: lardin, da lardi, kananan hukumomi. Kuma yanzu a jihar filin fara raba kawai gwamna da kananan hukumomi. Jagoranci da dama gwamnoni ya yi masa gwamna-Janar. Ya mika shi ga gwamnonin, da bãyar-fiscals da refatgei. Finances a cikin gwamna yake lura exchequer tare da goyon bayan majalisar Lissafi. A shugaban kowane County tsaya shugabannin. A wani raba administrative naúrar aka ware birni, da shugaban da aka sa a wurin mahukunta magajin gari.

Catherine Majalisar Dattijan gyara 2

Wannan neoplasm aka sanya Empress na Disamba 15, 1763. A cewar shi, da majalisar dattijai ta zama mafi kotu. Bugu da kari, an rarraba su zuwa 6 sashen:

• A farko - a lura da duk gwamnatin da harkokin siyasa, a St. Petersburg.

• biyu - kotu lokuta a St. Petersburg.

• Na uku - magani, kimiyya, fasaha, ilimi, kai;

• Hudu - sojan ruwa da kuma ƙasar harkokin;

• Biyar - jama'a da kuma kula da harkokin siyasa a Moscow.

• Shida - shari'a harkokin a Moscow.

Catherine Administration garambawul 2 nan da aka tsara don yin majalisar dattijai wani m kayan aiki na autocratic iko.

tattalin arziki da sake fasalin

A zamanin da Empress aka halin da m ci gaban kasa da tattalin arziki. A tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na Catherine da 2 shafi harkar banki da kuma kudi fanni na waje cinikayya. A lokacin da ta sarautarsa, sabon bashi da wuraren (aro kudi da kuma State Bank) ya fara yarda da kudi daga jama'a a kan adibas domin ajiya. An fara bayar da banknotes - takarda kudi. A jihar a karkashin Catherine aka fitar dashi kasashen waje kayayyakin a cikin manyan yawa, kamar Cast baƙin ƙarfe, ze tashi zane, itace, hemp, burodi. Yana da wuya a ce ko bada m data Catherine sake fasalin 2. A takaice gaya game da abu ne mai wuya ga nasara. Bulk fitarwa na hatsi a karkashin ta management ya haddasa yunwa a 1780 ta a yankuna da dama na kasar Rasha. A lokuta da dangi na manoma. Karuwan da farashin burodi. A jihar taskar da aka komai. Amma Rasha ta bashin waje wuce miliyan 33 rubles.

Innovations a cikin tsarin ilimi

Amma ba duk da canje na Empress da mummunan sakamakon. Garambawul na ilimi Catherine 2 da aka kaddamar a 1760. A dukan wuraren da ya fara bude makarantu, wanda zai iya halartar yara daga daban-daban na zamantakewa azuzuwan. Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa mata ilimi. A 1764 aka kafa Smolensk Institute for Noble akwai mãtã. A 1783 ya bude Rasha Academy inda gayyace shahara waje masana kimiyya. Abin da ya bayyana sake fasalin harkokin ilmi Catherine 2? Hujjar cewa a lardunan kafa umarni na jama'a sadaka, wanda shi ne ke da alhakin gudanar da jama'a makarantu da asibitoci, asylums ga mahaukaci da rashin lafiya, asibitoci. A Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg, aka buɗe hijira a titi yara, wanda ya karbi su a cikin tarbiyyar da kuma ilimi.

Kadarori a Catherine 2

Wannan canji ne har yanzu rigima tsakanin masana tarihi. Kadarori 2 Catherine garambawul kunshi a cikin littafin na shi a 1785. biyu haruffa, daya daga wanda karshe kulla da gata na nobility, da kuma sauran sassan na birane yawan jama'a a cikin 6 lambobi. A Empress kira wadannan aukuwa "da kambi na ayyuka." "Haruffa patent nobility" yakan haifar da wadannan:

• Wannan aji aka Ban daga cikin quartering na soja raka'a, daga Kofur azãba, daga kãmun dukiya for laifi laifukan.

• nobility samu dama ga ciwon hanji na duniya, da dama zuwa kasa ikon mallakar, na da hakkin ya sami wani Class Cibiyoyi.

• wadannan mutane da aka hana su rike ofishin idan su samun kudin shiga daga kadarori da aka kasa da $ 100, kuma suna hana 'yancin kada kuri'a, idan ba ka da jami'in da daraja.

Mene ne birane garambawul Catherine 2? A Empress umurce su raba al'ummar cikin 6 Categories:

• birane mazaunan (masu gida).

• yan kasuwa 3 guild.

• yan sana'a;

• nonresident da kuma kasashen waje, fatake.

• mashawarta 'yan ƙasa (arziki fatake, bankers, gine-ginen, painters, masana kimiyya, composers).

• townsmen (ba tare da gine-gine).

Tare da gaisuwa ga wadannan sababbin abubuwa zamu iya cewa Politika Ekateriny 2 a nan ya taimaka karfi stratification na al'umma cikin mawadata da matalauta. Kamar wancan tattalin arziki matsayi Part na manya rincabewa. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba su iya shiga jama'a sabis, ba kasancewa iya saya da zama dole domin wannan tufafi da takalma. A lokaci guda adadin manyan fādawan da mallakar manyan yankunan da ƙasa, kuma dubban daruruwan serfs.

The addini manufofin

Wasu yankunan har yanzu shafa gwamnati garambawul Catherine 2? Wannan karfi-so mace kokarin sarrafa komai a jihar, ciki har da addini. A 1764, ta bayar da umarni hana coci asashe. Tare da manoman data yankunan da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga management na wasu tanadi Association. Saboda haka, malamai sun dogara da sarauta da iko. A general, da Empress kokarin bi manufar addini haƙuri. A farkon shekaru na ta sarautar daina tsananta wa na Old Muminai, sun samu jihar goyon baya, addinin Buddha, Protestantism, Yahudanci.

Catherine 2 matsayin shigeba, na haske ka'idar

34-shekara sarautar da Empress mai cike da yawa na saɓani events. Haskaka absolutism na Catherine 2, wanda ta yi kokarin yin wa'azi a cikin nobility, da kuma bayyana kanta a wadda ta halitta "Umarnin", da kuma babban taron na Majalisar Dokokin Hukumar, da kuma Estate gyara, kuma a cikin administrative rabo daga cikin ƙasar Rasha, kuma ya gyãra a bangaren ilmi. Duk da haka, da duk wadannan sauye-sauye da aka samu da iyaka. Class tsarin, autocratic management manufa, serfdom zauna unshakable. Kulawa ta musamman da aka bai wa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Catherine Faransa haske (Voltaire, Diderot). Ta jagoranci wani aiki rubutu tare da su, musayar ra'ayoyi. Sun kasance game da ita sosai sosai. Duk da haka, da zamani masana tarihi yi imani da cewa wadannan dangantakar sun zalla tallafawa hali. A Empress sau da yawa kariminci na "abokai".

A sakamakon sarautar babban empress

A lokacin da ya zo fahince Catherine garambawul 2 da kuma a takaice takaita ta mulkinsa. Yana da yawa canje da aka yi, wani lokacin sosai sabanin. Empress zamanin ne halin da matsakaicin bautar da manoma, ya tauye musu m hakkin. Lokacin da ta zartas da dokar banning da manoman zuwa fayil din da wani korafin da ya mai masauki. Ya sha musantawa, da kuma a musamman yawa. Misali yi empress kanta, kariminci endowing zumunta da kuma rufe da yadi da kuma assigning your favorites zuwa key gwamnatin posts. Ba mamaki, bayan 'yan shekaru da ta sarautarsa, kasar taskar da aka komai. Abin da ƙarshe ya ƙare 2 Catherine gyara? A takaice, wanda zai iya ce da wannan: mai tsanani tattalin arziki da rikicin da duka auka na kudi tsarin da ke jihar. Duk abin da ya, ta tsunduma cikin harkokin rayuwar jama'a, kuma ƙaunar zama ta 'yan qasar Rasha.

Mun koya, a cikin abin da ya bayyana wayayyu absolutism Catherine 2 a lokacin ta sarautarsa, wasu kayan abinci na abin da ta kasance iya kawo rai da rai.