Yuri Khmelnitsky: takaice dai biography, siyasa, a zamanin mulkin

Daya daga cikin mafi rigima Figures in Ukrainian tarihi ne Yuri Khmelnitsky. Dan daga cikin manyan masana tarihi Bogdan samu wani ra'ayi wanda diverges ƙwarai, dangane da akida matsayi. Amma duk da su yarda da cewa ɗan da damar iya yin komai ƙwarai baya ga mahaifinsa. Biography Yuriya Hmelnitskogo zai zama batun da mu shawara.

yara

Yuri Khmelnitsky aka haifi kewaye da 1641 a wata gona kusa da Chigirina ranar Asabar a wani iyali na kananan Ukrainian bafadan Bogdan (Zinovy) Khmelnitsky da kuma Anna Semyonovna Somko, 'yar'uwar nan gaba mukaddashin hetman Yakov Somko. Bayan shi, da iyali da bakwai fiye da yara: 3 boys da kuma 4 'yan mata.

Game da farkon shekaru na rayuwa Yuri komi ba ne da aka sani, fãce abin da ya rayu tare da mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa a gida gona.

Rayuwar iyali Khmelnytsky kuma dukan na Commonwealth ya canja da cika fuska tun 1647, lokacin da ranar Asabar sanya kwasar ganima da hare-hare na sirri maƙiyi bafadan Bogdan Daniel Czapliński. Ya lalatar da dukiya, a lokacin da shugaban iyali daga gida, da kuma bulale rabin zuwa mutuwa daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa.

'yantar yaki

Ba gano wani istinbadi majalisa don jinkiri bafadan, Bohdan Khmelnytsky a farkon 1648 a Ukraine sparked m tawaye da Polish mulki. Babban tuki da karfi na tawaye ya Zaporozhye Cossacks, wanda hetman a cikin wannan shekara Bogdan Zinovy an zabe.

A farko nasarorin da tawaye sun ban sha'awa, a matsayin Cossack sojojin a cikin ƙawance da Crimean Tatars gudanar don sarrafa mafi yawansu ba-rana Ukraine. Har yanzu siyasa Bogdan Khmelnitsky ba haka ba ne nagartaccen, kuma a sakamakon-kafet wasanni da kuma jerin betrayals aka tilasta a 1651 don shiga wata disadvantageous Belotserkovskii duniya cewa nufi da asarar da wani gagarumin ɓangare na yankuna.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky gane cewa ba tare da wani qarfi shi ne ba don lashe yaki. A Pereiaslav Rada a Janairu 1654 a shawarar da aka amince a kan tallafi na Rasha kasa sarki. Bayan haka, Rasha shi ne a yaki tare da Poland.

Yuri Khmelnitsky, sabanin da mazan wa Timosha, saboda da farkon yara, kai tsaye sashi a cikin soja kamfen mahaifinsa bai yarda. Bayan Timosha da aka kashe a 1653 a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe a Moldova, Yuri shi ne kawai dan Bogdana Hmelnitskogo, kamar yadda 'yan'uwansa sun mutu a baya. Ya aka aiko wa ubansa karatu a Kiev collegium.

Bayan kammala karatunsa, yana da shekaru goma sha shida tare da taimako daga mahaifinsa, Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman aka ayyana. Wancan ne, Bogdan ne shirya shi gãdar da ikon bayan mutuwarsa, wanda ya faru a 1657 daga wani bugun jini.

Bayan rasuwar tsohonsa

Goma sha shida shekara haihuwa Yuri bayan kwatsam da mutuwar mahaifinsa kuwa ba a shirye su yi a kan gwamnatin jihar. Ko da yake wani ɓangare na Cossacks shelar shi hetman, amma Chigirinskaya Rada saja ya zabi shugaban janar magatakarda (wani analogue na Turai kansila) Ivana Vygovskogo. Yury Bogdanovich aka tilasta yãfe, ikon a cikin ni'imar da mafi gogaggen dan takarar.

Ivan Vygovskyy tun a farkon kwanaki ya jagoranci zaman kanta da Rasha jihar siyasa. Ya yi imani da cewa Rasha tsar warware farko yarjejeniyar a kan jam'iyya. Vygovskyy tafi zuwa ga rapprochement tare da Poland, wanda wuni a ƙarshe na kwangila Hadiach 1658. Yana bayar ga hada Ukraine (grand duchy Rasha) a cikin kashi na Poland, a kan daidaita da Lithuania da kuma Poland.

Wannan yarjejeniya ya jagoranci wani tsaga a cikin sahu na Cossack. A gagarumin yawan dattawa da sauki Cossacks aka yi tsayayya da su rapprochement tare da Poland da kuma ya kasance da aminci ga Rasha Tsar. A tsaga ya jagoranci wani talatin da shekara yakin basasa a Ukraine, a lokacin da aka mai suna a cikin kufanta. A lokacin da fada a tsakanin Rasha sojojin, wanda ya samu goyon bayan wani aminci ga sarkin na Cossacks, da kuma dakarun Vygovskogo, da karshen da aka ci, kuma ya tilasta a 1659, ya tsere zuwa Poland.

biyu hetman

Bayan gudu Vygovskogo, Cossack jami'an yanke shawarar zaben sabon Hetman. Daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki magoya bayan hambararren Vygovskogo da wani kawun a cikin uwa tasa ta Yuri - Kanar Yakov Somko, wanda da kansa methyl a wuri na Cossacks kai. Amma babban contender ya dan Velikogo Bogdana - goma sha takwas Yuri. mahaifinsa daraja shi ne da trump katin. Kuma a cikin Rada a 1659 a cikin White Church a post na hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky aka amince. A zamanin mulkin Hetman (1659 -. 1685) ya zo daidai da lokacin da na jini kango. Ya kamata a lura da cewa domin tabbatar da za ~ en, Yuri aika zuwa Rada a White Church a Amintaccen mutum na da mahaifinta - Ivana Bryuhovetskogo, wanda a nan gaba za su zama a kan hetman na Hagu-Bank Ukraine.

A cikin sabon Rada soma wani ƙuduri a kan takarda da Rasha Tsar a fadada daga cikin hakkokin da Cossacks. A musamman, tambayoyi an tashe game da karfafa ikon da Hetman da mulkin kai na Ukrainian Church. Amma da wannan takarda ƙaryata sarauta gwamnan Troubetzkoy. Ya kuma bukaci a sake m da Cossacks wanda hakkokin su ne ma fi iyaka a kwatanta da sau Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

tsattsage Ukraine

A 1660 sojojin Rasha a karkashin jagorancin bafadan Sheremetyev nuna rashin amincewa da sojojin na Commonwealth. Don Gwamnan ya kasance shiga Yuri Khmelnitsky tare da Cossacks, amma zauna saboda tsoro. Ya kasance m kuma ya aka kewaye da Polish da dakarun, ya riga ya yi lokacin da za a kewaye Barcelona.

A karkashin matsin lamba Yuri Foreman aka tilasta hannu a sabuwar kwangila tare da kasashen Commonwealth. A wani wuri na shirye-shiryen, sai aka mai suna Slobodyshche rubutun. Wannan yarjejeniya ta kasance a mutunta mutane da yawa kama da Gadyachsky, amma samar da kasa da 'yanci na Ukrainian yawan jama'a, musamman, bai samar ga mulkin kai. Yuri Khmelnitsky aka tilasta roƙa batutuwa na Yaren mutanen Poland sarki.

Wannan al'amari ya ba da liking na babban ɓangare na dattawa da Cossacks. Suka ƙi yin biyayya da kuma Yuri zaba aiki hetman Kanar Somko, wanda ya goyi bayan Rasha mulkin. Karkashin iko da Yuriya Hmelnitskogo ne kawai dama-banki Ukraine. Saboda haka, a kan wani da shekara ɗari Little Rasha ne a zahiri raba biyu sassa: dama banki na alternately gane Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma mulkin Ottoman, da kuma hagu banki - ikon da Rasha Tsar.

sabon setbacks

Kokarin sake samu iko a kan dukan ƙasa na Ukraine, da kuma dogaro da goyon bayan da kasashen Commonwealth, Yuri Khmelnitsky fara tafiya a kan Hagu Bank. Na farko, shi partially hadu tare da nasara, amma bayan wani Somko reinforcements zo a cikin nau'i na sojojin Rasha a karkashin umurnin Boyar Romodanovsky, dama-banki hetman sha kaye a Kanev bazara 1662.

Dakatar da sojojin Rasha Khmelnitsky iya kawai gama ƙawance da Crimean khan. Saboda haka a cikin nasara ba ya abin yabo. Kamar yadda kwamandan nuna ta faduwa wanwar Yuri Khmelnitsky, da manufofin da ya gaza, da ɗaukakar Ubansa iya daina tabbatar da yiwuwa na dama-banki hetman. Saboda haka, a karshen 1662 da ya tilasta wa yãfe, ikon a cikin ni'imar Kanar Pavla Teteri, kuma ya zama m karkashin sunan ɗan'uwansa, Gidiyon.

tana dabo

Amma wannan mishap dan Bogdana Hmelnitskogo ya ba karshen. Paul Teteria fara zargin shi na so a sake yi da wuri na Hetman kuma haka a kurkuku shaidun kotu a 1664 a Lviv sansanin soja. Kawai bayan mutuwar Hetman Khmelnytsky a 1667, ya aka saki a cikin daji da kuma fara rayuwa a Uman sufi.

Shan part a cikin Cossack majalisa a 1668, Yuri Khmelnitsky farko goyon bayan zanga-Turkish fuskantarwa na sabon-dama banki hetman Peter Doroshenko, wanda ya dauki Ottoman dan kasa, amma sai ya koma gefe na abokin kokawarsa Mihaila Hanenko.

A daya daga cikin fadace-fadace tare da Tatars Yuri ya aka kama da kuma aika zuwa Istanbul. Duk da haka, da Turkish a gidan yari ga tsohon Hetman aka gwada da dadi.

sake hetman

Bayan Bitrus Doroshenko ƙi Hetmanate da kuma shiga cikin Rasha dan kasa, shi ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Turks ne masu biyayya ga Yuriyu Hmelnitskomu. Sultan gan shi a matsayin wani madadin dan takarar da post na Hetman. Lalle ne, ta fuskar da Turks, shi ne fi dacewa dace domin wannan matsayi dan Bogdan. Yuriya Hmelnitskogo halaye ba da damar a ce wannan zai zama gaba daya impotent da aiki a cikin layi, wanda ake bukata da Turks, saboda daga shi iya wuya jira wani zaman kanta mataki.

Saboda haka, a cikin 1876, Yuri aka sake nada Hetman, wannan lokaci ta cikin Turkiyya Sultan. Ya halarci yaƙi gāba da Turks Chigirin, sa'an nan Ya sanya gidansa birnin Nemiroff.

kisa

Ba kasancewa iya gaske sarrafa Ukrainian asashe, Yuri Khmelnitsky fara shirya da kisan nasa batutuwa. Wadannan events an zāna a wani mummunan haske hoto Yuriya Hmelnitskogo. Gajeren lokaci sarautar Hetman ƙare a 1681, lokacin da Turks aiko shi zuwa ga daya daga cikin tsibiran Aegean.

Akwai ka'idar bisa ga abin da Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman aka nada ta Turks da zarar more - a 1683. Amma ya kuma ci gaba ta'addi, yadda kafin. Wannan ya fusatar da Baturke Pasha, wanda ya kawo George a Kamenetz-Podolsk, inda ya kashe a 1685.

Janar halaye

Ã'a hadaddun da ban tausayi rayuwar Yuri Khmelnitsky. Taqaitaccen Tarihin wannan mutum da aka dauke ta da mu. Dole ne in ce cewa, mafi yawan masana tarihi sun yarda da cewa shi ne mai rauni-Yã so, m mutum, na dogon lokaci kokarin tana dabo. Za mu iya cewa Yuri Khmelnitsky shi ne plaything na waje na siyasa ba. Wannan zai iya ba zai shafi wa psyche, wanda a cikin sa karshen rayuwa a cikin tushe da azãba batutuwa.

A daidai wannan lokaci, dole ne mu ce har yanzu muna san mun gwada kadan game da muradi da ayyuka na wannan mutumin. Ko da tare da girmamawa ga mutuwarsa, akwai sabani tsakanin masana tarihi.