Zane-zane na zamanin d mutane. Ancient dutse sassaka

Wayewar dan adam ya zo dogon hanyar ci gaba da kuma ya samu m sakamakon. Littafi art - daya daga cikinsu. Amma duk abin da na farkon. Yadda ya yi da zane da kuma wanda suka kasance - na farko artists na duniya?

Fara na prehistoric art - da iri da kuma siffofin

A cikin Stone Age, da Paleolithic, da farko ya bayyana m art. Yana da wani daban-daban siffar. Wadannan sun ibada, music, raye-raye da kuma songs, kazalika da tunzura images a kan daban-daban saman - dutse zane-zane na m mutane. Don wannan lokaci ne da mulkin da halittar farko mutum ya Tsarin - megaliths, dolmens da menhirs, manufar wanda shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu - Stonehenge a Salisbury, kunsha na cromlechs (karkata zuwa ga gaskiya duwatsu).

Household abubuwa, kamar kayan ado, toys, kuma ya kasance a cikin art na m mutane.

periodization

Masana kimiyya da babu shakka game da lokacin asalin m art. Shi ya fara nunawa a cikin tsakiyar Paleolithic, a lokacin da marigayi kwatanta. Da al'adun da cewa lokaci ne da ake kira Mousterian.

Kwatanta su iya aiwatar da dutse, da samar da kayan aiki. A wasu batutuwa, masana kimiyya samu depressions da notches a cikin nau'i na crosses kafa m ado. A lokacin, zane iya ba tukuna, amma tsarin, an riga an yi amfani da. ƙasa kashe ta guda da aka samu, kamar a fensir, wanda aka yi amfani da.

M dutse zanen - Definition

Wannan shi ne wani irin m art. Hoto ne, amfani da fenti a kogon bango surface na zamanin d mutumin. Mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwa samu a Turai, amma akwai zane-zane na zamanin d mutane a nahiyar Asiya. Babban yankin na yaduwa daga dutse art - da ƙasa na zamani Spain da kuma Faransa.

masana kimiyya shakka

Na dogon lokaci, kimiyyar zamani bai san da cewa ma'adanin na m mutumin ya kai irin wannan babban matakin. The zane a cikin kogwanni na zamanin d mutane ba su sami har da XIX karni. Saboda haka, a lokacin da suka fara gano, suka riƙa gurbata.

Tarihi na binciken

Ancient dutse art da aka samu ta hanyar wani mai son tarihi, Spanish lauya Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola.

Wannan bincike ne saboda da ban mamaki abubuwan. A cikin Spanish lardin Cantabria a 1868, wani mafarauci gano kogon. Ƙofar aka zubar da shara bagure dutse. A 1875, shi da yayi nazari da de Sautuola. A lokacin, ya samu kawai kayan aikin. A find ya kasance ya fi kowa. Shekaru hudu daga baya, mai son tarihi shan laya Altamirskuyu kogon. Ya aka tare da wani 9-shekaru 'yar, wanda ya gano da kuma zane. Tare da abokinsa, tarihi Juan Vilanova Pierre de Sautuola tsunduma a tono daga kogon. Jim kadan kafin cewa, a nuni da abubuwa na Stone Age, sai ya ga siffar bauna, abin mamaki reminiscent na dutse zanen tsoho mutum, wanda zai iya ganin 'yarsa Maria. Sautuola da shawarar cewa Altamirskoy samu a kogon zane dabbobi kasance a cikin Paleolithic. A wannan ya aka goyan bayan da Wilanow-Pierre.

Masana kimiyya sun buga da m sakamakon su tono. Kuma a sa'an nan ya aka zarge shi da ƙarya da ilimi duniya. Manyan masana a fagen ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun tantama ƙaryata da yiwuwar gano art paleolithic lokaci. Marcelino de Sautuola zargi, cewa da zane na zamanin d mutane, wai su same su, aka kõma da wani tarihi, baƙi a cikin waɗannan kwanaki da shi.

Kawai shekaru 15 daga baya, bayan mutuwar mutumin da ya gano a duniya ban mamaki misalai na art na zamanin d mutane, abokan adawarsa sun gane gaskiya daga Marcelino de Sautuola. By lokacin wadannan zane-zane a cikin kogwanni na zamanin d mutane da aka samu a cikin Font-de-Gaume, Trois Frères, les combarelles da Rouffignac a Faransa, Bale d'Oduber a Pyrenees da kuma sauran yankuna. All daga cikinsu sun dangana ga Paleolithic zamanin. Saboda haka, da kyau sunan wani Spanish masanin kimiyya wanda ya aikata daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri binciken a ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, an mayar.

Fasaha na zamanin d artists

Sun zanen, photos wanda aka gabatar a kasa, ta ƙunshi wani jam'i na images of dabbobi daban daban. Suna mamaye bauna figurine. Lalle ne waɗanda suka farko ga zane-zane na zamanin d mutane samu a cikin kogon Altamira, ana mamakin yadda masu sana'a da suke yi. Wannan m fasaha na zamanin d artists da kuma sanya a saboda lokaci su fara shakka da amincin masana kimiyya.

Ancient mutane ba nan da nan koya don ƙirƙirar daidai siffofin dabbobi. zane zane, a cikin abin da kawai kayyade da contours aka samu, don haka shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba a samu fitar da wanda ya so ya nuna da artist. A hankali jawo basira samu mafi alhẽri, kuma ya gudanar ya fairly daidai iyar da image na dabba.

Daga cikin na farko zane-zane na zamanin d mutane iya hada handprints samu a yawa kogwanni.

Hannun smeared da Paint amfani da bango, sakamakon bugu contours na wani launi daban-daban a kan kwane-kwane ta'allaka a cikin da'irar. Kamar yadda masu bincike, wannan mataki ya na da babban muhimmanci ga al'ada na zamanin d mutumin.

Topics zanen farko artists

Sun zanen na zamanin d mutane daidai da gaskiyar da na kewaye da shi. Yana nuna abin damuwarsu shi ya fi. Babban zama da Paleolithic hanyar samar da abinci da aka farauta. Saboda haka dabbobi - babban muradi na zane na lokacin. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a Turai, da aka samu a da dama images of bison, barewa, da dawakai, da awaki, bears. Su canjawa wuri ne ba a tsaye da kuma a motsi. Animals gudu, Jump, ji dãɗi, kuma ya mutu, soke da mashin na mafarauci.

A cikin kogon Lascaux, located in France, shi ne mafi girma a zamanin da sa image. Its size - fiye da mita biyar. A wasu kasashe, da tsoho artists kuma fentin annan dabbobi da cewa ya rayu tare da su. A Somalia, da siffar rakumin dawa da aka samu a Indiya - damisa da kuma crocodiles, a cikin kogwanni da Sahara akwai zane-zane na Jiminai da kuma giwaye. Bayan dabbobi, da farko artists fentin scenes na farauta da mutane, amma sosai da wuya.

Nada petroglyphs

Don me tsoho mutane suke nuna dabbobi da mutane a kan garun kogwanni da sauran shafukan, shi ne ba a sani ba. Kamar yadda ya riga ya fara samar da wata addini, mafi m, suna da wani zurfin al'ada muhimmanci. Figure "Farauta" tsoho mutane, a cikin ra'ayi na masu bincike, nuna alamar cin nasara sakamakon gwagwarmayar da dabba. Wasu yi imani da cewa su aka halitta tribal shaman shiga wani trance da kuma kokarin samun hanyar da image na musamman karfi. Ancient artists sun rayu lokaci mai tsawo, amma saboda sabubban halittar zane zamani malamai sun ba a sani ba.

Fenti da kuma kayayyakin aiki

Don ƙirƙirar jawo m artists amfani da wani musamman m. Farko, da suka tõno dabba abun yanka image a kan surface dutse ko dutse, sa'an nan shi aka amfani da fenti. Yana da aka yi na halitta kayan - launi daban-daban na ocher da kuma baki pigment, wanda ya fitar gawayi. Domin kayyade da tawada amfani organics dabbobi (jini, kitse, medulla) da kuma ruwa. Launuka samuwa ga tsoho artists kasance kaɗan: rawaya, ja, baki, ruwan kasa.

Zane-zane na zamanin d mutane da 'yan fasali. Wani lokaci su ake superimposed a kan juna. Sau da yawa artists fentin wani babban yawan dabbobi. A wannan yanayin, da Figures a cikin foreground aka nuna a hankali, da kuma sauran - Schematic. M mutum bai halitta qagaggun a cikin mafi yawan zane - wani m saida kaya na images. A halin yanzu, kawai 'yan "zane-zane" same su da uniform abun da ke ciki.

A Paleolithic lokacin an riga an halitta da farko zanen kayayyakin aiki. Waɗannan su ne m da sandunansu, kuma goge sanya daga dabbobi Jawo. Ancient artists da kuma kula game da lighting ya "canvases". fitilun da aka samu sun yi a cikin nau'i na dutse bowls. Sun zuba man fetur da kuma sanya lagwani.

Chauvet kogo

Yana da aka samu a shekarar 1994 a Faransa, da kuma ta tarin zane-zane gane a matsayin mafi tsoho. Laboratory karatu sun taimake ayyana shekaru na zane - farkon na wadannan da aka sanya 36,000 da suka wuce. A nan, wadansu siffofin dabbobi da aka samu da suke zaune a wani kankara shekaru. Wannan woolly karkanda, kogon zaki, bauna, damisa, Tarpan (m na zamani doki). Figures daidai kiyaye saboda gaskiyar cewa dubban shekaru da suka wuce da ƙofar kogon barjat.

Yanzu shi ke rufe zuwa ga jama'a. A microclimate, a cikinsa akwai hotuna, za a iya rushe adam gaban. Kawai 'yan sa'o'i na ta masu bincike za su iya gudanar da shi. Don ziyarci kallo yanke shawarar bude wani replica daga kogon ba da nisa daga gare ta.

Lascaux

Wannan shi ne wani sananne wuri, inda samu zane-zane na zamanin d mutane. Kogon gano by hudu matasa a 1940. Yanzu ta tarin zane-zane na zamanin d Paleolithic artists hada 1900 images.

A wuri ya zama Popular daga cikin baƙi. A babbar kwarara daga yawon bude ido ya sa a cikin lalacewar da zane. Wannan ya faru saboda an overabundance na carbon dioxide exhaled da mutane. A shekarar 1963 aka yanke shawarar rufe kogo ga jama'a. Amma matsalolin da adana daga cikin tsoho hotuna zama a wannan rana. Microclimate Lasko aka irretrievably karya, da kuma yanzu da Figures aka kullum kula.

ƙarshe

Zane-zane na zamanin d mutane fascinate mu tare da su da labarun almara da kuma zanen. Artists na lokaci sun iya kai ba kawai kwarai bayyanar da dabba, amma ya motsi da kuma halaye. Bugu da kari ga ado da m darajar da zane-zane na m artists ne wani muhimmin abu domin nazarin fauna daga cikin lokaci. Godiya ga waɗanda samu a cikin wakiltar Chauvet zane, masana kimiyya sun sanya wani gano tafarkin: ya juya daga cewa zakokin da dorinu, na asali mazaunan zafi kudancin kasashen a cikin zamanin da Stone Age rayu a Turai.