Zhivkov Todor: biography, iyali

Zhivkov, Todor Hristov wani Bulgarian siyasa kuma shugaban na shekaru masu yawa (daga 1954 zuwa 1989) da Bulgarian jam'iyyar kwaminis. Fiye da shekaru 35 na shugabannin jam'iyyar, ya kasance da tsakiyar yanke shawara mukamai a kasar: firaministan kasar (1962-1971) da kuma shugaban majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bulgaria (1971-1989), watau kuma a zahiri shine, kuma de jure, ya kasance shugaban kasa.

Fage, da ilimi da kuma matasa

A haifuwa daga Todor Zhivkov? Tarihinsa ya fara ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1911 a kauyen Pravets, kusa Sofia, a wani baƙauye iyali. A 1928 ya shiga cikin Bulgarian kungiyar matasa, wanda aka hankali hade da Bulgaria Ma'aikata 'Party (BRP). Wannan doka siyasa kungiyar da aka halitta bayan da ban a 1924, da Bulgarian jam'iyyar kwaminis, cikin tarihin Satumba 1923 m tawaye to, ku kãmã ikon a kasar.

Todor Zhivkov sauke karatu daga ƙarami makarantar sakandare a Pravets a 1929, sa'an nan kuma karatu a cikin 6th (yau 10 ga watan) shekara na makarantar sakandare a Botevgrad. Sa'an nan, ya zauna a Sofia, inda ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare, sa'an nan ya tafi aiki kamar yadda typefounder Metropolitan jihar bugu gidan.

A farkon siyasa

A 1932 Zhivkov Todor zama memba na BRP. Ya zarar zama memba na Sofia kwamitin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta sakatare na biyu na kwamitin ofishin. Ya wãyi gari faƙaƙƙe, sunan shi ne "Yanko." Ko da yake BRP da aka dakatar tare da duk sauran jam'iyyun siyasa bayan wannan yunkuri na May 19, 1934, amma ya ci gaba da zama da majalisar dokokin kasar, da kuma Zhivkov a prewar lokacin da ya shiga tsakani a cikin aikinsa, a lokaci guda kamar yadda sakataren gundumar kwamitin na CVT a Sofia. Daga Yuli 1938 zuwa Nuwamba 1942, yake boye a wasu Bulgarian kauyuka (Deskot, Lesichevo, Govedartsi) tare da matarsa Maroy Maleevoy, wanda ya yi aiki a cikinsu a matsayin GP.

A miƙa mulki ga 'yan gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, hukuncin da'ira na Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Tsar Boris sun masõya daga Nazi Jamus, ba kasa yankinsu a sanya sojojinsa. Bulgarian sojojin mamaye {asar Yugoslavia, da kuma Girka da aka ayyana yaki kan Great Britain da United States, amma a lokaci guda Bulgaria ya gudanar ba su je yaki tare da Tarayyar Soviet.

Bulgarian gurguzun da farkon yakin duniya na II, ta fara haifar da nasu yaƙin dakarun. Tun Yuni 1943 Zhivkov Todor da shawarar da Sofia Regional kwamitin BRP aka nada wani ma'aikacin na farko Sofia da 'yan tawayen gudanar da zone. Yana da aka geographically tsarin siga t. Kira. Mutane ta Liberation Army, halitta a cikin Maris 1943. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na zone sarrafa biyu partisan brigades, goma raka'a da kuma fama kungiyoyin. Zhivkov ya da izini wakilin Staff na yankin a matsayin partisan "Chavdar", sa'an nan rearranged a cikin wannan partisan birged karkashin umurnin Dobri Dzhurova aiki a cikin kusanci da Sofia. A postwar lokaci, da yawa masõya Zhivkov birged "Chavdar" shagaltar da shahararren mukamai a Bulgarian jihar cibiyoyin.

Kãmun ikon da 'yan gurguzun

By farkon Satumba 1944 a Bulgaria ya ci gaba da zama Jamus sojojin matsayin kawayenta, ko da yake gwamnati da nema su janye. Amfani da wannan al'amari, cikin Soviet gwamnatin 5 Satumba 1944, ayyana yaki kan Bulgaria. Satumba 8, 1944 Soviet sojojin na uku Ukrainian Front karkashin Marshal Tolbukhin da Black Sea rundunar ci birnin a kan Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, inda dakarun miƙa babu juriya. Kashegari (Satumba 9) kwaminis haddin shari'a cikin Sofia da kuma hambarar da gwamnatin Muravieva cewa rana kafin shella na yaki da Tarayyar Soviet yanke shawarar bayyana yaki a kan Jamus, amma ba su da lokacin da za a yi haka, saboda na da bata lokaci ba na soja sashen manajoji dangantaka da gurguzu. Idan siyasa rikici Muravieva hukuma kasa, Tarayyar Soviet zai yi ƙa'ida kawo sojoji cikin yankin magabta a Jamus, wanda zai yi ya sa 'yan adawa daga ta Western majiɓinta.

A sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na Satumba 1944 a Bulgaria ga rabin karni da aka mulki ta hanyar jam'iyyar kwaminis da kuma zama shugaban kasar, Georgi Dimitrov, a cikin shekaru goma kafin mashahuriyar wa m hali a kan shahara Leipzig tsari. A karshe mataki na yaki Bulgarian sojojin halarci shi a gefe na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma halarci a cikin yãƙi, a {asar Yugoslavia, Hungary da kuma Austria.

Tashi jam'iyyar aiki bayan Satumba 9, 1944

Daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba 1944 Zhivkov Todor ya siyasa shugaban ma'aikatan na jama'ar kasar mayakan da zama ta uku sakataren Sofia City kwamitin PDU. Fabrairu 27, 1945, ya zama 'dan takara na jam'iyyar kwamitin tsakiya members. Daga Janairu 1948 ya kasance na farko sakataren Sofia City kwamitin PDU kazalika da shugaban birnin kwamitin na Fatherland Front, a cikin abin da, fãce gurguzu, kuma ya hada da wasu sauran Bulgarian jam'iyyun. A karo na biyar majalisa na BRP, da aka gudanar a ranar Disamba 27, 1948, aka zabe ta kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar, wanda kõma da sunan Bulgarian jam'iyyar kwaminis (BCP). Zhivkov Todor kullum sake zabe a cikin hukumar mulki na BCP, har Disamba 8, 1989, lokacin da ya fitar da su daga shi gaba daya.

Way to saman ɓangare daga ikon

A watan Oktoba 1949, Zhivkov jagoranci kungiya da kuma Umarni Department na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis Bulgarian, a Janairu 1950, ya zama sakatare na jam'iyyar kwaminis, kuma a watan Nuwamba ya kuma an zabe wani dan takarar memba a kwamitin Politburo. Daga Yuli 1951 zuwa Nuwamba 1989 Zhivkov - wani memba na ofishin siyasa na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar. Shugaban sakatariya na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar tun 1953.

Duk da haka, da real iko a cikin jam'iyyar, ya aka qaddamar bayan shi Afrilu Plenum na kwamitin tsakiya (2-6 Afrilu 1956), wanda kiwon farkon mai hali daba debunking Vylko Chervenkov mafi kusa ally Georgi Dimitrov, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1949. Tchervenkov a 1950-1956 gg. ya da firaministan kasar Bulgaria, kuma a cikin shekaru 1950-1954 - da sakatare janar na kwamitin tsakiya na BCP. A zamanin mulkinsa, sai ya nuna mara biyayya ga Stalin, har canzawa da style of hali da kuma bayyanar.

Bayan Stalin ta mutuwa, da ikon jam'iyyar daga Chervenkov ya zama sannu-sannu matsawa zuwa Zhivkov. Da farko an shafe post na babban sakataren kwamitin tsakiya, da kuma bayan na shida jam'iyyar Congress (Maris 4, 1954) Zhivkov an zabe shi a sabuwar post na farko da sakataren kwamitin tsakiya na Bulgarian jam'iyyar kwaminis (gudanar da shi har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu, 1981).

A hade da jam'iyyar da gwamnati posts

Daga shekarar 1946 zuwa shekarar 1990. Zhivkov an zabe mataimakin majalisar dokoki (majalisar). Nuwamba 19, 1962, sai aka maye gurbinsu da Anton Yugova matsayin firaministan kasar. Da ya gudanar da wannan post har Yuli 9, 1971, lokacin da ya maye gurbinsu da Stanko Todorov.

Tun shekara ta 1971, Zhivkov ya zama shugaban sabuwar majalisar kasa na Jamhuriyar Bulgaria (a gaskiya shugaban kasa). Ya rike wannan matsayi har 17 Nuwamba 1989.

Bulgaria kusa su zama 16th Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet

Disamba 4, 1963 Todor Zhivkov matsayin BCP kwamitin tsakiya farko Sakataren kuma firaministan kasar da kaina gabatar a plenum na kwamitin tsakiya na Bulgarian roko da shawara ga kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU a kan wannan tambaya da kara haduwa da kuma nan gaba ci na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bulgaria da kuma Tarayyar Soviet, sa shi cikin 16th Jamhuriyar Soviet Union, haka ya zama wata barazana ga kasar ta samu 'yancin kai. Kwamitin tsakiya plenum yaba da tsari a matsayin "wani gagarumin bayyanuwar kishin kasa da kuma internationalism", wanda zai tãyar da "fraternal abũta, kuma m hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasar mu da kuma Tarayyar Soviet zuwa wani sabon mataki." The shawara "don ƙirƙirar tattalin arziki, siyasa da kuma akida da yanayi na cikakken daidaituwa na mu biyu fraternal kasashen "shi aka hada baki yarda a gun cikakken zaman da kaina sanya hannu da Todor Zhivkov, amma da aka ƙi da Tarayyar Soviet.

Part a cikin danniya na Prague Spring

A yanke shawara a kan sa hannu na Bulgaria a bakin soji bayan da Prague Spring aka soma da majalisar ministocin kasar, karkashin shugabancin Todor Zhivkov. Yana da aka bayar a saman-sirrin majalisar ministocin kasar da umurnin № 39 na NRB 20.VIII.1968 tare da dalili na yanke shawara a cikin nau'i na "don samar da tallafin na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia da Czechoslovak mutane". A soja aiki hannu da 12th da 22th dakaru regiments dubu 2164 mutumin da wani tanki bataliya da 26 inji T-34.

Cire daga ofishin

A shekarar 1989, a yawan kasashe na gurguzu sansanin gurguzun rasa ikon a sakamakon juyin da kuma juyin mulki, qaddamar da janar weakening na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma karewa matsayi na tattalin arziki goyon baya daga gefen. Yana bai tsere da na kowa rabo da kuma Bulgaria. Nuwamba 9 a wani taro na ofishin siyasa na kwamitin tsakiya na Bulgarian jam'iyyar kwaminis Zhivkov Todor yi murabus daga mukaminsa a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar, gobe plenum na kwamitin tsakiya, wanda amince da murabus din da kuma bayar da shawarar da majalisar dokokin kwato shi daga mukaminsa na shugaban majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin. Nuwamba 17 Zhivkov rasa, kuma wannan post. A Janairu 1990, an kama shi, ya aka gabatar a yawan zargin da zagi na iko. Saboda gaskiya cewa hukumomi a Bulgaria zuwa 90 shekaru na 20 st. kiyaye su ga tsohon jam'iyyar kwaminis, sake masa suna cikin Socialist Party, t. e. zauna a hannun matasa, abokan aiki Zhivkov, rekõdinsa ya ba kamar yadda m kamar yadda shugaban Romanian kwaminis Ceausescu. Sai 1996, Zhivkov ya karkashin gidan kama, da karar shi a bincika kasãla, kuma shahararsa ta tsohon shugaban a kan bango na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki a kasar ya yi girma. Amma da ya riga ya cika kubutar da aka ba fated. A watan Agusta 1998, kadan kafin shekaru 87, ya mutu daga ciwon huhu.

Todor Zhivkov: Family

The siyasa da aka yi aure (ga Yuli 1938) a Mare-Jivkova Maleeva, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1971 daga ciwon daji. Suna da wani ɗansa da 'yarsa. Todor Zhivkov 'yar Lyudmila (ga. Photo ƙasa), sanannen Bulgarian art tarihi, na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin shugaban da Bulgarian gwamnati ta kwamitin Gargajiya da Al'adu. Ta rasu a shekarar 1981 daga wani bugun jini.

Dan siyasa Vladimir ne har yanzu da rai, dansa a daraja daga cikin shahararrun kakan aka mai suna Zhivkov Todor. Jikanyar Politika Evgeniya ( 'yar Ludmila Zhivkova) ne a Bulgarian siyasa da kuma zanen, sau tara (2001 da 2009) an zabe shi a majalisar dokokin kasar.