A binciken da masana kimiyya a Antarctica Rasha

A binciken da Antarctica - tarihi, da nuna sha musantawa adam so ga ilimi na duniya, da labarin game da ikon ruhu da kuma shirye dauki kasada. Shida nahiyoyi, a rubuce, da kudu na Australia, da nahiyar Amirka da ƙarni m da masu bincike da kuma cartographers. Amma tarihin Antarctic bincike fara kawai a 1819 tare da wata duniya yawon shakatawa Rasha explorers Bellingshausen da Lazarev. A sa'an nan ya fara ci gaban wata babbar kankara sarari, wanda ya ci gaba da wannan rana.

Daga a tarihi mai nisa

Kusan shekara dubu biyu zuwa lokacin da akwai bude da farko karatu na Antarctica, tsoho geographers riga magana game da kasancewarsa. Sa'an nan da taro na kowa da zaton game da abin da ya ƙunshi asa mai nisa. Sunan "Antarctica" bayyana a cikin wannan lokaci. Domin da farko lokacin da shi ya auku a Martina Tirskogo a karni na biyu AD. Daya daga cikin mawallafa na jarrabawa game da unknown nahiyar ya Velikiy Aristotel, shi aka zaci cewa duniya ne tsakaitã, wanda ke nufin cewa ga Afirka shine wani nahiyar.

Legends tashi daga baya. A wasu maps da suke danganawa tsakiyar zamanai, a fili a bayyane image na "ta Kudu Land", sau da yawa located dabam, ko da alaka da Amurka. A shekara ta 1929 daya daga cikinsu da aka samu. Admiral Piri Reis map, kwanan rana ta 1513 shekara, ana zargin su dauke da wani sosai cikakken kuma m portrayal na bakinta Antarctica. Ina da ƙãga dauki bayanai don katin, har yanzu ya kasance wani asiri.

samun kusa

Age na Discovery da aka ba alama ta samu na shida nahiyar. Research Turai navigators kawai quntata cikin da'irar bincike. Ya zama a sarari cewa ta Kudu Amurka nahiyar "ba a haɗe" duk wani unknown ƙasar. A 1773 Dzheyms Kuk a karon farko a tarihin haye Arctic Circle, kuma same dama Antarctic tsibirin, amma a cikin hali da kuma ya iyakance. Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin labarin kasa ya faru bayan game da shekaru 50 bayan da cewa.

farko na hanya

Bude da kuma na farko da karatu na Antarctica da aka jagorancin Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena kuma tare da kai tsaye hallara Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. A 1819, da Kronstadt balaguro na biyu jirgin ruwa kuma, suka je Kudu iyakacin duniya, "Aminci" da "Gabas". A farko da aka tam lazimta da Lazarev sanye take for tafiya a cikin toughest yanayi. A na biyu da aka halitta da Birtaniya injiniyoyi da kuma a mutunta mutane da yawa rasa "Aminci." A karshen tafiya ya kasance cikin hanyar da farkon sama na balaguro: Jirgin ya a deplorable jihar.

Jirãge fita zuwa teku a kan Yuli 4, kuma Nuwamba 2, to sun kai Rio de Janeiro. Wadannan da niyyar, suka ɗibi tsibirin Kudancin Jojiya da kuma Sandwich zo duniya. Yana da aka gano a matsayin tarin tsiburai da kuma sake masa suna cikin Kudu Sandwich Islands. Daga cikin su akwai uku sabon tsibiran da aka gano: Leskov, Zavadovskiy da Thorson.

A binciken da Antarctica Bellingshausen da Lazarev

A bude dauki wuri 16 (27 New Style) a cikin Janairu 1820. Jirãge kusata da shida nahiyoyi a yankin yau da aka sani da kankara shiryayye Bellingshausen a Princess Marta Coast. Kafin farko daga cikin Arctic hunturu, a lokacin da yake mafi sharri yanayin yanayi, da balaguro kusata sau da yawa ga babban yankin. A mafi kusa ga nahiyar jiragen ruwa sun 5 da 6 (17 da 18) Fabrairu.

A binciken da Antarctica Bellingshausen da Lazarev ci gaba bayan zuwa na bazara. A sakamakon haka, kewayawa a kan taswira 'yan sabon abu da aka amfani: Bitrus I tsibirin da duwatsu, jera kankara-free ƙasar Alexander I. Uku Brothers Islands, da aka sani a yau kamar yadda Esplanda da kuma Mista O'Brien na yanzu. Island Rear Admiral Rozhnova (a yau - Gibbs), tsibirin Mikhailova (Kornuels), tsibirin Admiral Mordvinova (Elifent), tsibirin mataimakin Admiral Shishkov (Clarence).

A farko nazarin Antarctica da aka kammala Yuli 24, 1821, a lokacin da biyu jiragen ruwa koma zuwa Kronstadt.

balaguro taimako

Matuƙan karkashin umurnin Bellingshausen da Lazarev a lokacin da yake karatu tafiya a kusa da Antarctica. Sun tsara a total na 29 tsibiran, kazalika, ba shakka, da ɓangaren duniya. Bugu da kari, sun taru musamman bayanai ga karshe karni. A musamman, da Bellingshausen gano cewa, gishiri ruwa freezes a cikin wannan hanya a matsayin sabo ne, ya saba wa zaton na masana kimiyya da lokaci. Iyakar abin da bambanci - bukatar wani m zazzabi. Ethnographic da na halitta kimiyya tarin, ya isa da matuƙan a Rasha, yanzu kiyaye a Jami'ar Kazan. Don overestimate da muhimmancin da balaguro ne ba zai yiwu ba, amma tarihin bincike da kuma gano Antarctica daga shi ta fara.

assimilation

Kowane balaguro zuwa nahiyar kasance wasu feat. A matsananci yanayi na hamada na kankara bar kadan dama ga mutane da rashin lafiya-shirye ko unorganized. A farko karatu na Antarctica da masana kimiyya sun musamman wuya saboda su mambobi sau da yawa ba zai iya kwatanta har karshen cewa sunã da azãba.

Wannan shi ne yanayin da balaguro Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. Da tawagar sanya farko rubuce saukowa a kan tekun na Antarctica a 1899. Babban abu cewa balaguro kai - wannan hunturu. Ya zama a sarari cewa rayuwa shi ne zai yiwu idan akwai wani tsari da dakunan a cikin matsananci yanayi na garin kankara hamada a lokacin da iyakacin duniya dare. Duk da haka, wurin da aka zaba domin hunturu haka talauci, da kuma gida tawagar da baya a ƙarfinsa.

A farkon karni na karshe, da iyakacin duniya ta Kudu da aka kai. Da farko ya kai shi wani Norwegian balaguro jagorancin Roald Amundsen a 1911. Jim kaɗan bayan ta tawagar ta kai ta Kudu iyakacin duniya Robert Scott, wanda ya mutu a kan hanyar dawo. Duk da haka, mafi manyan sikelin-gaban kankara bari ya fara tare da 1956 nazarin Antarctica ya samu wani sabon hali - yanzu shi da aka gudanar a kan wani ciniki akai.

Igy

A tsakiyar karni na karshe, cikin nazarin Antarctica, kasashen da dama da aka yi niyya ba. A sakamakon haka, a 1957-1958. Goma sha biyu jihohi sun jefa su kuzari ga bunkasuwar wani garin kankara hamada. Wannan lokaci, an sanar da International Geophysical Shekara. Tarihi na Antarctica bincike yiwuwa bai sani ba, m lokaci.

An gano cewa kankara "numfashi" na shida nahiyar da kuma aka kwashe da iska igiyoyin kan nisa arewa. Wannan bayanai sanya shi yiwuwa more daidai hasashen yanayin on Earth. A lokacin da gudanar da bincike mai yawa da hankali da aka biya don ta haifa bedrock cewa zai iya gaya yawa game da tsarin da wannan duniya tamu. Yana da aka girbe, kuma da manyan adadin bayanai a kan irin abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin borealis, Magnetic hadari da cosmic haskoki.

Rasha masana kimiyya karatu Antarctic

Hakika, a kimiyya aiki a waɗannan shekaru da babbar rawar da Tarayyar Soviet taka leda. A zuciya na nahiyar da dama tashoshin da aka dogara ne a kan shi a kai a kai don gudanar da bincike kungiyoyin. Ko a lokacin shiri na Soviet Antarctic Fe (Sae) an halitta ga International Geophysical Shekara. Its haƙiƙa ya yi nazarin matakai abin da ke faruwa a nahiyar yanayi, da kuma tasiri a kan wurare dabam dabam na iska talakawa, da jawo ma'aunan kasa halaye na ƙasa, kuma ta jiki da kuma Gwargwadon description, da katin shaida na alamu matsawa Arctic ruwa. A farko balaguro komai a fili a kan kankara a Janairu 1956 Kuma a kan Fabrairu 13 da tashar "Aminci" da aka bude.

A sakamakon Soviet iyakacin duniya explorers muhimmanci rage yawan farin spots a kan taswira na shida nahiyar. Yana da aka gano fiye da ɗari uku Gwargwadon fasali kamar tsibiran, bays, kwari da ridges. Gudanar da girgizar kasa safiyo. Sun taimaka wajen kafa cewa Antarctica - ba wani rukuni na tsibiran a lokacin sa ran, da kuma ɓangaren duniya. A mafi muhimmanci da bayanai ne sau da yawa gano a sakamakon aikin bincike, a cike iya aiki, yayin da mafi wuya expeditions m.

A lokacin da mafi yawan aiki da bincike a Antarctica sarrafa takwas tashoshin aiki a cikin hunturu da kuma bazara. A lokacin da iyakacin duniya dare a nahiyar da 180 mutane. Tun da farkon lokacin rani, da dama daga cikin balaguro aka ƙara zuwa 450 mahalarta.

gade

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet ta bincike na Antarctica bai tsaya. A wurin da Sae zo Rasha Antarctic Fe. Tare da ci gaba na fasaha sanya yiwu a mafi cikakken nazari na shida nahiyar. Bincike a cikin Antarctica da masana kimiyya daga Rasha suna da za'ayi a hanyoyi da dama: da definition yanayin, Geophysical da sauran fasali na nahiyar, sakamakon yanayi mamaki a kan yanayin yanayi a wasu yankunan na duniya, tarin da kuma bincike na bayanai a kan anthropogenic kaya na iyakacin duniya tashoshin a kan muhalli.

Tun shekarar 1959, a lokacin da "The Antarctic yarjejeniyar" da aka sanya hannu, da garin kankara nahiyar ya zama wani wuri na kasa da kasa aiki tare, free daga soja aiki. A ci gaba da shida nahiyar da aka za'ayi da kasashe da dama. Antarctic gudanar da bincike a lokaci - wani misali na hadin gwiwa domin kare kanka da kimiyya ci gaba. Sau da yawa Rasha expeditions da duniya abun da ke ciki.

m lake

Kusan ba wanda rahoto na kwanan nan nazarin da Antarctica ba cikakken ba tare da ambata a wajen ban sha'awa abu samu a karkashin kankara. Its kasancewar an annabta AP Kapitsa da IA Zotikov bayan da Geophysical Shekara a kan tushen da data a wancan lokacin. Wannan ruwa tare lake Gabas dake kusa da homonymous tashoshin karkashin kankara Layer kauri of 4 km. Bude da bincike a karkashin jagorancin Rasha da masana kimiyya a Antarctica. Haka ya faru a hukumance a shekarar 1996, ko da yake shi ne a cikin marigayi 50s aka aiki a kan binciken na lake bisa ga Kapitsa da Zotikova.

Gano m duniyar kimiyya. Irin wannan subglacial lake gaba daya ware daga lamba tare da duniya ta surface, da kuma a kan miliyoyin shekaru. Rubuce shi ya ishe sabo ruwa tare da wani babban taro na oxygen iya zama mazauninsu kwayoyin, masana kimiyya har yanzu ba a sani ba. A m factor domin ci gaba da rayuwa ne duka isasshe high zafin jiki na lake - to + 10º a kasa. A kan iyakar da ya raba tafki surface, da kuma kankara mai sanyaya - duk -3º. A wannan lake aka kiyasta zurfin 1200 m.

Yiwuwar ganewa na unknown Flora da fauna ya kai ga yanke shawara rawar soja da kankara a yankin na Gabas.

kwanan nan Figures

Hakowa na kankara a tafki yanki ya fara a 1989. Shekaru goma da daga baya an tsaya a nesa na game da 120 m daga lake. Dalilin shi ne tsoron waje masu bincike yanayin kasa gurbatawa barbashi daga surface, sakamakon wani musamman al'umma da kwayoyin za a iya shafa. Rasha masana kimiyya ba raba wannan ra'ayi. Yana da aka zarar ci gaba da kuma gwada wani sabon, mafi tsabtace muhalli-friendly kayan aiki da kuma a 2006 sake maido da hakowa tsari.

A surface na lake aka cimma Fabrairu 5, 2012. Ruwa samfurori da aka aiko domin bincike. A binciken da sakamakon da dama samfurori da aka buga a watan Yuli 2013 A samfurori samu fiye da uku da rabi dubban musamman jerin DNA, 1623 wadda aka dangantaka tare da da wani HALITTAR ko jinsin: 94% - kwayoyin cuta, 6% - eukaryotes (principally fungi) da kuma wani biyu jerin kasance a cikin Archaean. Akwai alamun cewa zai iya yiwuwa a yi zaton cewa akwai fi girma kwayoyin a cikin lake. Part na samu kwayoyin ne parasites na kifi, saboda, watakila, a cikin shakka daga m bincike da kuma gano su.

A yawan malamai tana nufin sakamakon m m, bayyana irin wannan dama jerin laka, snow-kasa-kasa. Bugu da kari, shi ne wata ila cewa mafi yawan kwayoyin, wanda zai iya kasance a cikin DNA samu, ya dade da aka rasa. Duk da haka dai, da Antarctic da bincike da masana kimiyya daga Rasha da kuma da dama sauran kasashen dake yankin suna ci gaba.

Gaisuwa daga baya kuma duba zuwa nan gaba

Interest a Lake Vostok ne saboda ciki har da yiwuwar yi nazarin yanayin kasa, kamar irin waɗanda cewa sun wanzu a duniya shekaru masu yawa da suka wuce, a lokacin da Late Proterozoic. Sa'an nan a duniya tamu mun canza juna da dama duniya glaciations, kowane wanzuwa ga har zuwa goma shekaru miliyan.

Bugu da kari, nazarin Antarctica a cikin Lake District, da sosai aiwatar da hakowa rijiyoyin, tarin, bincike da kuma fassarar da sakamakon na iya zama da amfani a nan gaba ci gaban da gas giant Jupiter amaryar wata, Europa da kuma Callisto. Mai yiwuwa, akwai irin wannan lake da ta gwangwani yanayin kasa a ƙasa ta surface. Idan jarrabawa aka tabbatar, da "mazauna" a karkashin-kankara tabkuna a Turai da kuma Callisto iya zama na farko kwayoyin samu waje duniya tamu.

A tarihin bincike da kuma gano Antarctica ne da kwatanta ta da akai adam so ya fadada nasu ilmi. A binciken da na shidansu nahiyar, kazalika da International Space Station - wani misali na zaman lafiya co-aiki tare da yawan jihohin kimiyya dalilai. A garin kankara nahiyar, duk da haka, shi ne a wani sauri ya bayyana da gãnawarsu ta asĩri. Matsananci yanayi bukatar m kamalar da fasaha, kimiyya kayan aiki, kuma sau da yawa da mutum ke tunani da jiki da iyaka. A inaccessibility na shida nahiyar ga mafi, kasancewar wani m yawan gibba a cikin ilmi game da shi halitta a da dama Legends game da Antarctica. M iya samun bayanai game da tududa da Nazis, UFOs da predatory glowing bukukuwa, da kashe mutane. Kamar yadda wani al'amari na gaskiya, duk abin da aka, kawai san explorers. Mabiya kimiyya versions iya amince fatan cewa nan da sannu za mu san game da Antarctica kadan, sa'an nan ragu da dan kadan da adadin Sufi enveloping nahiyar.