A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a taƙaice. A farkon gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism: a shekara. Dalilan da cosmopolitanism

A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism, da ranar da kahu sosai a Soviet tarihi, an sanctioned da gwamnatin. A wani akida yaƙi gāba da 'yan kasa, mai wakiltar, bisa ga kasar jagoranci, da hatsari ga jihar. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin tunani, ba su yarda da shugabanci na cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin na Soviet gwamnati. Ka yi la'akari da kara yadda gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism.

Overview

A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a takaice, da aka directed a kan Soviet kawo dukkan. Aka mai da su mãsu bãyar da zanga-Western ideas. A farkon da aka alama ta gwagwarmaya tare da cosmopolitanism? yakin neman kwanan zo daidai da lokacin da sanyi yaki. Its main manufa shi ne na al'ada da kuma kimiyya, Soviet Yahudawa. Su duk dauke da kansu Rasha, duk da haka, an zargi da gwamnati na rasa kishin kasa, dangantaka tare da kasashen yamma, a bãyar da bãya daga Marx da Lenin ta ideas.

Dalilan da cosmopolitanism

Nasara a cikin Great Patriotic War ya sa kasar alfahari a cikin heroism na mutane, mai iko upsurge na kishin kasa. Shi ke duka shuka a zukatan mutane fatan ga kyautata na rayuwa, fadada 'yanci, shakatawa na m jihar iko a fagage daban-daban. Amma m Cold War. Yana halakar da imani a cikin wani haske nan gaba. Kamar yadda na farko ãyõyin tabarbarewar a kasar dangantakar da West ne jihar siyasa a shekarar 1946, gwamnatin sa matsa lamba a kan wakilan da bourgeoisie da kuma kawo dukkan. A rare mujallu da aka buga a shafukan na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar al'adu. A bugu na "Leningrad" da "Star" da aka soki marubuta, masu kasida, 'yan fim, composers. Daga cikinsu akwai Akhmatova, Dovzhenko, Zoshchenko, Twardowski, Eisenstein, Shostakovich, Prokofiev. Su, kamar wasu da dama, da aka halin a kwamitin tsakiya ta yanke shawara a matsayin maras ɗa'a, kuma lalata mutane. Hukuncin na gwamnatin sa da kuma aiki Tarle. An zargi, musamman, da kuskure count na Crimean War, da gaskata da fadace-fadace da ya faru a karkashin Catherine II. Wannan ne duk tare da wani motsi daga mukaminsu, aka kama. Wadannan mutane da aka tsananta saboda abin da suka gani da su, don a wasu zaman kansa, akidar Tarayyar Soviet, free to zabi tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. The kalmar "cosmopolitan" tana nufin totality. Yana nuna da akidar da wani dan kasa na duniya, ko da a cikin abin da kasa da aka haife shi da kuma rayuwarsu.

A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (takaice)

A farko cajin mutane su bi Yammacin hadisai fara bayyana kafin sanyi, kuma ko da kafin yakin duniya na II. Saboda haka, sanannun danniya a kan waɗanda suka sãɓã da zamantakewa da siyasar tsarin da kasar. Idan muka magana game wanda ya jagoranci gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, shi ne lalle Stalin. Impetus da aka bai wa yakin neman magana May 24, 1945 a can, Stalin ya nuna darajar da Rasha mutane, ya kira ta da jagoran na dukan jama'a. Duk da maganarsa da aka rayayye goyan bayan da Tarayyar Soviet latsa. A cikin zukatan mutanen da aka kafe imani da cewa shi ne Rasha sun babban karfi da ya hallaka Nazis cewa ba tare da su taimako, ba sauran al'umma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, wannan zai ba su iya jimre. A duka yakin da aka gudanar a karkashin tutar kishin kasa namo. Sau da yawa a waje da kuma cikin gida mujallolin gwagwarmaya tare da cosmopolitanism, a takaice, shi ne kwatankwacin Stalin ta anti-Semitism. Wannan ra'ayi da aka bayyana da yawa masana tarihi.

a raga

Asalin kamfen a postwar lokacin da aka yadada da kuma sa mai girma jama'a outcry. Manufar gwamnatin, a cewar wasu masu bincike, ya kafa da kuma kula da iko a kan al'ummai da kara magudi. A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism (da shekara na farko manifestations - 1948) ya kasance kullum a karkashin kusa da hankali na Stalin. Ya yi mata wani musamman akida muhimmanci.

"The kotuna na girmamawa"

Yadda yana gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism? 1948 yana dauke da mafi m lokaci na ta manifestations. "Kotunan na girmamawa", an kafa a kan shirin na Stalin. Su ilimi - da hukuma farko na yaki da cosmopolitanism. "The kotuna na girmamawa" ya gane duk manifestations sycophancy da servility da al'adun kasashen yammaci. Su aka ɗõra wa ɗaukar wajibi don kawar da underestimation na da rawar da shugabannin Soviet da al'adu da kuma kimiyya a ci gaban duniya wayewa. A farkon gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism aka tare da na farko tsananta wa Yahudawa. A yakin da aka gudanar a dukan biranen kasar. Kotuna sun yi haka ne da kowane sashen. Sun dauke anti-zamantakewa da kuma anti-jihar ayyuka da kuma ayyuka da cewa su ne ba batun azãba karkashin rinjaye a lokacin da Criminal Code.

Case "kr"

A da lokaci ga wani babban-sikelin yaƙin neman zaɓe a duk cibiyoyin bincike a kasar. Masana kimiyya Klyuyev da Roskin halitta a 1947, da wani tasiri miyagun ƙwayoyi da ciwon daji. Yana da aka kira "krucina gashi na makamai" ( "CR"). Gano nan da nan sha'awar a Amurka. A Amurka miƙa su gudanar da hadin gwiwa da bincike. Bayan kammala miƙa zuwa buga littafin. A dacewa an cimma yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin ta yarda. A Amirka Parin (Academician-Sakatariyar AMN) da aka aika. Ya ba da Amirkawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi vial da daftarin rikodin na biotherapy na m siffofin maruran. Duk wadannan ayyuka Parin sanya tare da yarda da Ministan Kiwon Lafiya na Tarayyar Soviet. Amma da taron tabbatar da zama musamman m da Stalin. Komo daga America Parin kama. Ya aka yanke masa hukumcin shekaru 25 a karkashin labarin "Tawaye." Bugu da kari, da fitina daga Roskin da Klyuyev.

Gangamin a Birnin Leningrad,

A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism rayayye ci gaba da kuma birnin a kan Neva. A shekara ta 1948, ya zama cibiyar da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Karfi fiye da duk sha wahala daga Birnin Leningrad, University. A tarihi da kuma philological ikon tunani da kasance kama da fitar da mafi kyau furofesoshi. Daga cikinsu akwai Weinstein, Hooke, Rabinovich, Mavrodin da sauransu. Yahudawa da aka fitar daga digiri na biyu makaranta. Bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a, bayan rarraba su samu shugabanci a cikin matattu na lardin ko zauna m. Na dogon lokaci an tsaya kar Yahudawa a cikin koyarwa posts. Duk da ma'aikata da kuma dalibai da aka haramta buga a duniya mujallolin. A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism ya sosai m "mediocre masana kimiyya." Da dama daga cikinsu sun yi amfani da boye doka waje wallafe, ba da littafin da nasu.

Korau connotation da kalmar

A watan Maris shekarar 1945 Aleksandrov buga wata kasida a mujallar "Matsaloli na Falsafa". A da shi ya zargi da unpatriotic sentiments irin manyan kamar yadda Trotsky, Milyukov, Bukharin. Cosmopolitans, a cikin ra'ayi, aka Hagu Socialist yunkuri da kuma gurguzu, musamman, wanda ya koma da Nazis a lokacin yaki, Janar Vlasov. Shi ne a cikin wannan labarin, da yawa masana tarihi siffantãwa da bayyanar wani haske korau connotation na lokaci. Cosmopolitan idan aka kwatanta da "makiyan mutane" ko "cin amanar da motherland." Alexandrov a cikin labarin kira takamaiman sunayen. Daga cikin su shi ne shugaban edita na "Matsaloli na Falsafa" - cewa mujallar, inda aka buga. Daga wannan lokacin gwagwarmaya da rootless cosmopolitanism shige cikin wallafe-wallafe.

"Anti-m rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo sukar"

Stalin, bada akida muhimmanci yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya sau da yawa da aka buga a manyan mujallu a karkashin wani pseudonym. Saboda haka, ya buga wani labarin da jaridar "Pravda". Akwai da dama bayani da ra'ayi, amma adabi da aka mika kawai zuwa "rootless cosmopolitan". A shekarar 1949 ya barke a real rikici tsakanin masu adawa da wasan kwaikwayo Society da kuma shugaban kungiyar Writers. Farko a kasidunsu sun opal samfurin Socialists (Fadeev, musamman). A karshen, bi da bi, ya zargi masu sukar na cosmopolitanism. A Mafarin da rikici ya Popov, da kaina Labarai Stalin ta da hankali ga abin da ya faru. A sakamakon da aka a kaddamar da wani babban-sikelin yaki da cosmopolitanism a cikin wallafe-wallafen da'irori. Mafi wuya ya buga, ba shakka, Yahudawa sake.

effects

A gwagwarmaya da cosmopolitanism kai ga Soviet mutane ta kadaici daga waje duniya. A cewar wasu masu bincike, da dukan yakin da aka kaddamar da Stalin don ƙara ja da manufofin (da kasashen waje da kuma cikin gida). Daga cikin sakamakon da ya kamata a kira don yaƙar da mummunan tasiri a kan ci gaban Soviet kimiyya da al'adu. The yiwuwar masana kimiyya da kuma gwagwarmaya da aka mai tsanani iyakance. Ƙarfafa akida iko yawa jefa Tarayyar Soviet da baya a kwatanta da West. A matsayin misali, hanya rufe m Genet. Academician Lysenko aka monopolized agrobiology. A yawa na likitoci, ƙasa masana kimiyya da sauran kwararru da aka dangana ga karshen shirin. Wannan mai tsanani hampered da ci gaban key yankunan agro-nazarin halittu. A yaƙin neman zaɓe soki mafi muhimmanci rassan kimiyya da aka haramta yin hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen waje da takwarorinsu. Da gaske an iyakance ga yiwuwar tattaunawa da magana daga cikin mafi ilimi da kuma ci-gaba da ma'aikata.

ƙarshe

Ya kamata a ce cewa, yaki da cosmopolitanism aka dauke a bayyanuwar anti-Semitism. Duk da haka, a cewar wasu masu bincike, sai aka ba da nufin musamman a Yahudawa. Bugu da kari, babban-sikelin danniya, kamar sũ, sun kasance a cikin shekaru 30, da aka gudanar. Babban manufar gwagwarmaya ta kama da zamantakewa da tunani da kuma kafa iko a kan shi. A sakamakon da gwamnatin kasar ta ayyuka, "tasoshin daraja" da aka sa tsanani lalacewar da yawa kimiyya filayen. Muhimmanci gazawar da aka kafa domin 'yancin magana, tunani, bugu. Gwamnati karkashin jagorancin ayyukan da nufin kasar ta kadaici daga duk wani Yammacin tasiri. Shi ne mai son rai hadayar halin da ake ciki a kasa da kasa fagen fama. A Soviet jama'a, ya yi aiki domin kauda da halin kirki da kuma kimiyya da iko na West. Babu shakka shi ne tasiri na Cold War habbaka da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Stalin, kimantawa da halin da ake ciki a duniya da kuma a kasar, ya yanke shawarar sake shirya wasulla a kwaminis farfaganda da kuma akidarsa da amincewarsa domin a karfafa kishin kasa tsakanin yawan jama'a. A lokacin gwagwarmaya shafi ma'aikata na daban-daban kasashe. Duk da haka, kamar yadda evidenced da tarihi kafofin, mafi buga wa Yahudawa.