A kasa na duniya teku gudanar da bincike wanda? Masu bincike na duniya tekuna

Masu bincike daga kasashe daban-daban sun nuna cewa halittu zauna dukan ruwa taro na teku (MO). Masana kimiyya zo wannan ƙarshe ko da a cikin karni na karshe, kuma na zamani zurfin teku kayan aiki ya tabbatar da wanzuwar kifi, crabs, crayfish, tsutsotsi a zurfin up to 11,000 m. Bari mu ga yadda kasan teku karatu Faransa masanin kimiyya Zhak Pikar, wani taimako da aka yi ta da Turanci da Rashanci oceanographers.

Ruwa a Duniya - abu na m hankalin mutãne

400-500 shekaru da suka wuce, da yawa matafiya bai riga abin da gaskiya size da kuma zurfin manyan tekuna. Sake bude zukatan mutane da yawa Legends na FC, rasa a cikin zurfin teku, da camfin game da ban mamaki kasa na El Dorado, inda ruwa kafofin ne, an bã madawwami matasa. Turawa tafiya zuwa nisa gaba, inda m sun zinariya, da kwanoni masu daraja, da kayan yaji da yaushe aka kawo hadari saboda gaban m reefs da kuma sararin Shoals a cikin hanyar da jiragen ruwa. Amma cewa ba a daina yin wani babban Gwargwadon binciken, domin shata masu rinjaye na tekuna da bays, a sami wani sashi tsakanin babban yankin da kuma tsibirin.

Wa bincika duniya teku bene a tsufa da kuma tsakiyar zamanai? Navigators karatu karkashin ruwa topography hanyoyi samuwa a gare su, maps da Duniyoyi. Masana kimiyya sun} iyasta cewa surface na ruwa a kan wannan duniya tamu shi ne sau uku ƙasar yankin (361 da 149 da miliyan km ^2, bi da bi). Tekuna a duk lokaci na tarihi da wani tasiri a kan ci gaban cinikayya, kama kifi da kuma tafiya. Rawar da tsaron a cikin samuwar sauyin yanayi da kuma yanayin a ƙasar, samar da yawan jama'a da abinci.

Tana dabo Oceanology (Oceanography)

A kasa na teku bincika Ferdinand Magellan a lokacin da yake tafiya a duniya. Mu biya da hankali ga auna zurfin Hristofor Kolumb da Amerigo Vespucci. Amma ba su kasance masana kimiyya, da 'yan kasuwa da kuma sailors. A XIX-XX ƙarni sun karu da rawar da kimiyya a cikin binciken na teku. Godiya ga nasarorin da masu bincike da aka aza lafiya waterways halitta Igiyoyin maps of gwargwado, kuma yawan zafin jiki, karkashin ruwa, kuma a karkashin-kankara topography.

A daidai wannan lokaci da ci gaban shipping ya na da wani tasiri a kan kungiyar da kuma aiki na kimiyya expeditions. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru tare da floats Rasha jiragen ruwa da suka tafi zagaye duniya tafiya, ya zo gaba na Antarctica. A binciken da aka shirya da Coast da kuma zurfin arewacin da kuma Far Eastern tekuna.

Wa bincika kasa na tekuna

Voyages da gudummawar da nasarar da jari na ilmi game da ma'aikatar tsaro. A hankali akwai wani zama daya daga cikin Gwargwadon sciences - oceanography. Daga cikin wadanda suka kafa - Boris Varenius Dutch da Rashanci Yuri Shokalsky. A gagarumin taimako ga wannan tsari da aka yi da Rasha navigators da kuma soja. A kasa na teku bincika daya daga cikin na farko Italian L. Marsilio.

A farkon karni XIX Rasha masana kimiyya E. Lenz da E. aku ƙirƙira zurfin ma'auni. A tsakiyar wannan karni American JM. Brook ya halitta mai yawa raba da kaya da tattara ƙasa samfurori. Wadannan nasarori sun samu nasarar dauka amfani daga cikin mahalarta oceanographic balaguro a Burtaniya jirgin "Challenger". Aiki karkashin laimar Birtaniya Royal Society, masana kimiyya a cikin shekaru 1872-1876 wani arziki tarin marine shuke-shuke da dabbobi, sun auna zurfin da Atlantic, India da kuma Pacific tekuna. Daga cikin fitattun malamai na lokaci dole wani sashe Rasha oceanographer S. O. Makarova, suka yi karatu da Black da kuma Rum tekuna.

Ma'aunai a cikin teku taimaka wajen haifar da a nuna na XX karni kusan cikakken zurfin taswira. Game da shekaru 100 da suka wuce domin maye gurbin da igiya kuri'a zo da sauti taguwar ruwa da kuma na'urorin - sounders. The na'urar fitarda wani sauti sigina, wanda aka nuna daga kasa da aka tattara. Sanin lokaci da kuma gudun sauti a ruwa da aka samu ta hanyar kirga da nesa da cewa dole ne a raba a cikin rabin. Wannan zai zama da zurfin da ji yankin.

A bude a kasa na MO

Echo sounders sun bude bincike na teku damar. A karshe shekarun da suka gabata na XIX karni da shekaru bayan yakin duniya na II aka alama ta wani girma sha'awa a cikin ilmin halitta na Tsaro. Masana kimiyya sun tattara shaida ga wanzuwar rayuwa ba kawai a cikin farfajiya Layer na ruwa, amma kuma a zurfin. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XX dukan duniya ya tashi a kan hotuna a wadda mutane gani kasa na tekuna. Photo deepwater kwayoyin kama da tunanin talakawa mutane. Bayan halittu masu rai a cikin duhu a zazzabi na game da 2-3 ° C, da kuma da glowing lantarki gabobin.

Masana kimiyya sun tsara da Extended tsakiyar teku ridges, depressions, wasu manyan duwãtsu. Yana da aka mafi sauki don gano nahiyar shiryayye, kuma gangara, amma gaskiya majagaba lured zurfin. Back a cikin marigayi XIX karni, da balaguro "Challenger" same kuma tsara deepest wuri a ma'aikatar tsaro a yankin na da Mariana Islands a arewa maso yammacin tekun Pacific. Wadannan chutes sun sa daga karo na iko nahiyar dandamali tare da bakin ciki Oceanic faranti. A cikin nahiyoyi zurfin depressions a cikin teku hadu matasa dutsen jeri.

Object na binciken - kasa na tekuna

Ya bincika Mariana tare mahara Swiss oceanographer Zhak Pikar, tare da wata {asar Amirka, Don Walsh. Ga nutsewa masu bincike amfani da zurfin teku abin hawa "Trieste". Yana faru muhimmin taron Janairu 23, 1960. Kafin wannan, gwaji ruwa shi ne shahararren Faransa darektan da halittu Jacques Iv Kusto, wanda baya yin fim Documentaries game da rayuwa a kan teku bene.

Zhak Pikar da kuma Don Walsh, tare da "Trieste," shiga cikin "abyss Challenger" a kudu maso yammacin Mariana tare mahara. Zurfin nan ne 10 911-11 030 m kasa da matakin MO. Duration bathyscaphe saukarsa ya game 5 hours, da masu bincike na deepest ƙullunku a duniya sun zauna a kasa na minti 20, karfafa karfin cakulan da kuma fara hawa, wanda dade fiye da 3 hours.

Nazarin ya nuna cewa bambancin da zurfin teku dabbobi na fafatawa da richness na fauna na wurare masu zafi da murjani reefs. Marine benthic kwayoyin aka saba da su muhalli, yayin da a kasa na kwaruruka duhu da sanyi.

Babban kwatance na zamani da bincike MO

The biyu da rabi na XX karni alama farkon na kasa da kasa zamani na binciken manyan tekuna. ninkaya shirya gudanar da bincike tasoshi, zurfin teku hakowa da tattara ƙasa samfurori. A karshen karni na karshe, masana kimiyya sun biya fiye da hankali ga hulda da MO tare da babban yankin, da tasiri a kan sauyin yanayi.

Tun daga nan, a matsayin kasa na teku bincika Zhak Pikar, shi ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo. Oceanographic bincike ya ci gaba, ba za su iya gane a MO guda volcanoes, Laifi zones da kuma girgizar kasa aiki. A sakamakon da karo na Oceanic da kuma nahiyar faranti, volcanic eruptions faruwa bala'i kashe daruruwan dubban mutane suna immersed a cikin zurfin ruwan tsibirin, akwai babbar igiyar ruwa - a tsunami. Mallaka hallakaswa ikon typhoons cewa fãra a kan teku da kuma fada a bakin tekun. A binciken da yawan jama'a da kuma dace gargadi na wadannan hadura - daya daga cikin matsalolin da na zamani oceanography.

M reserves na albarkatun MO damar bil'adama su dõgara a kan wani m zama yana ga daruruwan shekaru. Ruwayen tekuna ya dade da aka furrowing ba kawai kama kifi, sufurin kaya, fasinja da kuma soja tasoshin. Bincike da nazari jiragen ruwa, da samar dandamali karfe abubuwa, ba tare da wanda yana da wuya su yi tunanin da m tekuna.