A kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda a 1612

Daya daga cikin juya maki a tarihin kasar za a iya amincewa da ake kira 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda a 1612. Shi ne sai ya yanke shawara ko da Rasha jihar. Yana da wuya a overestimate muhimmancin wannan rana nan gaba. Bari mu dauki wani look at wannan muhimmin taron, bayan mutane da yawa ƙarni, kazalika da gano abin da ya sa kwamandan sojojin a lokacin kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda ga nasara.

prehistory

Amma da farko, bari ta gano abin da ya faru gabãta kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda.

Adawa na Commonwealth, wanda shi ne ainihin wani Tarayya Mulkin Poland da kuma Grand Duchy na Lithuania, da Rasha jihar ya fara a cikin sau Ivana Groznogo. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1558, shi m sanannen Livonian War, korarsu manufarta samun iko a kan Baltic asashe. A 1583 da yaki ya ƙare tare da sanya hannu na zaman lafiya, wanda ya tabbatar da ya zama quite m ga Rasha. Amma a general, wannan duniyar da sabani tsakanin Rasha da kuma Commonwealth daula ba a yarda.

Bayan rasuwar Ivana Groznogo a 1584. Rasha kursiyin aka shagaltar da dansa - Fyodor. Yana da aka wajen rauni, kuma sickly mutane, a cikin abin da sarauta da iko aka muhimmanci raunana. Ya mutu a cikin 1598, da barin wani magada. Ya zo domin ya ikon ne, ɗan'uwan matar Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. Wannan taron yana da wani wajen dire sakamakon for Rasha, tun da yanke short da Rurik daular, wanda ya yi mulki jihar kan shekara ɗari bakwai.

Ciki da Rasha mulkin da aka girma rashin biyan bukata da manufar Boris Godunov, wanda da yawa dauke da wani mayaudarin, ba bisa doka ba, damƙa daga mulki, kuma a lokaci daya yayatawa da za a yi umurni da kashe da rightful magaji Ivana Groznogo.

Wannan siga halin da ake ciki a kasar zai iya zama da amfani sosai damar yuwuwa waje baki.

yawan ƙiren ƙarya,

Jam'iyyar Elite na Commonwealth ne da sanin cewa a waje da babban abokin hamayyarsa ne Rasha mulkin. Saboda haka sauke Rurikovich daular aiki a matsayin wata irin siginar zuwa fara shiri domin mamayewa.

Duk da haka, bude yaki Rzeczpospolita kanta da aka shirya ba, don haka su mãkirci amfani ƙãƙalen faɗarsa Grigoriya Otrepeva, impersonate Dmitry - wanda ya mutu a cikin shimfiɗar jariri, ɗan Ivana Groznogo (bisa ga wani version, kashe a kan umarni na Boris Godunov), ga abin da ya sana'anta da sunan barkwanci - arya Dmitry.

Army Falsdmitry dauka tare da goyon bayan da Polish da Lithuanian magnates, amma ba a hukumance da goyan bayan Rzeczpospolita. Yana mamaye Rasha a 1604. Ba da da ewa Tsar Boris Godunov mutu da goma sha shida da haihuwa dan shekara Fedor ba iya tsara wani tsaron gida. Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin Grigoriya Otrepeva a 1605 ya kama Moscow, kuma ya yi kira a kansa sarki Dmitry I. Duk da haka, wadannan shekara ya aka kashe a wani juyin mulki. Sai aka kashe kashe wani gagarumin rabo daga Dogayen sanda, wanda ya iso tare da shi.

New Rasha Tsar ya zama Vasiliy Shuysky, wanda shi ne wakilin kaikaice reshe na Rurik. Amma wani babban bangare na al'ummar na Rasha shi aka ba a gane ta ba m.

A 1607 a kan ƙasa na Commonwealth, wani sabon mayaudarin, wanda sunansa ne ba a sani ba. Ya gangara a tarihi a matsayin arya Dmitry II. Ya aka goyan bayan tycoons wanda a baya ya fara wani tayarwa gāba da Polish King Sigismund III, amma rasa. Rate ƙãƙalen faɗarsa zama Tushin gari, saboda abin da ta arya Dmitry II aka lakabi Tushino barawo. Sojojinsa ci sojojin Shumsky yaƙi, ya kewaye Moscow.

Vasiliy Shuysky kokarin gudanar da shawarwari tare da Sigismund III, cewa ya janye batutuwa. Amma ya da wani real yin amfani, kuma ba ya so ya yi haka. Sa'an nan da Rasha czar sanya wani ƙawance da Swedes. Wannan alliance ne aka yi nufi ga taimaka Sweden da arya Dmitry II karkashin sharuddan da canja wurin da wani yawan Rasha birane a Sweden, kazalika da wani ƙawance da Poland.

Abubuwan da ake bukata don bude Polish shiga tsakani

Babban hujjar farkon Polish baki zama a Rasha-Swedish alliance. Wannan ya ba da wani m pretext na Commonwealth ya bayyana yaki a kan Rasha, kamar yadda daya daga cikin manufofin da ƙawance ne kawai da 'yan adawa na Poland.

A mafi yawan Commonwealth a lokacin akwai wani tabbatarwa daga sarauta da iko. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa Korol Sigizmund III a 1609 mur da tawaye husãtar da nobility, wanda dade shekaru uku. Yanzu shi ne zai yiwu na waje bazuwa.

Bugu da kari, Rasha-Polish rikici tun lokacin da Livonian War, ba tafi, da kuma boye Polish baki a cikin nau'i na na yau da kullum da goyon baya da sa ran sakamakon bai bari da yawan ƙiren ƙarya.

Wadannan dalilai bayar da impetus ga yanke shawarar fara da mamayewa sojojin na Commonwealth a Rasha ƙasa na jihar domin kawo shi a karkashin ta da cikakken iko. Sun fara wani jerin abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya danganta da babban birnin kasar na Rasha ya kãmun da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian sojojin, sa'an nan da kwato Moscow daga Dogayen sanda.

Kama daga Moscow Dogayen sanda

A cikin kaka na 1609 da Polish sojojin karkashin jagorancin Hetman Stanislava Zholkevskogo mamaye da yankin Rasha da kewaye na Smolensk. A lokacin rani na 1610 da suka sha kashi a cikin hukunci yakin Klushino Rasha-Swedish sojojin da suka zo Moscow. A daya hannun Moscow dalaye rundunar Falsdmitry II.

A halin yanzu, boyars Vasiliya Shuyskogo aka kifar da kurkuku da shi a cikin wani sufi. Sun kafa wata gwamnatin da aka sani a karkashin sunan majalisa na bakwai. Amma manya usurped ikon kasance mutane suke so a tsakanin mutane. Suna iya zahiri sarrafa kawai Moscow. Tsoron cewa gwamnatin iya kama mafi m arya Dmitry II na, manyansu tafi a cikin wani huddle da sandunan.

By yarjejeniya, dan Polish King Sigismund III, Wladyslaw zama Rasha Tsar, amma hira da Orthodoxy. A cikin kaka na 1610 da Polish rundunarsa suka shiga Moscow.

farko mayakan

Saboda haka, babban birnin kasar Rus kama Dogayen sanda. A farkon kwanaki da suka fara barna, wanda ta halitta taso da fushi daga cikin gida yawan. Getman Zolkiewski tashi daga Moscow, da kuma ya jagoranci Polish sojojin a cikin birnin bar Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

A farkon 1611 a karkashin jagorancin Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. kuma J. Zarutsky Lyapunov shi aka kafa da ake kira na farko mayakan. Ya burin da aka - to za a fara da kwato Moscow daga Dogayen sanda. Babban karfi na rundunõninsu, sun kasance Ryazan manya Tushino da Cossacks.

Sojojin kusata Moscow. A lokaci guda a cikin wani boren da da mamaye sojojin, da muhimmiyar rawa da taka leda Dmitry Pozharsky, nan gaba babban hafsan sojojin kasar a lokacin da 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda.

A wannan lokaci da mayakan sa kai ya iya daukar kasar Sin Town, amma da bambance-bambance a cikin shi ya haifar da kisan daya daga cikin shugabannin - Procopius Lyapunov. Saboda wannan al'amari, da mayakan m up. Dalilin da yakin da aka ba a samu, da kuma samun 'yanci daga Moscow daga Dogayen sanda ba su dauki wuri.

Formation na biyu mayakan

Yana zo a 1612. A kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda ya zama dalili na biyu mayakan da aka kafa. A shirin na halitta zo daga cinikayya da kuma crafts aji na Nizhny Novgorod, wanda ya sha fama da babban zalunci da kuma hasarori a lokacin da Yaren mutanen Poland zama. Nizhny Novgorod bai gane wani dalĩli daga arya Dmitry II, kuma Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

A manyan rawa a cikin halittar Na biyu jama'ar kasar mayakan taka leda Kuzma Minin, wanda ya yi aiki Zemsky headman. Ya bukaci mutane su gama a yaki da invaders. A nan gaba, ya zama sananne a matsayin wani kwamandan soja a lokacin da kwato Moscow daga Dogayen sanda da kuma matsayin jama'a gwarzo. Kuma yayin da Kuzma Minin ya mai sauki gwani wanda ya iya hada kan talakawa da mutanen da rũgũguwar fita zuwa ga kira zuwa Nizhny Novgorod daga sauran sassa na Rasha.

Daga cikin masu zuwa ya Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, wani mutum, wanda sami daraja kamar yadda wani kwamandan soja a lokacin da kwato Moscow daga Dogayen sanda a 1612. Yana kira a kan mayakan sa kai zuwa ga babban taron Majalisar, tambayar Prince Pozharsky jagoranci al'umma a yaki da invaders. The prince iya ba ki da wannan bukatar, kuma Ka riskar da sojojin, ya fara daukar siffar karkashin jagorancin Minin, kuma da mutanensa.

A kashin na mayakan sa kai kunshi Nizhny Novgorod sojojin hada da 750 mutane, amma kiran zo daga sabis mutane Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh da kuma sauran birane. Ya kamata a lura da high ikon da Minin da Pozharsky a cikin manual samuwar na sojojin, kuma a cikin daidaituwa tare da sauran birane na kasar Rasha. A gaskiya ma, sun kafa wani jiki da cewa aikin da rawar da gwamnati.

Daga baya, na biyu mutane ta mayakan a cikin kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda, a lokacin da ta je babban birnin kasar, suna goyon bayan da wasu kungiyoyin na rushe farko mayakan.

Saboda haka, a karkashin jagorancin Minin da Pozharsky babba karfi da aka kafa, iya samu nasarar tsayayya da invaders. Haka abin ya fara da kwato Moscow daga Dogayen sanda a 1612.

Hali Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Yanzu, bari mu tattauna a more daki-daki a kan ainihi daga cikin mutum wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban hafsan sojojin kasar a lokacin da 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda. Yana Dmitry Pozharsky ya da mutane a cikin umurnin na shugaban shugaba na mayakan sa kai, da kuma shi wajaba a nasa ne babban ɓangare na taimako ga wannan daraja nasara. Wa ya ya?

Dmitry Pozharsky mallakar wani tsoho 'ya'yan sarakuna ba iyali, wanda ya a gefen reshe na Rurik Starodubskaya line. An haife shi a 1578, watau a lokacin da samuwar masu dauke da makamai a cikin kaka na 1611 ya kasance game da shekaru 33 da haihuwa. Uba ya Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky da kuma uwa - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva cewa sunayen, ya ba a cikin sadaqi, Dmitry aka haife.

A jama'a sabis Dmitry Pozharsky koma a zamanin Borisa Godunova. Future kwamandan soja, kwamandan da kwato Moscow daga Dogayen sanda, a karkashin Tsar Vasilii Shuyskom ya jagoranci daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da cewa fada da sojojin arya Dmitry II. Sa'an nan, ya aka nada Zaraiskiy gwamna.

Daga baya, kamar yadda aka ambata riga sama, Pozharsky aka tsunduma a cikin kungiyar na tawaye da sandunan a Moscow a lokacin zama na farko Mutane da mayakan sa kai.

Babu shakka, da mutane suka yi yãƙi, don haka da wuya da waje baki, ba zai iya amsa kira zuwa Kuzmy Minina. Ba na karshe rawar da cewa Dmitry Pozharsky jagoranci mayakan, shi ne cewa ya na da wani Estate kusa Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod ie, da ke cikin kashin bayan da sojojin, dauke da shi nasu.

Wannan abin da mutumin nan da ya jagoranci mayakan a cikin kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda.

Maris a Moscow

Mu fitar da siffa wanda ya umarci kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda, yanzu bari mu mayar da hankali a kan vicissitudes na yaƙin neman zaɓe.

Mayakan koma a karshen Fabrairu 1612 a Nizhny Novgorod a kan Volga har zuwa Moscow. Kamar yadda ka ci gaba, sabon mutane shiga da shi. Mafi yawa daga cikin ƙauyuka hadu mayakan da farin ciki, da kuma inda hukumomin kasar sun yi kokarin gyara da 'yan adawa, kamar yadda aka yi a Kostroma, suka yi watsi da da maye gurbinsu da Rasha dakarun da ke biyayya ga mutanen da.

A watan Afrilu 1612 da mayakan sa kai suka zo Yaroslavl, a cikin abin da samfurin ne kusan Agusta 1612. Saboda haka, Yaroslavl ya zama na wucin gadi babban birnin kasar. Wannan lokaci na ci gaba da kwata 'yanci motsi soma da sunan "Tsaye a Yaroslavl."

Bayan koyon cewa hanyoyin Moscow sojojin hetman Chodkiewicz, domin tabbatar da tsaro, Pozharsky a marigayi Yuli sauri aika da dama Ƙungiyarku Yaroslavl, wanda garzaya nan da nan zuwa ga babban birnin kasar, da kuma a tsakiyar watan Agusta, duk mayakan dakarun da aka mayar da hankali a Moscow.

sojojin na jam'iyyun

Ya zama a sarari cewa yana da hukunci yaƙi. Menene yawan sojojin a yaƙe jam'iyyun da su jeri?

A total number of sojojin da suke ƙarƙashin Dmitry Pozharsky bai wuce dubu takwas mutane, bisa ga kafofin. Kashin bayan da dakarun suka Cossack hari yawan 4000 mutane da dubu maharba. Bayan Pozharsky da Minin mayakan shugabannin sun Dmitry Pozharsky-shebur (dangi na manyan mahukunta) da kuma Ivan Khovanskiy-Manyan. Sai kawai na karshe na wadannan a lokaci daya umarci babba soja raka'a. Sauran ko dai a matsayin Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, ya umarce mun gwada da kananan raka'a ko kwarewa ta shugabanci ta gaba ɗaya ba ya nan, kamar yadda a Pozharsky, da manyan cokula.

Dmitry Troubetzkoy, daya daga cikin shugabannin na farko mayakan, ya jagoranci wani more a 2500 Cossacks. Ko da yake ya amince da su taimaka da kowa hanyar, amma a lokaci guda mallakan da dama ba su kashe umarni Pozharsky. Saboda haka, jimlar yawan sojojin Rasha ya 9500-10 000.

Yawan Polish sojojin Hetman Chodkiewicz, yana zuwa Moscow a kan yammacin gefen, akwai 12 000 mutane. Babban karfi a cikinsa sun Zaporozhye Cossacks yawan 8,000 sojoji a karkashin umurnin Aleksandra Zborovskogo. A mafi m ɓangare na sojojin yana da sirri detachment Hetman lambar 2,000.

Shugabannin Polish dakarun - Chodkiewicz da Zborowski - da babba soja kwarewa. A musamman Chodkiewicz bambanta a suppressing kwanan nan tawaye nobility kazalika a yaki, Sweden. Daga cikin sauran shugabannin kamata a lura Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski da Koretsky.

Bugu da kari 12,000 sojoji, wanda ya jagoranci wani Chodkiewicz, a cikin Moscow Kremlin har yanzu dubu uku Polish sansanin. Su jagoranci jiragen sama da kuma Nicholas Iosif Budilo. Wannan, ma, an samu mayakan, amma ba tare da wani soja da basira.

Saboda haka, jimlar yawan Polish sojojin kai 15 000 mutane.

Rasha mayakan aka located kusa da ganuwar da fadar White City, yayin da tsakanin Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin kunshe ne a cikin Kremlin, da kuma dakarun Chodkiewicz ne tsakanin wani dutse da wani m wuri. Su lambobin sun karami fiye da wadanda na Dogayen sanda, da shugabannin ba su da gwargwadon soja kwarewa. Yana da jũna da cewa al'adar mayakan shãfe haske.

Battle ga Moscow

Saboda haka, a watan Agusta 1612, suka kama yaƙi, wanda wuni a cikin kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda. Shekara da wannan yaƙi har abada shiga tarihi na Rasha.

Da farko kaddamar da wani hari da sojojin Hetman Chodkiewicz haye Moskva kogin, da suka je wa ƙofar Novodevichy Convent, inda dabzar mayakan. Ya fara wani yaki doki. Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin yunkurin kai hare-hare daga ta karfafa, yayin da Prince Troubetzkoy jira, kuma bai rush ga taimakon Pozharsky. Ba dole ne a ce cewa babban hafsan sojojin kwamandan kwata 'yanci na Moscow daga Dogayen sanda quite cikin hikima, cewa shi ba zai yiwu don da farko murkushe makiya matsayi mayakan. Chodkiewicz ya koma baya.

Sa'an nan Pozharsky canza sāke wuri na sojojin koma a Zamoskvorechye. The hukunci yaƙi ya faru a kan Agusta 24. Hetman Chodkiewicz sake jefa dakarun shiga yaƙi, suna begen su murkushe karami yawan mayakan. Amma ya juya waje kamar yadda ya yi fatan. Sojojin Rasha ya tsaya kyam, a Bugu da kari ga yaƙi, karshe hada karfi Trubetskoy.

Tikis abokan adawar yanke shawarar daukar wani breather. By yamma, da mayakan sa kai suka tafi da m. Su suka yi kiĩwon makiya matsayi, da kuma tilasta masa ya tattara zuwa Mozhaisk birni. Ganin wannan, da Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin da aka tilasta su mika mayakan. Saboda haka ya ƙare da kwato Moscow daga waje invaders.

effects

Liberation of Moscow daga Dogayen sanda a 1612 da aka karya dukan Rasha-Polish yaki. Duk da haka, soja mataki dade na dogon lokaci tukuna.

A cikin bazara na 1613 ya aka sanya a kan wakilin sabon mulkin Romanov daular - Mikhail Fedorovich. Yana ta zama wani gagarumin tabbatarwa daga Rasha statehood.

A karshen 1618, an karshe kammala Deulino tsagaita bude wuta tsakanin Rasha da Poland. Bisa ga sakamakon wannan tsagaita wuta, Rasha da aka tilasta wa manyan yankunan da Commonwealth, amma ya bar mafi muhimmanci - ta statehood. A nan gaba, shi taimaka mata ta sake samu da rasa ƙasa, kuma ko da shiga a cikin sashe mafi yawan Commonwealth.

Tamanin da kwata 'yanci na Moscow

Yana da wuya a overestimate da muhimmancin da saki da Rasha babban birnin kasar domin tarihin kasar. Wannan taron ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da Rasha jihar a wuya gwagwarmaya da invaders. Saboda haka, Battle of Moscow da ke rubuce a duk litattafan a Rasha tarihi da kuma shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci kwanakin.

Ka tuna da mu da kuma shugabannin biyu mayakan - Prince Pozharsky da Kuzma Minin, wanda na dogon lokaci da matsayi na kasa da heroes. Sun sadaukar da holidays, sa Monuments ambatonSa.