A mafi yawan iko hydroelectric iko tashar a duniya. Goma na duniya da ya fi iko hydroelectric iko tashar

China ne a kasar dake da yawan mutane a duniya. Sun fi mayar saboda wannan, mafi yawan ayyukan aiwatar a nan ba gigantic sikelin. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali na su ya zama "Three Gorges" - mafi girma hydroelectric iko tashar da kuma kankare dam a duniya. Da makaman da aka hukuma da ya sa a cikin aiki Yuli 4, 2012, da kuma aiwatar da ta yi dade kadan fiye da shekaru ashirin.

janar description

"Three Gorges" gina a kan Kogin Yangtze na kusa da garin sandouping. Bisa ga total damar duk turbines, wanda ya kai 22.5 gigawatts, su ne muhimmanci gaba da wasu manyan samar da wutar lantarki shuka a duniya. The girma na dam a tsawon kuma tsawo, bi da bi, qumshi 2309h185 mita. Domin duk lokacin da zuba jari, a cikin aikin kamar yadda daban-daban kimomi game da 23 dalar Amurka biliyan. Haka kuma, hukumomin aka tilasta resettle 1.3 da ke zaune a yi a yankin. Tare da samar da wutar lantarki, abu na samar da kariya a kan ambaliyar kwarin Kogin Yangtze Basin.

Da ra'ayin gina

A farko wanda ya yi magana game da gina irin wannan babban tsarin, ya zama Sun Yat-sen, wanda sau da yawa ake kira da mahaifin na neman sauyi al'ummar kasar Sin. A cikin aikinsa mai taken "Shirin Sake Fasalin na kasar Sin ', da aka buga a 1920, da aka ambata da bukatar gina hydroelectric iko shuke-shuke da damar miliyan 30 horsepower a kanyon Gorges. Don fassara wannan ra'ayin a cikin yi da hukumomin kawai fara a shekarar 1944, lokacin da dubawa na yi site an gayyace Dzhon Sevidzh - American injiniya wanda ya tsara duniya shahara Hoover Dam a gida. Shekara guda daga baya, ya gabatar da aikin na yi na abu, wadda daga ƙarshe ya ya jagoranci jerin da "babbar hydroelectric iko tashar a duniya." Constructions na da lokacin da bai faru ba, domin kasar yakin basasa ya barke.

Gezhouba

A hamsin na karshe karni, da Sin hukumomi sun koma ga ra'ayin da shiri na "Three Gorges". A lokaci guda yi na makaman bayar ga halittar wani babban tafki. Wannan, bi da bi, ya zama dole ga rushe babban yawan gine-gine da kuma sake wa kusan mutane miliyan biyu. Mao Tszedun ba ya so ya tafi da shi, kuma ya miƙa wa gina nisa da tushe fiye da suna fadin cikin sharuddan ikon - "Gezhouba". Duk da haka, bayan kaddamar da wannan shiri da kuma sakamakon da aka jinkirta musu shekara ashirin. Aiki a kan gina hydroelectric iko tashar karshe kammala kawai a shekarar 1988. Its damar 2.7 gigawatts. A wannan lokacin shi ya isa ga jihar, amma da kudi na habakar tattalin arziki ne kullum karuwa ne, saboda abin da kasar ta masana'antu da ƙara na bukatar sabon kafofin na wutar lantarki.

shiri aikin

A cikin rabi na biyu na eighties na karshe karni, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta mayar da su zuwa da ra'ayin gina "Three Gorges". Yana yana dauke da cewa mafi yawan iko hydroelectric iko tashar a duniya da za a gina a cikin shekara ta 1992. An sa'an nan kuma fara shirye-shirye. Sun bayar da shiri na gado da tafki da kuma gina kayayyakin more rayuwa, ciki har da gina ikon Lines da kuma hanyoyi. A mafi muhimmanci matsala shi ne sake ma su matsugunni a wasu yankuna na kasar kusan 1.3 yan unguwa. Bugu da kari, ya wajaba kwakkwance duk gine-gine a birane, wanda zai iya wahalad da maɓallin a nan gaba. Ya kamata a lura cewa wasu manyan samar da wutar lantarki a duniya da aka gina don shawo kan irin wannan matsaloli.

yi

Bayan kammala muka ambata a sama shiri aikin May 14, 1994, Sin injiniyoyi fara gina wani kankare dam. Its yi dade shekaru 13. Idan aka kwatanta da aikin na hamsin hamsin, tsayinsa da aka saukar zuwa 50 mita, sakamakon wani rage girman da tafki. A layi daya tare da gina madatsar ruwan da aka za'ayi yi na sauran wurare. A mafi yawan iko hydroelectric iko tashar a duniya aka sanye take da 32 na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa raka'a daban-daban capacities cewa ba shigar a cikin wannan gini, kamar yadda shi ne m, kuma sau daya a cikin uku (daya daga cikinsu aka located karkashin kasa). Bugu da kari, magina aka halitta a cikin site kawai biyu strands na kwa'di a kan biyar kyamarori. Yana yiwuwa a muhimmanci rage wuya da kewayawa, wanda a wannan wuri amfani da su zama kusan ba zai yiwu saboda Gwargwadon fasali na Kogin Yangtze.

sakamakon

Duniya da ya fi iko hydroelectric iko ya wuce 8.5 gigawatts baya rikodin mariƙin a cikin wannan nuna alama - HPP "Itaipu", located in Parana. Tun farkon da shiri aikin da zuwa commissioning na karshe naúrar ya kasance fiye da shekaru ashirin. Domin duk wannan, da Sin magina da za'ayi wata babbar adadin aiki, wanda aka kiyasta a 22.5 dalar Amurka biliyan. A tsari na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin "Three Gorges" ne fairly sauki da kuma hali na sauran irin wannan wurare: ruwa daga kogin ta shiga cikin babban injin turbin ruwan wukake, spins su, abin da koran wani janareta.

Shortcomings da matsaloli

Babban drawback, wanda yana da mafi m hydroelectric shuka a duniya, Mun saukar, mafi daga cikin shiri lokaci na ginin. An hade ba kawai tare da muhallinsa na mutane da yawa, amma kuma ya nuna gaskiyar cewa saboda tattalin arziki da fasaha ci gaba, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta bayar da wata gona manufa giant square. Masana tarihi taka rawar gani ambaliya muhimmanci archaeological shafukan a cikin kanyon Gorges, geographers kullum magana game da nan gaba ambaliyar ruwa da nisa da tushe, da kuma muhalli ji tsõron cikinsu yake saran itatuwa da kuma nau'i nau'i na rare jinsin dabbobi. A mafi manyan sikelin-m bala'i, a cikin hanyar wanda zai iya zama cikin mafi iko hydroelectric iko tashar a duniya, an dauki wani nasara dam. Duk abin da ya, shi ne a yanzu ko shakka amince da cewa madadin kafofin na wutar lantarki ba zai iya biyan bukatar masu tasowa tattalin arzikin jihar. Bugu da ƙari, abu ma'aikata dubban daruruwan mazauna kauyen da janyo hankalin miliyoyin masu yawon bude ido a kowace shekara.

Sauran manyan hydroelectric duniya

Goma na duniya da ya fi iko hydroelectric iko tashar a hawa domin na babban nuna alama ne kamar haka.

Rufe rating wakilin Rasha. Su ne located a kan Angara Boguchany HPP. Its iya aiki ne 3 GW.

Tara wuri da aka located a kan wannan kogi duk Ust-Ilim hydroelectric tashar. Capacity na dukan raka'a aka kiyasta ya zama 3,84 gigawatts.

Next hawa matsayi nasa ne da Bratsk hydroelectric iko tashar damar 4.5 gigawatts.

A cikin bakwai matsayi ne wakilin Canada - "Churchill Falls." Its main alama ne cewa hydroelectric dams kuma yana da ayyuka saboda da na halitta mai karkata daga cikin farfajiya. Yana da aka gina a kan site na wani waterfall da aka mai suna bayan da tsohon firaministan kasar na Birtaniya. Its iya aiki ne 5,43 GW.

A shida wuri ne Krasnoyarskaya HPP total tasowa 6 gigawatts.

Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric iko tashar shi ne mafi girma a cikin kasar. Yana da aka gina a kan Yenisei River, kusa da birnin Sayanogosrska. Its iyakar iya aiki ne daidai da 6.4 gigawatts.

Fourth wuri ne da mulkin Tukuruyskoy HPP cewa an located in Brazil. Ta kira da sunan birnin da aka cika da ruwa a lokacin da gini. Capacity na duk raka'a ne 8.3 gigawatts.

Uku shugabannin rufe Venezuelan ikon shuka mai suna bayan Simon Bolivar. Yana da aka gina a kan Caroni River da kuma yana da damar 10.3 gigawatts.

Rating na dogon lokaci gangarawa cikin Brazilian samar da wutar lantarki shuka "Itaipu". A total damar duk da raka'a ne 14 gigawatts, wanda ya rikodin har da "Three Gorges". Gina wannan samar da wutar lantarki shuka a kan Paraná River. ta yanzu ranked na biyu a duniya martaba.

A mafi yawan iko hydroelectric iko tashar a duniya da ake kira "Three Gorges" da aka located a kan Kogin Yangtze. A mafi daki-daki, shi aka bayyana a sama.