A sarari tsarin da kwayoyin kwayoyin abubuwa da inorganic

A sarari tsarin da kwayoyin da inorganic da kwayoyin abubuwa ne na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin bayanin da sinadaran da jiki Properties. Idan muka yi la'akari da al'amarin a matsayin sa bukovok da lambobin a kan takarda ba ko da yaushe zai yiwu su zo da bincikensa. Don bayyana da yawa mamaki, musamman ma wadanda dangantawa da kwayoyin sunadarai, shi wajibi ne don sanin stereometric kwayoyin tsarin.

Mene ne lissafi

Lissafi - shi ne wani ɓangare daga sunadarai da ya bayyana Properties daga cikin kwayoyin na abu cikin sharuddan da tsarin. Kuma da na sarari misali daya daga cikin kwayoyin taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan, saboda shi ne babbar hanyar magance da yawa Bio-kwayoyin mamaki.

Lissafi ne mai sa na asali dokoki, wanda zai iya zama kusan duk wani kwayoyin ba a girma form. A hasara na babban dabara, rubuta a wani al'ada takardar takardar, shi ne ta rashin iyawa don bayyana cikakken jerin kaddarorin da gwajin abu.

An misali zai iya faruwa fumaric acid, wanda nasa ne da aji na dibasic. Shi ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, ba m da za a iya samu a yanayi. Duk da haka, idan ka canza sarari tsari na COOH kungiyoyin, za a iya samun wani mabanbanta al'amarin - maleic acid. Shi ne readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, zai iya kawai za a samu artificially, shi babban mai hadarin da mutane saboda guba Properties.

Stereochemical ka'idar van't Hoff

A cikin karni na 19th M.Butlerova misali na wani lebur tsarin kowace kwayoyin iya bayyana da yawa daga cikin kaddarorin da abubuwa, musamman Organic. Wannan ya haifar da rubuce-rubuce na Van't Hoff aiki "Chemistry a sarari", a cikin abin da ya kara da ka'idar M.Butlerova da bincike a wannan yanki. Ya gabatar da manufar sarari tsarin kwayoyin, da kuma kuma bayyana muhimmancin da ya samu daga cikin sinadaran kimiyyar.

Saboda haka shi aka tabbatar da wanzuwar iri uku lactic acid: nama, kiwo, da kuma dextrorotatory lactic acid fermentation. A kan takardar da takarda ga kowane daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne da tsarin dabara ne guda, amma na sarari tsarin kwayoyin bayyana wannan sabon abu.

A sakamakon stereochemical ka'idar van't Hoff wani hujja da cewa da carbon zarra ne ba lebur, kamar yadda ta hudu valence shaidu suna tuba zuwa ga Heights na kirkiran tetrahedron.

Pyramidal sarari tsarin kwayoyin kwayoyin

Bisa ga yadda suka gudanar da binciken van't Hoff da bincike, kowane carbon kwarangwal na Organic abu za a iya gabatar a cikin nau'i na tetrahedron. Saboda haka za mu iya la'akari da 4 yiwu lokuta samuwar C-C shaidu da kuma bayyana tsarin da wadannan sunadaran kwayoyin.

A farko idan - a lokacin da kwayoyin ne guda carbon zarra wanda mutun 4 saboda hydrogen protons. A sarari tsarin da methane kwayoyin ne kusan daidai da shaci wani tetrahedron, duk da haka valence kwana dan kadan canza saboda da hulda da hydrogen atoms.

A samuwar wani sinadaran C-C bond za a iya wakilta a matsayin biyu pyramids wanda aka haɗa da na kowa koli. Irin wannan shiri na kwayoyin shi za a iya gani cewa wadannan tetrahedrons za a iya juya su a kusa da axis da canji matsayin da yardar kaina. Idan muka yi la'akari da wannan tsarin a matsayin wani misali na ethane kwayoyin, carbon a cikin kwarangwal ne da gaske iya juya. Duk da haka, biyu musamman kayan abinci na fi son energetically m cewa hydrogen a Newman tsinkaya ba zoba.

A sarari tsarin da kwayoyin ethylene uku embodiment exemplifies samuwar C-C shaidu, a lokacin da biyu da na kowa tetrahedron ɗaure ciki daidai, Ina nufin rarraba a biyu m kololuwa. Ya bayyana cewa saboda irin yunkuri na kwayoyin stereometric matsayin carbon atoms dangi zuwa ta axis ne da wuya, saboda Yana bukatar watse daya daga cikin links. Amma shi ya zama mai yiwuwa ta samar da CIS kuma trans isomers daga cikin abubuwa kamar biyu free radicals a kan kowane carbon iya located ko dai specularly ko crosswise.

Kish kuma trans kwayoyin bayyana kasancewar fumaric acid da kuma maleic acid. Tsakanin carbon atoms a wadannan kwayoyin da aka kafa biyu shaidu, kuma kowane daga cikinsu da daya hydrogen zarra da COOH kungiyar.

A karshen harka, wanda characterizes sarari kwayoyin tsarin iya wakilta biyu pyramids cewa da na kowa fuska da kuma shiga tare da uku vertices. An misali ne kwayoyin na acetylene.

Da fari dai, wadannan kwayoyin ba cis- ko trans-isomers. Abu na biyu, da carbon atoms ba su iya juya a kusa da axis. Kuma uku, duk da kwayoyin zarra da radicals suna located on daya axis da bond kwana ne 180 digiri.

Hakika, da aka bayyana a lokuta ana iya amfani da abubuwa da kwarangwal ƙunshi fiye da biyu hydrogen atoms. A qa'ida ta stereometric gina wadannan kwayoyin da aka kiyaye.

A sarari tsarin inorganics kwayoyin

Da samuwar na covalent shaidu a inorganic mahadi da wani inji kama da cewa na Organic abubuwa. Domin bond samuwar na bukatar a LonE electron nau'i-nau'i daga cikin biyu kwayoyin halitta wanda ya samar da jimlar electron girgije.

A zoba na orbitals a cikin samuwar wani covalent bond ya auku a kan wanda layi na atomic nuclei. Idan zarra suranta biyu ko fiye na sadarwa, da nisa tsakanin su ne halin da bond kwana.

Idan muka yi la'akari da ruwa DNA, wadda aka kafa ta daya oxygen zarra da biyu hydrogen atoms, da valence kwana kamata fi dacewa zai isa 90 digiri. Duk da haka, gwaji karatu sun nuna cewa wannan darajar ne 104.5 digiri. A sarari tsarin da kwayoyin daban-daban daga cikin rubuce annabta saboda sojojin na hulda tsakanin hydrogen atoms. Suna tare juna, game da shi kara da bond kwana therebetween.

Sp-hybridization

Hybridization - a ka'idar da samuwar wannan matasan orbitals na kwayoyin. Wannan abu ya faru saboda tsakiyar zarra LonE electron nau'i-nau'i a daban-daban makamashi matakan.

Alal misali, ka yi la'akari da samuwar covalent shaidu BeCl2 kwayoyin. Beryllium LonE electron nau'i-nau'i ne a kan s da kuma p matakan, wanda a ka'idar kamata sa da samuwar wani m kusurwa na kwayoyin. Duk da haka, a yi su ne mikakke, da kuma bond kwana ne 180 digiri.

Sp-hybridization da ake amfani a cikin samuwar biyu covalent shaidu. Duk da haka, akwai sauran iri samuwar matasan orbitals.

SP2-hybridization

Wannan irin hybridization ne ke da alhakin sarari tsarin kwayoyin da uku covalent shaidu. An misali ne BCl3 kwayoyin. Jamhuriyar barium zarra yana da uku unshared electron nau'i-nau'i: biyu a kan p-matakin da daya a s-matakin.

Uku covalent shaidu samar da wata kwayoyin wanda aka located a cikin wannan jirgin sama, da kuma ta bond kwana ne 120 digiri.

Sp3-hybridization

Wani embodiment samuwar matasan orbitals lokacin da tsakiyar zarra yana unshared electron nau'i-nau'i 4: 3 a kan wani p-matakin da na s-1 matakin. An misali na irin wannan abubuwa - methane. A sarari tsarin da methane kwayoyin ne tetraerd, cikinsa da bond kwana ne 109,5 digiri. Canza kwana shi ne halin da maida martani hydrogen atoms tare da juna.