Addini a Rasha. Jihar addini da kuma sauran addinai na zamani Rasha

A wannan labarin, za mu amsa tambayar da abin da addini a Rasha wanzu. Rasha addini ne mai sa na addini ƙungiyoyi, karfafa da Rasha asashe. A matsayin wadanda mutane kasa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ma'anar Rasha, mukadashin daga 1993.

Mene ne 'yanci na addini? Kundin Tsarin Mulki shi ne daftarin aiki da ya tabbatar da mulki da kuma addini, da kuma 'yancin tunani. Yana bayar da dama ga da'awar daidaiku ko a hade tare da wasu, wani imani ko ba su yi imani da wani abu. Tare da wannan daftarin aiki, za ka iya yardar kaina inganta, zabi zuwa da addini da kuma sauran mabiya addinai, ta yi aiki daidai da su. An sani cewa dokar tarayya a kan Satumba 26, 1997 № 125-P "A addini coalitions da kuma 'yancin tunani," ya tabbatar "daidaito a gaban doka, ba tare da la'akari da ra'ayoyi da halaye na addini."

A Rasha, babu wani takamaiman tarayya jihar jiki wajen saka idanu da aiwatar da dokoki na kungiyoyin addini. An sani cewa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet karkashin kwamitin ministoci na Majalisar wanzu ga Harkokin Addini.

Basic akudu, ya bayyana a Rasha, su ne: addinin Buddha, Musulunci da Kristanci (Protestantism, Orthodoxy da Katolika). A daidai wannan lokaci na Rasha yawan jama'a a Allah ba ya yin ĩmãni.

yawan masu aminci

Abin da hujja ba ka san Allah? Muna son in gaya maka cewa abin shaida na Ubangiji ayyukan ba samar da: da yi ko dai da shi ko ba ka da addini. A cikin Rasha Federation ne a yanzu, ba} ididdigar membobinsu a ibada Tsarin: da dokar ta hana a sami fita daga cikin 'yan ƙasa na addini. A sakamakon Russia 'tsoron Allah iya magana kawai bayan nazarin sakamakon sociological safiyo na yawan jama'a.

Sha'awa, da data na irin abubuwan ne dual. Alal misali, a cikin wani kacici-a shekara ta 2007, ROC sanar da cewa mabiyansa ne game da miliyan 120 Rasha jama'a. Kuma shugabannin Musulunci a lokaci guda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa kasar gida tsakanin 13 da 49 miliyan Musulmi. Amma a Rasha da shi zaune kawai 144 da miliyan rãyukansu! Sanadiyar haka ne, daya daga cikin ƙungiyõyi muhimmanci exaggerating ta daraja.

A watan Agusta 2012 da sabis na "muhalli" da aka gudanar duk-Russian bincike "Atlas of kasashe da kuma addinai" a 79 daga 83 Rasha yankuna. Ga abin da ta samu:

• 58,8 miliyan (ko 41%) na mazauna kasance a cikin Rasha Orthodox Church (Orthodox Kirista).
• 9.4 mutane miliyan (ko 6.5%) imani, a Musulunci (ciki har da Shi'a, 'yan Ahlussunna da waɗanda ba su yi la'akari da kansu ba Shi'a ba Sunni).
• 5.9 miliyan (ko 4.1%) mazauna ne Nasãra, amma ba la'akari da kansu ba Katolika kuma Orthodox ko Furotesta.
• Miliyan 2.1 (1.5%) mazaunan ne Orthodox, amma ba su Old Ritualists kuma ba su kasance a cikin ROC.
• Miliyan 1.7 (ko 1.2%) gane kansu kamar yadda na gargajiya addini na kakanninsu, su ne sojojin na halitta da kuma daban-daban alloli.
• 0.4% (ko 700,000) mazaunan ne Buddhist (Tibet kullum).
• 0.2% (ko 350,000) ne Old Ritualists mutane.
• 0.2% (ko 350,000) daga mutane kiran kansu Furotesta (Lutheran, Baptist, Anglicans, masu bishara).
• Ko 0.1% (170 000) gano kansu a matsayin Eastern addinai da kuma ruhaniya ayyuka (da Hare Krishnas da 'yan Hindu).
• 0.1% (ko 170,000) kiran kansu Katolika.
• 170,000 (ko 0.1%) ne Yahudawa.
• 36 da miliyan (ko 25%) na mutane imani da Allah, amma ba su gane kansu a matsayin musamman addini.
• Miliyan 18 (ko 13%) bai yi ĩmãni da Ubangijin.

An sani cewa a watan Yuli na shekarar 2012, sabis na "Voice of Runet" gudanar da wani binciken da ta wanda ya bayyana cewa masu tsoron Allah ne 67% na baƙi zuwa harshen Rashanci Internet.

A binciken da Levada Center, gudanar a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2012 ya nuna cewa yawan muminai a Rasha aka rarraba kamar haka:

• Orthodox - 74%.
• Furotesta - 1%.
• Katolika - 1%.
• Wadanda basu yarda - 5%.
• Ki amsa - 0%.
• Musulunci - 7%.
• Yahudanci - 1%.
• Hindu - <1%.
• Addinin Buddha - <1%.
• Wasu - <1%.
• Wuya a amsa - 2%.
• Babu addini - 10%.

Bayani a kan FOM a watan Yuni 2013 ne kamar haka:

• A - 64%.
• Ba su la'akari da kansu bogolyubtsami 25%.
• Sauran Kirista ƙungiyõyi (Uniats Furotesta, Katolika, Baptist et al.) - 1%.
• Sauran addinai - 1%.
• Musulunci - 6%.
• Wuya a ce, zai iya ba su suna ba wani takamaiman denomination - 4%.

Rasha Kiristanci

Addini a Rasha, kamar yadda za ka iya gani, ya zama mai tartsatsi ne. Kiristanci da aka wakilta uku na asali kwatance: Orthodoxy, Protestantism kuma Katolika. A cikin wannan kasar, akwai kuma mabiya da dama da sabon Kirista denominations, ƙungiyõyi, kuma kungiyoyin asiri.

orthodoxy

Yarda, addini a Rasha ne mai tartsatsi ne. Bari mu gwada a yau don nazarin Orthodoxy. An sani cewa RSFSR dokar 1990 (25 ga watan Oktoba) da aka maye gurbinsu da dokar tarayya 1997 (kwanan rana Satumba 26) №125-FZ "A addini coalitions da kuma 'yancin tunani." A gabatarwa part ƙunshi ta tallafi na "m rawar da Kiristoci a cikin tarihi na Rasha."

Orthodoxy a Rasha an wakilta Orthodox Rasha Church, Old mu'mini 'ƙungiyoyi, kazalika da manyan yawan madadin (ba canonical) Kirista Tsarin na Rasha hadisin.

A general, Rasha Orthodox Church ne mafi girma a addini shiri a cikin Rasha asashe. Rasha Orthodox Church ya wadãtu da kansa tarihi na farko Rasha Kirista al'umma: shi ƙa'ida jihar manufa da aka shar'anta a cikin 988 da St. Prince Vladimir, bisa ga kafa historiography.

A cewar shugaban na "Rasha Jama'a Movement", da kuma kimiyyar siyasa Svyatenkova Paul (Janairu 2009), ROC a zahiri shine ne a wani matsayi na musamman a yau Rasha jama'a da rayuwar siyasa.

Popularization na Orthodoxy a Rasha

Yadda ya uwar imani da Rasha? A watan Maris 2010, VTsIOM kasa zabe da aka gudanar, bayan da bayanai, 75% na yawan gane kansu kamar yadda Orthodox Kiristoci. Abin lura shi ne cewa kawai 54% na su nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki, game da 73% na Kristoci da addini tenets.

Tarusin Mihail Askoldovich, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban da ilimin halayyar Department of Cibiyar da na gama zane, ya yi imanin cewa wannan bayanai bai nuna wani abu. Ya ce cewa wadannan alkaluma suna kawai Figures na zamani da Rasha shaidar dan kasa. Idan muka ɗauka cewa Orthodox mutane wanda a kalla kamar wata sau a shekara shan kashi a cikin sharu ɗ na tarayya da kuma ikirari, cewa akwai kawai 18-20%.

Manazarta yi imani da cewa Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna cewa saran adadin muminai kira kansu Kiristoci Orthodox a kan tushen da kasa yarjejeniya.

Katolika

Saboda haka akwai Allah, ko ba haka ba? Wani zai iya yi biyayya da wani shaida? Allah domin babu wanda ya gani. Amma duk da haka tarihi Latin Kristanci a ƙasashen gabashin Slavs suke tare da haihuwar Kievan Rus. Sau da yawa sosai, shugabanni na Rasha jihar canza ta hali ga Katolika: ko dai kãfirta da su, ko da idon samu. Yau da Katolika al'umma a Rasha hada da dama dubu ɗari mũminai.

Mun san cewa a 1917 ta cika da Oktoba juyin juya halin a Rasha, amma Katolika majami'u don wani lokaci na ci gaba da aiki da yardar kaina. Duk da haka, Soviet gwamnati a 20 ta farkon domin kauda wannan imani a Rasha. A lokacin da matsaloli suka harbe da kuma kama da yawa Katolika firistoci, washe da kuma rufe kusan duk Ibada. A jam'i na aiki mambobin aka repressed da kuma tura. A RSFSR kadai biyu Katolika majami'u yi bayan da Great Patriotic War: Our Lady of Lourdes (Leningrad) da kuma St. Louis (Moscow).

Image na Kristi bai bar Rasha, da kuma daga farkon shekarun 1990s, Katolika koma da ayyukan a Rasha. Akwai biyu Apostolic Katolika iko da Latin yanka na Katolika College of Kalam kuma Ruhaniya Seminary mafi girma.

Tarayya Rijistar Service a watan Disamba 2006 ruwaito cewa a Rasha yana da game da 230 parishes, da kwata na wanda ba Haikali gine-gine. Kudaden shiga kunshi a hudu dioceses, tare da ha in Metropolitan.

A shekarar 1996, da Rasha Katolika, akwai tsakanin 200 da dubu 500, rayuka.

Protestantism

Yawan Furotesta a Rasha R. N. Lunkin ƙiyasta mutane miliyan uku (2014). An ruwaito cewa fiye da rabin su ne a manyan yawan parishioners da neopyatidesyatnicheskih Pentecostal majami'u. Ga wasu manyan Protestant ƙungiyõyi ne dubban masu aminci mutane: Baptists, Lutherans, evangelicals da Adventist.

A cewar Ma'aikatar Shari'a da yawan wa dai kungiyoyin addini Furotesta a kasar a karo na biyu wuri, bayan kawai Orthodox. Af, da 'yan Protestants, a cikin Volga da Arewa Caucasus Tarayya gundumomi ma baya ga musulmai, kuma a cikin Far East gundumar mukamansu farko.

wasu

Hoton Almasihu da bauta na Shaidun Jehobah. Su lambar a Rasha a 2013 amounted zuwa wani talakawan na 164.187 aiki wa'azi. An sani cewa game da 4988 Russia aka yi masa baftisma a shekara ta 2013, ya zama wani Jehobah shaida. A Memorial, a 2013, 283.221 mutane ziyarci. A Rasha, akwai kuma wani m Kristanci, ga abin da Molokans da Doukhobors.

Musulunci

Sunayen gumakansu na zamanin d duniya ne kusan manta. Yau, game da 8 miliyan Musulmi a Rasha. Musulmi Ruhaniya Directorate na Turai na da Rasha Federation ya furta cewa, cikin ƙasa na wannan kasa zaune game da ashirin da miliyan mabiya addinin Musulunci.

Mafiya yawa, ba shakka, yana nufin kansa a matsayin "kabilanci" Musulmi. Ba su cika bukatun da aqidar da kuma la'akari da kansu ga shi saboda hadisin ko wurin zama (Tatarstan, Bashkorostan). A cikin Caucasus, al'ummomin da karin ikon (Kirista yankin na Arewa Ossetia ne wani togiya).

A yawa Musulmi rayuwa a cikin Volga-Urals yankin, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Arewa Caucasus da kuma a Yammacin Siberia.

Yahudanci

Amince al'ummai addini ne sosai ban sha'awa ya yi karatu. Bari mu gano yadda mutane da yawa a cikin Rasha Federation girmama Yahudanci. Total a Rasha akwai miliyan 1.5 Yahudawa. Rasha Federation of Yahudawa Communities (FJC) rahoton cewa Yahudawan da suke dubu 500, yayin da a St. Petersburg, a Moscow - 170 dubu. A Rasha, yana da game da 70 majami'u.

FJC aiki lokaci guda tare da wani babbar alliance na addinin Yahudawa al'ummomi - Congress of Yahudawa kungiyoyin addini da kuma kungiyoyi na Rasha.

2002 ƙidaya ya furta cewa, a hukumance 233.439 Yahudawa rayuwa a Rasha.

addinin Buddha

Imani da addini za a iya karatu ba karshe. Ga wasu yankuna na Rasha gargajiya addinin Buddha? Shi ne tartsatsi a cikin Buryatia, Kalmykia da Tuva. Buddhist Association of Rasha ta yi kiyasin cewa yawan mutanen da suka bauta Buddha, shi ne tsakanin 1.5 da miliyan 2.

A general, da yawan "kabilanci" addinin Buddha a Rasha (bisa ga bayani game da mazaunan ƙidaya a 2012) ya kamar haka: da Kalmyks - 174 dubu mutane, Buryats - 445 000, Tuva - 243 dubu mutane. Total na game da 900 dubu zukatanku sun al'ada gano kansu a matsayin Tibet addinin Buddha na Gelugpa makaranta.

A cikin shekaru 90 na karni na ashirin, Zen da Tibet addinin Buddha tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa daga cikin birane kawo dukkan. A waɗannan kwanaki, akwai ko da abin ya shafa al'ummomi.

A St. Petersburg ne mafi arewacin Buddhist coci a duniya. Yana da aka gina kafin juyin juya halin a Petrograd ( "Datsan Gunzechoyney"). A yau shi ne - dan yawon shakatawa da kuma addini cibiyar addinin Buddha al'adu.

Sauran siffofin addini da kuma al'adun

A wanzuwar Allah ba tabbatar da kimiyya, amma asalin mutanen da Far Eastern kuma Siberian yankuna a lokaci guda a hukumance professed Orthodoxy riƙe da nuances na gargajiya Bogolyubov. Wasu daga cikin Finno-Ugric mutane (Udmurtia, Mari da sauransu) kamar yadda suke girmama tsoho akudu.

Da suka gaskata dogara ne a kan adana gargajiya abubuwa da kuma halin a matsayin rare Orthodoxy ko shamanism. Ba zato ba tsammani, da kalmar "ai da jama'a" za a iya cinye, kuma ga masu rinjaye na Russia, musamman kauyen.

Names of gumakan aiki da sihirinsu. Saboda haka, da yawa daga cikin mutanen Rasha na kokarin raya imani na al'ada. A shekarar 2013, an gwaji sabis "Laraba" m cewa Majusawa kiran kansu 1.5% na Russia. Sha'awa, duk da addini ƙungiyoyi na wannan irin ana kira a matsayin "neo-kafirci".

A wani birane yanayi, ban da kafa imani, habaka sabon addini ƙungiyoyi gabas (Tantrism, da sauransu. D.), The occult kuma Neo-Pagan (Rodnoverie da sauransu. D.) lallashewa.

Jihar da kuma addinin

Freedom addini ne mafi girma darajar a kowace ƙasa. Bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki na Rasha Federation shi ne wani wadanda mutane kasar inda babu daya addinin ba zai iya zama wani m, ko jama'a. A zamani Rasha da rinjaye Trend ne clericalization kasa - a hankali a hankali kafa wani tsari da rinjaye addini.

A yi, Rasha ba shi da sarari line na gindaya tsakanin jihar da akudu, ga abin da na jama'a rayuwa ta fara da ƙare da bayanan.

Af, memba na hukumar Kimiyya domin magance gurbata da kimiyya gwaje-gwajen da pseudoscience V. Kuvakin yi imanin cewa, halin yanzu jagorancin Rasha da ke sa wata babbar tarihi kuskure na kokarin juya a cikin wani addinin jihar Orthodoxy. Lalle ne, waɗannan ayyuka ne saba wa kundin tsarin mulki.

clericalization

Dukanmu mun san cewa, babban Mahaliccin dukan sararin samaniya! Addini permeates duk duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa. Yana za a iya samu a cikin wadanda yankunan da, a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki, an rabu daga bangaskiya a makarantu, soja, hukumomin gwamnati, kimiyya da ilimi. An sani cewa Jihar Duma ya amince da Patriarchate na Moscow rike na farko da shawarwari a kan duk kirga, da nascent shakka. A Rasha makarantu, dalibai fara koyon kayan yau da kullum na addini da al'adu, akwai na musamman "tauhidin" a wasu jami'o'i.

A zaban ma'aikata na sojojin sun gabatar da wani sabon matsayi - capelin (capelin). A babbar yawan sassan, ma'aikatun, hukumomin gwamnati na da Ibada. Very sau da yawa akwai al'umma majalisarku, rufe addini al'amurran da suka shafi a wadannan ma'aikatu.

Armenia

Kuma bari yanzu mu bincika addinin Armenia. Abin da yake wakilta? An sani cewa mafi yawan Armenia - Kirista da suka kira kansu mabiya Armenian Apostolic Church. A cikin wannan kasar, Kiristanci ya bayyana a cikin I karni BC. e. A sa'an nan da Almasihu wa'azin nan Manzanni da Bartalamawas, da Thaddeus, wanda suna dauke magoya bayan na Apostolic Armenian Church.

An sani cewa a farkon na IV karni (gargajiya kwanan wata ne 301 shekara), da Sarkin Trdat III ayyana Kiristanci da addinin jihar. Wannan shi ne yadda Armenia ya zama na farko da Kirista a jihar a duniya.

Bangaskiya, da Orthodoxy ne wani ɓangare daga kusan kowane Armenian. Saboda haka, ƙidaya Armenia a shekarar 2011 ya furta cewa, cikin Kristanci tsakanin ɗariku dabam dabam a cikin jihar professes 2858741 rai. Wannan adadi ya nuna cewa, kasar gida 98,67% mutane masu tsoron Allah.

Addini Armenia daban: 29.280 mũminai bauta wa Armenian Ikklesiyoyin bishara Church 13 843 - Armenian cocin Katolika, 8695 gano kansu a matsayin Shaidun Jehobah, 7532 kiran kansu Orthodox (halkadonitami), 2872 - Molokans.

Af, da Apostolic Church Armenian yana daga cikin Oriental Orthodox majami'u. Wadannan sun hada da: 'yan Koftik, Eritrea, Habasha, Malankara da kuma Syria.

Yezidism

An sani cewa akwai 'yancin addini a cikin Armenia. Wannan kasa ne zuwa gida 25.204 Yezidis goyon bayan (kusan 1% na yawan jihar daga mãsu taƙawa). Wannan shi ne yafi Kurdawa. Suna zaune a kauyuka da Ararat kwarin, kadan arewa maso yammacin Yerevan. Haikali 'Ziarat' An kaddamar a Jihar Armavir yankin Satumba 29, 2012.

An dauke da farko Haikali gina kasashen waje arewacin Iraqi - asali mahaifarsa na Yezidis. Its manufa shi ne saduwa da bukatun ruhaniya na Yezidis a Armenia.

Yahudanci

Allah - Mahaliccin dukan rai a duniya. Wannan ra'ayi ne shared da dukan muminai, su ne zuwa ga abin da addini. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a Armenia akwai har zuwa 3 dubban Yahudawa, wanda yafi rayuwa a Yerevan.

Musulunci

Armenian Kirista addini da muka tattauna. Kuma wanda ya yi maraba da addinin musulunci a wannan kasa? Mun sani cewa wannan rukunan aka professed Kurdawa, Azeris, Farisa, Armenia da kuma sauran mutane. Yerevan musamman ga Musulmi gina wani masallaci.

Yau, a wannan kasar Musulmi Kurdish al'umma ya hada da dama da ɗari rãyukansu, wanda mafi yawansu suna zaune a yankin Abovyan. Wasu Musulmi Azerbaijanis zaune a kusa da arewaci da gabashin iyakar Armenia a cikin kauyuka. Kullum a Yerevan game da dubu Musulmi - Kurdawa, mutane daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Farisa da wasu 1,500 Armenian mata sabobin tuba zuwa ga Musulunci.

Neopaganism

Shin ba ka gaji duk da haka ya gano da m al'ummai addini? Saboda haka, mu ci gaba da kara rarraba wannan ban sha'awa topic. 2011 Ƙidayar nuna cewa a Armenia rayuwa 5434 mataimaki na kafirci.

Neopagan addini motsi kira getanizmom. Yana Ya mayar da wani kafa Armenian pre-bangaskiyar Kirista. Getanizm kafa Armenology Sanyin hanu Kakosyan dogara ne a kan ayyukan Garegin Nzhdeh - sanannen Armenian kasa.

Neopagan, dukan hukuncen yi a cikin Haikalin Garni. A Armenian al'umma ne mai arna firist Petrosyan Zograb. A takamaiman yawan mabiya wannan addini babu wanda ya sani. A general, da Armenian m Neopaganism, kamar yadda mai mulkin, tsakanin magoya baya daga cikin matsananci-dama da kuma kasa igiyoyin.

An sani cewa gitanistami dauke da kansu sanannun manufar Armenia Ashot Navasardyan (kafa Armenian hukuncin Republican Party) da kuma Margaryan Andranik (tsoffin firaministoci).

'Yancin imani a Rasha

Imani da addini na kasar Rasha mutane prompted da Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas II a 1905 (17 Afrilu) bayar da umurnin a gare sunan Koli majalisar dattijai. Wannan umurnin ya ruwaito a kan bunqasar da kafofin na addini haƙuri. Yana da wannan takarda a karon farko a tarihin Rasha da bin doka da ikirarin ba kawai hakkokin to 'yanci akida ba-Orthodox mutane bangaskiya, amma kuma tabbatar da cewa amfanin ƙasa na ta sauran addinai ba za a hukunta su. Bugu da kari, sarki na Old Muminai kuma halatta suschestvovashie kife a baya bans da kuma hane-hane ga sauran Kirista ƙungiyõyi.

Addini Dokar ta tanadi cewa addini na da wani Janairu 20, 1918 a Rasha ne mai zaman kansa al'amarin. Yana da aka haka ya yi kira da umarni da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars na RSFSR.

A Rasha kundin tsarin mulki (Part 2, Mataki na ashirin da 14) ya ce:

• Rasha ne wadanda mutane kasar. Babu addini za a iya kafa a nan a matsayin m ko jama'a.
• Addini al'ummomin sun ware daga jihar da kuma daidaita a gaban doka. Tarayya Law "A addini coalitions da kuma 'yancin tunani" a 1997, da ke rubuce a "muhimmiyar rawa na Orthodoxy a Rasha tarihi a ci gaban da al'adunta da kuma ibada."

Muna fatan wannan labarin ya taimake ku don samun wani janar ra'ayin na Rasha ƙungiyõyi.