Afghanistan: tarihi tun daga lokacin da ya zuwa yau rana

Afghanistan - a kasar da cewa yana da fiye da shekaru 200, shi ne wani yanki na amfani muhimman 'yan wasan a cikin siyasar duniya. Its sunan yana da kyau kafa a cikin jerin mafi hatsari hotspot na duniya tamu. Duk da haka, kawai 'yan san tarihin Afghanistan, wanda aka fada a takaice a wannan labarin. Bugu da kari, ta mutane da dama millennia Ya halitta a arzikin al'adu da ke kusa da Persian, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne a ƙi saboda gudana siyasa da tattalin arziki rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ayyukan ta'addanci da m Islama kungiyoyi.

A tarihin Afghanistan daga farkon sau

Na farko mutane ta bayyana a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa game da 5,000 da suka wuce. Mai bincike ko yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne inda ciwon duniya na farko masu zama a gida noma al'ummomi. Bugu da kari, shi ne a zaci cewa Zoroastrianism bayyana a cikin rãyuwar ƙasa na Afghanistan tsakanin 1800 da kuma 800 shekaru BC, da kuma kafa na addini, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin, ya ciyar da karshe shekaru ransa kuma ya mutu a Balkh.

A tsakiyar 6th karni BC. e. Achaemenids hada da waɗannan ƙasashe na Persian Empire. Duk da haka, bayan da shekara 330 BC. e. ta kama sojojin Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Jihar Afghanistan ya har da auka, sa'an nan ya zama wani ɓangare na Seleucid Empire, akwai ana shuka addinin Buddha. Sa'an nan, da yankin ya zo karkashin mulkin Greco-Bactrian mulkin. By ƙarshen 2nd karni BC. e. Indo-Helenawa ci Scythians, kuma a arni na farko AD. e. Afghanistan lashe Parthian Empire.

Middle Ages

A cikin 6th karni, kasar ta ƙasa ya zama wani ɓangare na Sassanid Empire, kuma daga baya - da Samanids. Afghanistan sa'an nan, tarihin wanda kusan bai san dogon lokaci na zaman lafiya, tsira da Arab mamayewa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin marigayi 8th karni.

Kan gaba 9 ƙarni, kasar ne sau da yawa ya wuce daga hannu da hannu har 14th karni da aka ba kunshe a cikin Timurid Empire. A wannan lokacin Herat zama na biyu cibiyar da ke jihar. Bayan 2 ƙarni na karshe na Timurid daular - Babur - ya kafa daular tsakiya a birnin Kabul, kuma ya fara yin tafiye-tafiye zuwa India. Ya zarar ya koma Indiya, Afghanistan da yankin ya zama wani ɓangare na Safavid kasar.

Dakushewar jihar a cikin 18th karni kai ga samuwar mulkin gargajiya khans da kuma tayarwa gāba da Iran. A lokaci guda kafa Gilzeyskoe sarauta tare da babban birnin kasar a birnin Kandahar, ya ci a 1737 Persian sojojin Nadir Shah.

Durrani jihar

Abin mamaki, Afghanistan (tarihin kasar a zamanin da ka riga sani) ya samu wani zaman kanta a jihar ne kawai a 1747 a lokacin da Ahmad Shah Durrani kafa mulkin tare da babban birnin kasar a Kandahar. Karkashin ɗansa, Timur Shah, babban gari na jihar shelar Kabul da kuma farkon karni na 19th, kasar ta zama mai mulkin Shah Mahmud.

Birtaniya mulkin mallaka fadada

A tarihin Afghanistan daga farkon sau da farkon karni na 19th, riko da yawa asirai, don haka da dama na shafukan suna karatu comparatively talauci. A wannan ba za a iya ce game da lokaci bayan da mamayewa na da karkararta na Anglo-sojojin India. "New masu" Afghanistan kaunace domin da hankali rubuce dukan abubuwan. A musamman, tsira takardun da haruffa daga Birtaniya sojoji da jami'an zuwa ga iyãlansu sane da cikakken bayani, ba kawai fadace-fadace da kuma yunkuri na mutanen dake wurin, amma kuma ta hanyar rayuwa da kuma hadisai.

Saboda haka, da tarihi na yaki a Afghanistan, wanda aka gudanar da Anglo-sojan India, da ya fara a 1838. Bayan 'yan watanni 12000th ra'ayoyi na Birtaniya sojojin kutsa Kandahar da Kabul da daga baya. Sarkin kauce masa karo da wani m abokin gaba, da kuma shiga duwatsu. Duk da haka, ta wakilai sun kullum ziyarci babban birnin kasar, da kuma a 1841 a birnin Kabul ya fara tashin hankali cikin gida yawan. Birtaniya umurnin yanke shawarar tattara zuwa India, amma a kan hanyar da sojoji aka kashe da Afghanistan guerrillas. A mayar da martani ne mai m punitive hare-hare.

Da farko Anglo-Afghanistan War

Dalilin da barkewar tashin a kan wani ɓangare na Birtaniya Empire ya aika wa gwamnatin Rasha a 1837 Lieutenant Witkiewicz a Kabul. Akwai ya yi zauna kamar yadda wani mazaunin a kãmun ikon a Afghanistan babban birnin kasar na Dost Muhammad. Karshe a lokacin riga Bole shekaru 10 da ya yi yaƙi da dangi, Shuja Shah, da goyan bayan London. Birtaniya Dangane da manufa a matsayin Witkiewicz Rasha ta da niyyar su sami wani qafafunku a Afghanistan, a nan gaba shiga India.

A Janairu 1839 Birtaniya sojojin 12,000 sojoji da 38,000 ma'aikata a 30 000 raƙuma, ya haye Bolan Pass. Afrilu 25 ba tare da wani yaki, ta gudanar ya dauki Kandahar, da kuma kaddamar da farmaki a kan Kabul.

Strong juriya ga Burtaniya da kawai sansanin soja na Ghazni, duk da haka, da kuma ta da aka tilasta su mika wuya. Way to Kabul an buɗe, da kuma birnin fadi 7 Agusta 1839. A kan kursiyin, tare da taimakon Birtaniya sarautar Sarkin Shuja Shah da kuma Amir Dost Mohammad gudu zuwa duwatsu tare da wani karamin rukuni na sojojin.

Board Birtaniya protege dade ba, a matsayin gida mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji shirya tashin a duk sassan kasar nan suka fara kai farmaki da invaders.

A farkon 1842 Birtaniya da kuma Indiyawan amince da su a kan bude wani corridor ta hanyar abin da mutum zai iya tattara zuwa India. Duk da haka, Jalalabad Afghanistan sun kai hari a Burtaniya, kuma daga 16,000 maza tsere, kawai mutum daya.

A mayar da martani, ya bi ta hanyar punitive expeditions, kuma bayan da danniya na tawaye Birtaniya shiga tattaunawar da Dost Mohammed, rinjayarsu masa ya yi watsi rapprochement tare da Rasha. Daga baya, wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu.

Biyu Anglo-Afghanistan War

A halin da ake ciki a kasar zauna mun gwada da barga har 1877 ba ya fara Rasha-Turkish yaki. Afghanistan, wanda tarihi - yana da dogon jerin makamai rikici, aka sake kama a gwabza. Gaskiyar ita ce, lokacin da London ya bayyana rashin biyan bukata da nasarar da sojojin Rasha ya motsa da sauri zuwa Istanbul, St. Petersburg yanke shawarar wasa India taswira. A saboda wannan dalili, wata manufa da aka aiko zuwa Kabul, wanda aka karɓa tare da karrama Sarkin Sher Ali Khan. A da shawarar Rasha jami'an diplomasiya, da karshen ki bari kasar Birtaniya ofishin jakadancin. Wannan ya haifar da shigowa da na Birtaniya da sojoji a Afghanistan. Sun mamaye babban birnin kasar da kuma tilasta sabon sarkin Yaqub Khan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, bisa ga abin da gwamnatinsa da bãbu wani hakki a gudanar kasashen waje da manufofin ba tare da shiga tsakani na gwamnatin Birtaniya.

A 1880, Emir zama Abdurrahman Khan. Ya sanya wani ƙoƙari na shiga da makamai rikici tare da sojojin Rasha a Turkestan, amma aka ci a cikin watan Maris 1885, na biyu a Kushka yankin. A sakamakon haka, London da kuma St. Petersburg tare ayyana iyakokin cikin wanda Afghanistan (tarihi a cikin karni na 20th da aka gabatar a kasa) har yanzu wanzu a yau.

'Yancin kai daga Birtaniya Empire

A shekara ta 1919, a sakamakon kisan da Emir Habibullah Khan da kuma juyin mulki a kan kursiyin ya tabbatar da Amanullah Khan, wanda ya sanar da kasar ta samu 'yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya da kuma furta jihad da shi. Su da aka gudanar shirin yaqi da Indiya koma 12000th sojojin na yau da kullum da sojoji, da goyan bayan da ɗaya da ɗari dubbai sojojin ƙungiyõyinsu a gabãninsu makiyaya.

Tarihi na yaki a Afghanistan, ta kaddamar da Birtaniya domin ya kula da tasiri, kuma ya ƙunshi wani tunani da na farko a cikin tarihin kasar ta m harin. Kai hari da Sojan Sama aka hõre Kabul. A sakamakon da tsoro ya faru tsakanin mazauna babban birnin kasar, da kuma bayan kamar wata rasa fadace-fadace Amanullah Khan tambaye game da duniya.

Da yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu Agusta 1919. A cewar wannan takarda, kasar samu dama na waje dangantakar, amma aka hana na shekara-shekara Birtaniya tallafin na 60,000 fam Sterling, wanda har 1919 da aka game da rabi daga Afghanistan na kasafin kudin da kudaden shiga.

mulki

A shekara ta 1929, Amanullah Khan, wanda, bayan tafiya zuwa Turai da kuma Tarayyar Soviet ya yi game da fara m gyara, aka hambarar a wani tawaye Habibullah Kalakani lakabi Bacha Saqao (dan ruwa m). Kokarin sake samu kursiyin da tsohon Sarkin, tare da goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet da dakarun, ya ba wani rabo. Mun dauki amfani da Birtaniya, wadanda suka kifar Bacha Saqao kuma sa shi a gadon sarautar Nadir Khan. Tare da ya kawo masa, ya fara da 'yan tarihi na Afghanistan. Daular mulkinsu a Afghanistan da aka kira sarauta, da kuma masarautar da aka soke.

A shekara ta 1933, Nadir Khan, wanda aka kashe a ɗan jam'iyyar kadet a lokacin da wani farati a Kabul, aka maye gurbinsu a kan karagarsa ɗa, Zahir Shah. Ya kasance mai kawo canji da aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi haskaka da m Asian wadanada a lokacinsa.

A shekarar 1964, Zahir Shah bayar da wani sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda aka yi niyya ga tsarin dimokuradiyya na Afghanistan da kuma kawar da wariya ga mata. A sakamakon haka, halin musamman limaman fara bayyana rashin biyan bukata da kuma tsunduma cikin rashin jituwa a halin da ake ciki a kasar.

A mulkin kama karya na Daud

Kamar yadda tarihi na Afghanistan, karni na 20th (tsakanin 1933 da 1973) ya ga jihar ne da gaske zinariya, yayin da kasar ta bayyana masana'antu, kyawawan hanyoyi, zamanintar da tsarin ilimi, aka kafa University, gina asibitoci da sauransu. Duk da haka, a cikin 40th shekara bayan ya Accession a kan karaga, Zahir Shah aka hambarar da dan uwansa - Prince Mohammed Daoud, ya yi kira a Afghanistan a jamhuriyar. Bayan haka, kasar ta zama wani fage na adawa tsakanin daban-daban ƙungiyõyin cewa bayyana bukatun da Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks da Hazaras, da kuma sauran kabilu al'ummomi. Bugu da kari, da adawa dauki m Musulunci sojojin. A shekarar 1975, suka tashi a haddin shari'a cewa cike Paktia lardin, Badakhshan, kuma Nangarhar. Duk da haka, gwamnatin ta kama karya Daud da wahala, amma gudanar ya kashe.

A lokaci guda ya nema ya gurgunta halin da ake ciki, da kuma wakilan jam'iyyar PDP kasa (PDPA). Duk da haka, ta na da babba goyon baya a Afghanistan Sun

DRA

Tarihi na Afghanistan (20th karni) ya samu wani sauyi a 1978. Afrilu 27, akwai wani juyin juya halin. Bayan zuwa ga ikon, Nur Mohammad Taraki Mohammed Daoud da duk 'yan iyalinsa da aka kashe. M management matsayi kasance Hafizullah Amin kuma Babrak Karmal.

Fage shiga Afghanistan wata iyaka contingent na Soviet sojojin

Manufofin da sabuwar hukumomi don kawar da backlog na kasar ya gana da juriya da Islamists, wanda wuni a wani yakin basasa. Iya jimre da halin da ake ciki, da Afghanistan gwamnati, ya sha nanata kira ga Soviet Politburo tare da bukatar samar da soja taimako. Duk da haka, da Soviet hukuma dena ba, kamar yadda tsammani mummunan sakamakon irin wannan mataki. A lokaci guda, da suka tako har tsaro a kan iyakar ƙasar Afghan yankin da kuma kara yawan soja shawara a cikin kasashen kasar. A lokaci guda kullum isa KGB m cewa Amurka rayayye da kuɗaɗen da anti-dakarun gwamnati.

Kashewar Taraki

Tarihi na Afghanistan (20th karni) ya ƙunshi bayani game da dama na siyasa kisan kai to, ku kãmã iko. Wata irin wannan taron ya faru a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1979, a lokacin da ta domin na Hafizullah Amin aka kama da kuma kashe shugaban PDPA, Taraki. A karkashin sabon fir'auna na kasar juya ta'addancin da shãfe da sojojin, wadda suka zama sananne tawaye da kuma yi ƙaura. Tun da VC kasance babban goyon baya daga PDPA, da Soviet gwamnatin gan a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki wata barazana ga ta kifar da zuwa ga ikon sojojin maƙiya a Tarayyar Soviet. Bugu da kari, an koya cewa Amin yana da sirrin da lambobi tare da American manzannin.

A sakamakon haka, an yanke shawarar ci gaba da wani aiki zuwa ga kifar da kuma maye na shugaban, mafi biyayya ga tarayyar Soviet. Babban dan takarar da wannan rawar da ya zama Babrak Karmal.

Tarihi na yaki a Afghanistan (1979-1989): horo

Shirye-shirye juyin mulki a kasashen kasar fara a watan Disamba na shekarar 1979, lokacin da wani musamman aikata "Musulmi bataliya" da aka tura zuwa Afghanistan. A tarihin wannan rabo ga haka yanzu ga dama da ya rage wani asiri. Mun dai san cewa ya staffed da GRU na Central Asia jamhuriyoyin, wanda aka sanannun hadisai na al'umman da suke zaune a Afghanistan, da harshe da kuma hanyarsa ta rayuwa.

A yanke shawarar mamaye aka sanya a tsakiyar Disamba 1979 a wani taro na Politburo. Ya aka ba kawai goyon Kosygin, saboda wanda ya yi wani tsanani rikici da Brezhnev.

The aiki ya fara ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1979, a lokacin da ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Afghanistan ya dauki 781-th raba m bataliya 108 MSD. Sa'an nan ya zo canja wuri da kuma sauran Soviet soja raka'a. By tsakiyar rana da su sarai sarrafawa Kabul a kan Disamba 27, da kuma da yamma suka fara hadari da fadar Amin. Ya dade kawai minti 40, kuma ya zama sananne bayan kammala mafi yawan waɗanda suke a can, ciki har da kasar shugaba, aka kashe.

A takaice dai Chronology na events a cikin lokaci daga 1980 zuwa 1989

Real labaru game da yaki a Afghanistan - wani labarin game da heroism na sojoji da jami'an, wanda ba ko da yaushe gane, ga wanda kuma abin da ake tilasta hadarin rayuwarsu. Brief Chronology ne kamar haka:

• Maris 1980 - Afrilu 1985. The hali na tashin, ciki har da manyan sikelin-, kazalika da aikin a kan reorganization na Armed Forces na DRA.
• Afrilu 1985 - Janairu 1987. Support for Afghanistan Air Force jirgin sama da sojojin, demining raka'a da manyan bindigogi, kazalika da wani aiki yaki ta dakatar da samar da makamai daga kasashen waje.
• Janairu 1987 - Fabrairu 1989. Saka hannu cikin abubuwan da suka faru ga manufofin na kasa sasantawa.

By farkon shekarar 1988 ya bayyana cewa gaban m Soviet sojojin a kan ƙasa da DRA ne da bai dace ba. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa tarihi na janye daga Afghanistan fara Fabrairu 8, 1988, a lokacin da a wata ganawar na ofishin siyasa na tada tambaya na da zabi na kwanan ga aiki.

Yana da aka May 15th. Duk da haka, na karshe naúrar bar Kabul CA Fabrairu 4, 1989, kuma ya kammala da janyewar jihar bakin kan iyaka Fabrairu 15, Lieutenant-Janar Boris Gromov.

A cikin 90s

Afghanistan, tarihi da kuma masu yiwuwa ga m ci gaba ne nan gaba wajen m, a cikin shekaru goma na karni na 20th, shiga cikin zurfin jãhilci daga yakin basasa mai muni.

A karshen Fabrairu 1989 a Peshawar Afghanistan adawa zabe shugaban "Sabuwar Gwamnatin na Mujahideen" shugaban "Alliance of Bakwai" C Mojaddedi da kuma fara yaƙi da Soviet-goyon baya tsarin mulki.

A watan Afrilu 1992, da dakarun 'yan adawa kama Kabul, da kuma gobe, ta kai a gaban kasashen waje jami'an diplomasiyan aka zayyana shugaban Islamic State of Afghanistan. A tarihin kasar bayan "rantsar" yi kaifi nuna zuwa ga tsattsauran ra'ayi. Daya daga cikin na farko littafai hannu ta S. Mojaddedi, ya ayyana a matsayin null dukan dokokin da suke saba wa Musulunci.

A wannan shekara ya mika mulki ga ra'ayoyi na Burhanuddin Rabbani. Wannan shawarar ya sa kabilanci jayayya a cikinsa warlords halakar da juna. Ba da da ewa dalĩli Rabbani ya raunana ga irin wannan har gwamnati ta daina gudanar da duk wani aiki a cikin kasar.

A karshen watan Satumba 1996, da kungiyar Taliban ya ci Kabul, kãma hambararren shugaban kasar Najibullah da ɗan'uwansa, wanda aka boye a cikin gini na MDD, da kuma a bainar jama'a aiwatar da rataye a daya daga cikin yankunan da Afghanistan babban birnin kasar.

The Islamic masarautar na Afghanistan da aka zayyana a 'yan kwanaki, ya sanar da halittar wucin Hukuncin Council, kunsha na 6 mambobin jagorancin Mullah Omar. Bayan zuwa ga ikon, "da Taliban" wasu har stabilized da halin da ake ciki a kasar. Duk da haka, da suka yi mai yawa adawar.

9 ga watan Oktoba, 1996 da wani taro na daya daga cikin manyan 'yan adawa - Dostum - Rabbani da kuma a kusa da birnin na Mazar-i-Sharif. Sun hade da Ahmad Shah Massoud da kuma Karim Khalili. A sakamakon da aka kafa ta Majalisar Koli ta da o arin da na kowa gwagwarmaya da "Taliban". A ra'ayoyi ne ake kira "Northern Alliance". Ta gudanar kafa a arewacin Afghanistan ta samu 'yancin kai a lokacin 1996-2001 ,. jiha.

Bayan da mamayewa na kasa da kasa da sojojin

A tarihin zamani Afghanistan da aka farfado bayan sanannen harin ta'addanci Satumba 11, 2001. The United States amfani da shi a matsayin hujjar da mamayewa na kasar ta sanar da babban makasudin da kifar da Taliban gwamnatin da mafaka ga Osama bin Laden. Oktoba 7 Afghanistan ƙasa da aka hõre m iska buga su ɓãta Taliban sojojin. A watan Disamba, ya gudanar da majalisar dattawan Afghanistan kabilu, karkashin jagorancin nan gaba (tun 2004) Shugaba Hamid Karzai.

A lokaci guda, NATO ta kammala zama na Afghanistan, da kuma Taliban sun mayar da su cikin yaƙin basasa. Tun daga nan kuma zuwa wannan rana ba a daina hare-haren ta'addanci a kasar. Bugu da kari, shi ne kowace rana ya jũya a cikin wata babbar plantation for girma opium poppies. Isar da shi a ce cewa, bisa ga} iyasta, game da mutane miliyan 1 a cikin wannan kasa ne magani dogara.

A daidai wannan lokaci, ba a sani ba tarihi na Afghanistan, ya gabatar ba tare da retouching, sun Turawa ko Amirkawa buga, ciki har da lokuta na fitina da aka nuna ta NATO da sojoji da fararen hula. Wata kila wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yaki da aka riga duk kyawawan gundura. Tabbatarwa da wadannan kalmomi ne, kuma Baraka Obamy yanke shawarar janye sojojin. Duk da haka, shi ya ba tukuna aka aiwatar, da kuma yanzu Afghanistan suna fatan cewa sabon shugaban kasar Amurka ba za ta canza tsare-tsaren, kuma zuwa karshe bar waje soja.

Yanzu ka san da tsoho da kuma kwanan nan tarihi na Afghanistan. Yau, da wannan kasa ke faruwa ta hanyar wuya sau, kuma za mu iya kawai fatan cewa ta ƙasar ne a karshe zuwa duniya.