Avogadro ta lambar: ban sha'awa facts

Daga cikin makaranta sunadarai hanya da aka sani a gare mu cewa idan ka yi daya mole na wani abu, shi ne 6.02214084 (18) • 10 ^ 23 kwayoyin halitta, ko wasu tsarin abubuwa (kwayoyin, ions, da dai sauransu). Domin saukaka Avogadro ta lambar da aka saba rubuta a cikin wannan tsari: 6,02 • 10 ^ 23.

Duk da haka, dalilin da ya sa Avogadro m (a cikin Ukrainian harshe "ya zama Avogadro") shi ne daidai da irin wannan darajar? Amsar wannan tambaya shi ne ba a cikin litattafan, kuma masana tarihi na sunadarai bayar daban-daban versions. A ra'ayi ne cewa Avogadro ta lambar ne m ma'anar. Lalle ne, dole ne a can sihiri lambobi, da suka hada da wasu yawan "pi", Fibonacci lambobi, bakwai (takwas a gabas), 13, da dai sauransu Za mu yi yãƙi a cikin bayanai injin. Game da wanda wannan Amedeo Avogadro, kuma me ya sa, a cikin girmamawa ga masanin kimiyya a Bugu da kari ya tsara dokar, sami m aka kuma nada wani bakin dutse a kan Moon, ba za mu yi magana. Wannan aka rigaya aka rubuta a yawan articles.

Don zama daidai, Amedeo Avogadro aka bai tsunduma a lissafin da kwayoyin ko atoms a wani musamman girma. A farko wanda kokarin gano yadda da yawa daga cikin gas kwayoyin kunshe ne a cikin wani da aka ba girma a wannan matsin lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki ya Josef Loschmidt, kuma shi ne a 1865 shekara. A sakamakon su gwajen Loschmidt ƙarasa da cewa a daya cubic santimita na wani gas a al'ada yanayi ne 2,68675 • 10 ^ 19 kwayoyin.

Daga bisani, an kirkiro babban yawan m hanyoyi na yadda za a ƙayyade da Avogadro m, kuma tun da sakamakon a mafi yawan wasa, shi zai sake magana a cikin ni'imar da real wanzuwar kwayoyin. A lokacin, yawan hanyoyin da ya wuce 60, amma a 'yan shekarun nan, masana kimiyya suna kokarin kara inganta daidaito na kimanta, don gabatar da wani sabon definition da kalmar "kilogram". Ya zuwa yanzu, kilogram ake dangantawa da zabi misali abu ba tare da wani muhimman hakkokin ma'anar.

Amma baya ga asali tambaya - me ya sa wannan m ne daidai 6,022 • 10 ~ 23?

A sunadarai, a 1973, an samarwa don gabatar irin wannan wani ra'ayi domin saukaka a cikin lissafin matsayin "adadin abu". Ainihin naúrar for aunawa da adadin zama mol. A cewar shawarwari na IUPAC, da adadin da wani abu a gwargwado ga ta musamman na farko barbashi. The proportionality factor ba dogara a kan irin abu, kuma Avogadro ta lambar ne ta kishiya darajar.

Domin tsabta, bari mu dauki wani misali. Kamar yadda muka sani daga cikin definition of atomic taro naúrar 1 amu Yana yayi dace da daya-goma sha biyu da taro na wani carbon zarra kuma 12C ne 1,66053878 • 10 ^ (- 24) gram. Idan ka ninka 1 amu a Avogadro m, mun samu 1,000 g / mol. Yanzu dauki wasu sinadaran kashi, misali, beryllium. A cewar Table taro na beryllium zarra ne 9,01 amu Mu ƙidaya abin da yake daidai ga daya mole na kwayoyin halitta na kashi:

6,02 x 10 ^ 23 mol-1 * 1.66053878h10 ^ (- 24) * 9,01 grams = 9,01 grams / mole.

Saboda haka, ta bayyana cewa da matauni taro numerically daidai da atomic.

Avogadro m an zaɓa musamman domin haka cewa matauni taro corresponded zuwa wani atomic ko dimensionless yawa - zumunta kwayoyin (atomic) nauyi. Za mu iya cewa Avogadro ta lambar da aka zamar masa dole ya ya bayyanar a daya hannun, da atomic taro naúrar kuma a kan sauran - na kowa naúrar for gwada nauyi - grams.