Makaman nukiliya reactor: aiki da ka'idodin, kuma naúrar kewaye

Design da kuma aiki na nukiliya reactor bisa initialization da kuma kula da kai-riƙe nukiliya dauki. Ana amfani da a matsayin nazari kayan aiki domin samar da rediyoaktif isotopes da kuma matsayin makamashi Madogararsa for nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke.

Makaman nukiliya reactor: da manufa na aiki (short)

Amfani a cikin wancan fission aiwatar da wani nauyi tsakiya tsãgewar ƙwãyar cikin biyu karami, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. Wadannan da wani ɓaɓɓake ne a wani sosai m jihar da kuma emit neutrons, da kuma sauran subatomic barbashi kuma photons. Neutrons iya haifar da sabon rarrabu a sakamakon, wanda ake jefarwa ko fiye, da sauransu. Wannan ci gaba da kai-riƙe yawan disintegrations kira sarkar dauki. A daidai wannan lokaci, wani babban adadin makamashi, samar da wanda yake shi ne manufar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya.

Ka'idar aiki na nukiliya reactor da makaman nukiliya ikon shuka shi ne irin abin da 85% na mazauna tsagawa makamashi da aka saki a cikin wani dan kankanin lokaci bayan da farkon na dauki. Sauran part aka samar da rediyoaktif lalata da fission kayayyakin, bayan da suka ƙaryata neutrons. Rediyoaktif lalace ne tsari a cikin abin da zarra ya kai wani kwari jihar. Ya ci gaba da kuma bayan division.

A atomic bam sarkar dauki qara a tsanani, har ya fi na kayan za a raba. Wannan ya faru sosai da sauri, samar da wani musamman iko fashewar halayyar irin bama-bamai. Inji da kuma aiki na nukiliya reactor bisa ka'ida na rike da sarkar dauki a kan wani kayyade kusan m matakin. An tsara don haka da cewa fashe a matsayin atomic bam iya ba.

Sarkar Reaction da zargi

Physics fission reactor aka ƙaddara cewa sarkar dauki yiwuwa bayan nukiliya fission neutron watsi. Idan 'yan yawan rage-rage, da kudi na rabo a karshen za su fada wa sifili. A wannan yanayin da reactor za a subcritical jihar. Idan neutron yawan mutane, an kiyaye a akai matakin, da fission kudi zai zama barga. A reactor zai zama cikin wani mawuyacin halin. Kuma a karshe, idan a kan lokaci da neutron yawan tsiro, rarraba da gudu da kuma ikon zai kara. core jihar zama supercritical.

Ka'idar aiki na nukiliya reactor na gaba. Kafin fara neutron yawan ne kusa da sifili. Sa'an nan, da ke aiki cire iko da sandunansu daga core, kara division tsakiya da cewa dan lokaci sabobin tuba cikin reactor a supercritical jihar. Bayan kai rated ikon aiki jera koma iko da sandunansu, daidaitawa da adadin neutrons. Daga bisani cikin reactor an kiyaye a cikin wani mawuyacin hali. Lokacin da ya zama dole ya tsaya, da sadarwarka abun da ake sakawa sandunansu gaba daya. Wannan cike da rabo kuma yana sanya core a subcritical jihar.

iri reactors

Mafi yawa daga cikin data kasance makamashi ne samar da zafi zama dole su fitar da turbines, da fitar da janareto da wutar lantarki na nukiliya shigarwa a duniya. Har ila yau, akwai mutane da yawa da bincike reactors, da kuma wasu kasashe da submarines ko surface jirãge, kore ta samar da makamashi daga cikin zarra.

ikon shuke-shuke

Akwai da dama jinsunan da irin wannan reactor, amma yadu soma zane na haske ruwa. Bi da bi, shi za a iya amfani da a matsa ruwa ko ruwan zãfi. A cikin farko idan da babban matsin ruwa mai tsanani da zafi na core da kuma shiga cikin tururi janareta. Akwai, da zafi daga primary zuwa secondary kewaye da aka wuce, da kara hada da ruwa. A generated tururi kyakkyawan hidima a matsayin aiki ruwa a cikin tururi inji mai farfela sake zagayowar.

A reactor ne a tafasar irin aiki a kan manufa na kai tsaye makamashi sake zagayowar. Ruwa wucewa ta hanyar da zuciyar, ya kawo a tafasa a kan matsakaici matsa lamba matakin. Cikakken tururi wuce ta hanyar jerin separators da masu na'urorin busa an zubar a cikin reactor jirgin ruwa, sakamakon ta sverhperegretoe jihar. Superheated tururi ne to amfani da aiki m, da juyawa injin turbin.

High-zazzabi gas-sanyaya

High-zazzabi gas-sanyaya reactor (HTGR) - nukiliya reactor, da manufa na aiki dogara ne a kan yin amfani da graphite a matsayin man fetur cakuda man fetur da kuma microspheres. Akwai biyu gasar kayayyaki:

• Jamus "Sako-cika" tsarin, wanda yana amfani da wani mai siffar zobe man fetur abubuwa 60 mm a diamita, kunsha na cakuda man fetur da kuma graphite a graphite harsashi.
• Amirka version of a graphite kyakkyawan prisms cewa interlock don ƙirƙirar da zuciyar.

A lokuta biyu, da sanyaya ruwa kunshi helium a karkashin wani matsin lamba na game da 100 atmospheres. A Jamus tsarin helium wuce ta gibba a cikin Layer na mai siffar zobe man fetur abubuwa, da kuma a Amurka - ta hanyar takware a cikin graphite prisms shirya tare da tsakiyar axis daga cikin reactor core. Dukansu zabin iya aiki a yanayi mai karfi, tun da graphite yana da wani musamman high sublimation zazzabi, da kuma chemically inert helium gaba daya. Hot helium za a iya amfani da kai tsaye kamar yadda wani aiki ruwa a wani gas injin turbin a high zafin jiki ko kadan za a iya amfani domin samar da tururi sake zagayowar ruwa.

Liquid-karfe nukiliya reactor: kewaye da aiki manufa

Fast reactors da sodium coolant ya samu babba da hankali a 1960-1970 ta. Sa'an nan kuma ya zama kamar ma cewa su ikon haifa nukiliya man fetur a nan gaba da ake bukata domin samar da man fetur ga wani hanzari gwamnatin nukiliya masana'antu. Lokacin da ya bayyana da cewa wannan fata ne mara kyau ne, babbar sha'awa waned a 1980s. Duk da haka, a Amurka, Rasha, Faransa, Birtaniya, Japan da kuma Jamus gina jerin reactors na da irin wannan. Mafi yawansu ba su aiki a kan uranium dioxide ko cakuda plutonium dioxide. A {asar Amirka, duk da haka, rabo mai girma da aka cimma tare da karfe man fetur.

CANDU

Canada ya mayar da hankali ta kokarin a kan reactors, wanda amfani da halitta uranium. Wannan gusar da bukatar ta enrichment don amfani da sabis na wasu ƙasashe. A sakamakon wannan manufar shi ne deuterium-uranium reactor (CANDU). Sarrafa da kuma sanyaya shi ƙãga nauyi ruwa. Design da kuma aiki na nukiliya reactor ne don amfani da wani tanki da sanyi D ₂ Ya at yanayi matsa lamba. Active yankin Ribar shambura na zirconium gami man fetur na halitta uranium, ta hanyar abin da circulates sanyaya ta m ruwa. Da wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar rarraba da zafi canja wuri a cikin m ruwa coolant, wanda aka kẽwayãwa ta hanyar tururi janareta. Tururi a cikin sakandare madauki sa'an nan ya wuce ta wata al'ada injin turbin sake zagayowar.

bincike da wuraren

Domin gudanar da bincike makaman nukiliya reactor ne mafi sau da yawa amfani, da manufa na wadda ta ƙunshi a cikin yin amfani da ruwa da sanyaya farantin karfe kuma uranium man fetur abubuwa a cikin tsari da majalisai. Iya aiki a wani m kewayon matakan wuta daga 'yan dari kilowatts zuwa wutar. Tun da ikon tsara ba primary haƙiƙa na gudanar da bincike reactors, su ne halin da thermal makamashi generated, da kuma da yawa daga cikin core maras makamashi neutrons. Yana da wadannan sigogi zai taimaka wa quantify da ikon da wani bincike reactor a gudanar da wani takamaiman karatu. Low-ikon da tsarin ayan ta yi aiki a jami'o'i da aka yi amfani da horo, da kuma babban iko ne da ake bukata a binciken kimiyya don gwajin kayan da halaye, kazalika ga general bincike.

Mafi na kowa bincike makaman nukiliya reactor, tsarin da kuma manufa na aiki ne kamar haka. Its aiki yanki ne dake kasa na babban zurfi tafkin ruwa. Wannan facilitates kallo da tashar kasafi da abin da neutron bim za a iya directed. A low matakan wuta babu bukatar Pump da coolant, kamar yadda ya kula da wani hadari aiki jihar na halitta convection na coolant tabbatar da isasshen zafi masha'a. A zafi Exchanger ne yawanci located a kan surface ko a cikin sama ɓangare na pool inda ruwan zafi ne tara.

jirgin kafuwa

Original da farko yin amfani da makaman nukiliya reactors ne su yi amfani da a submarines. Su Babban amfani ne da cewa, da bambanci ga m man fetur konewa tsarin domin samar da wutar lantarki ba su bukatar iska. Saboda haka, makaman nukiliya submarine iya ci gaba da kasancewa kura idon na dogon lokaci, da kuma na al'ada dizal-lantarki submarine dole lokaci zuwa lokaci tashi zuwa surface, to gudu su iska Motors. Makamashin nukiliya na samar da dabarun amfani Navy jiragen ruwa. Godiya ta, babu bukatar su ƙara yawan man fetur ko abin wuta a waje tashoshin jiragen ruwa, ko daga saukin m motocin dakon.

Ka'idar aiki na nukiliya reactor a kan wani submarine classified. Duk da haka, an san cewa a cikin USA shi yana amfani da sosai don inganta uranium, da kuma deceleration kuma sanyaya shi ne hasken ruwa. The zane na farko reactor nukiliya submarine USS Nautilus aka karfi da ya rinjayi iko bincike shigarwa. Its musamman alama ne sosai high reactivity gefe, samar da wani Extended aiki ba tare da MOTA KE SHAN MAI da ikon zata sake farawa bayan tsayawa. Ikon tashar a submarines dole ne sosai shiru, don kauce wa ganewa. Don hadu da takamaiman bukatun daban-daban azuzuwan na submarines daban-daban model na ikon shuke-shuke da aka kafa.

Amurka Navy a kan jirgin dako amfani da makaman nukiliya reactor, da manufa da abin da aka yi ĩmãni da za a ara daga cikin mafi girma a submarines. Details na yi, kuma ba a buga.

Bayan da United States, makaman nukiliya submarines ne a Birtaniya, Faransa, Rasha, Sin da India. A kowane hali, da zane da aka ba bayyana, amma an yi imani da cewa su ne duk da irin kamanni - wannan shi ne wani sakamako na wannan bukatun ga su fasaha halaye. Rasha kuma yana da kananan jiragen ruwa na nukiliya icebreakers, wanda ya kafa wannan reactor kamar yadda a Soviet submarines.

masana'antu shigarwa

Ga dalilai na samar da makamai da sa plutonium-239 yana amfani da makaman nukiliya reactor, da manufa na wadda ta ƙunshi a high yawan aiki tare da low matakin makamashi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa dogon lokacin zaman na plutonium a cikin zuciyar take kaiwa zuwa jari na wašanda ba'aso ²⁴⁰ PU.

samar da tritium

A halin yanzu, babban material samu da irin wannan tsarin ne tritium ⁽³ H ko T) - cajin hydrogen ragargaza. Plutonium-239 yana da dogon rabin-rai na 24.100 shekaru, don haka a kasar tare da makaman nukiliya da cewa amfani da wannan kashi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da shi fiye da zama dole. Ya bambanta da ²³⁹ PU, da rabin-rai na tritium ne game da shekaru 12. Saboda haka, ya kula da zama dole kaya, wannan rediyoaktif isotope na hydrogen dole ne a za'ayi ci gaba. A Amurka, da Savannah River (South Carolina), misali, yana da nauyi ruwa reactors, wanda nuna tritium.

iyo ikon

Halitta da makaman nukiliya reactors, iya samar da wutar lantarki da kuma dumama tururi share ruwan dare yankunan. A Rasha, misali, mun sami yin amfani da kananan ikon tsarin, musamman tsara don shirya zuwa Arctic ƙauyuka. A China, da 10-megawatt shuka HTR-10 kayayyaki zafi da wutar lantarki bincike institute, a cikin abin da aka located. Development of kananan reactors ta atomatik sarrafawa tare da irin wannan damar da ake da za'ayi a Sweden da kuma Canada. Tsakanin 1960 da 1972, da US Army amfani da m ruwa reactors don samar da m sansanonin a Greenland da Antarctica. Su aka maye gurbinsu da man fetur-mai ikon shuke-shuke.

nazarin sararin samaniya

Bugu da kari, da reactors aka tsara don ikon da motsi a cikin sarari. A lokacin daga 1967 zuwa 1988, Tarayyar Soviet ta kafa wani karamin nukiliya shigarwa a cikin "Kosmos" tauraron dan adam samar da kayan aiki da kuma telemetry, amma wannan siyasa ya zama manufa domin zargi. A kalla daya daga wadannan tauraron dan adam ya shiga cikin yanayin duniya, haddasa rediyoaktif samu m yankunan na Canada. The United States kaddamar daya kawai da tauraron dan adam da makaman nukiliya reactor a shekarar 1965. Duk da haka, ayyukan a kan su yi amfani da a zurfin sarari manufa, manned bincike sauran duniyoyi ko a kan wani m Lunar tushe ci gaba da za a ci gaba. Wannan shi ne tabbatar da zama a gas-sanyaya ko ruwa-karfe nukiliya reactor, jiki da ka'idodinta wanda samar da mafi girma zai yiwu zafin jiki zama dole domin rage girman da lagireto. Har ila yau, cikin reactor sarari ga kayan aiki da zama a matsayin m kamar yadda zai yiwu domin rage adadin kayan amfani ga tsare, da kuma rage nauyi a lokacin kaddamar da sarari jirgin. Fuel iya aiki zai tabbatar da aiki da reactor ga tsawon lokaci da sarari jirgin.