Ayyuka da kuma iri daban-daban nama (Biology)

A jikin yawa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta aka yi sama da kyallen takarda. Ban ne duk unicellular da kwayar, wasu, misali, ƙananan tsire-tsire, wanda sun hada da algae, kuma lichens. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a iri yadudduka. Biology da karatunsa batun, wato ta sashe - histology. Sunan wannan filin da aka samu daga Girkanci kalmomi "masana'anta" da "ilmi." Akwai iri iri yadudduka. Biology karatu, da kuma shuka da dabbobi. Suna da gagarumin bambanci. Nama, nama iri ilmin halitta nazarin na dogon lokaci. Su da aka bayyana a karon farko, har ma da wadanda tsoho malamai kamar Aristotle da Avicenna. Nama, nama iri ilmin halitta na ci gaba da bincika kara - a cikin karni na sha tara, da suka bincika irin sanannun masana kimiyya a matsayin Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig da sauransu. Tare da su hallara, sabon iri cell alƙarya karatu da ayyuka da aka gano.

Iri yadudduka - Biology

Da farko, ya kamata a lura da cewa tsokoki cewa ne muhimmi a shuke-shuke, ba hali na dabbobi. Saboda haka, iri nama ilmin halitta za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu: shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Dukansu hada da babban yawan iri. Wadannan za mu ci gaba da tattauna.

Nau'in na dabba kyallen takarda

Don fara da, shi ne mafi kusanta zuwa gare mu. Tun da yake mu na dabba mulki, jikin mu kunshi daidai da nama, wanda iri za a yanzu za a bayyana. Animal nama iri za a iya harhada cikin hudu m kungiyoyin: epithelial, tsoka, connective da kuma juyayi. A farko uku ya kasu kashi da yawa iri. Sai kawai na karshe kungiyar da aka wakilta daya kawai irin. Next, la'akari da kowane irin yadudduka, tsarin da ayyuka da cewa su ne halayyar su a cikin tsari.

m nama

Tun da shi ne kawai daya iri-iri, a fara da ita. Kwayoyin na nama kira neurons. Kowace daga cikinsu ƙunshi jiki, wani axon da dendrites. A karshe - shi tafiyar matakai da wanda wani lantarki turu yana daukar kwayar cutar daga cell to cell. A axon na wani neuron a daya - yana da wani dogon tsari, da dama dendrites, su ne karami fiye da na farko. The salula jiki ne da zuciyar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin cytoplasm suna located don haka ya kira Nissl Kwayoyin - analogue endoplasmic retikulluma, mitochondria cewa samar da makamashi, da kuma neyrotrubochki cewa shiga a cikin aiwatar da wani tãshin hankali daga daya cell zuwa wani. Dangane da ayyuka, da neurons ya kasu kashi da dama iri. Nau'i na farko - azanci, ko afferent. Sun gudanar da hasken dake fitowa daga ji gabobin a cikin kwakwalwa. Nau'i na biyu na neuron - associative, ko sharuddan sauyawa. Su bincika da bayanai samu daga hankula da kuma samar da wata kõmãwa bugun jini. Irin wannan iri neurons samu a kwakwalwa da kuma laka. A karshen iri-iri - motor ko afferent. Sun kawo Pulse daga associative neuron zuwa gabobin. Har ila yau a cikin m nama da intercellular abu. Shi aikin mai da muhimmanci sosai aiki, kamar yadda na samar da wani ajali wuri a cikin sarari na neurons ne da hannu a cikin kau na sel daga maras so abubuwa.

epithelial

Waɗannan su ne iri na kyallen takarda wanda Kwayoyin a hankali dab da juna. Za su iya samun daban-daban siffofi, amma ko da yaushe suna kusa. Duk da daban-daban na yadudduka na wannan kungiyar ne irin wannan da kuma cewa intercellular abu a gare su shi ne bai isa ba. An yafi wakilci a cikin nau'i na wani ruwa, a wasu lokuta yana iya zama. Wannan iri jikin kyallen takarda, wadda samar da kariya, da kuma aiki secretory aiki. Wannan kungiyar hada da dama iri. Yana da wani lebur, cylindrical, mai siffar sukari, tabawa, ciliated kuma glandular epithelium. Daga cikin sunan kowane daya zai iya fahimta daga abin da fom su an hada da Kwayoyin. Daban-daban na epithelial kyallen takarda ne daban-daban da kuma ta wuri a cikin jiki. Saboda haka, lebur Lines da rami daga cikin manya narkewa kamar fili - cikin bakin da esophagus. Columnar epithelium a ciki da kuma hanjinsu. Cubic za a iya samu a koda tubules. Ku taɓa Lines hanci kogo, a kan shi akwai musamman villi, samar da fahimta da kamshi. Ciliated epithelium Kwayoyin, kamar yadda ya bayyana a sarari daga ta title, mallaka cytoplasmic cilia. Wannan irin nama rufi da Airways da suke a kasa hanci kogo. A cilia, wanda yana da kowane cell yi wani tsarkakewa aiki - suna da ɗan tace iska wanda ya wuce ta gawarwakin nestled wadannan ra'ayoyi epithelium. A karshe jinsunan wannan kungiyar nama - glandular epithelium. Ya Kwayoyin yi secretory aiki. An same su a cikin gland, kazalika a cikin kogo na wasu gabobin kamar da ciki. Sel na da irin wannan epithelium sa ji ba gani, earwax, na ciki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, madara, sebum, kuma da yawa wasu abubuwa.

tsoka nama

Wannan kungiya ne zuwa kashi uku iri. A tsoka ne mai santsi, striated da kuma zuciya. All tsoka nama ne kamar irin waɗanda cewa an hada da dogon Kwayoyin - fiber, suka dauke da manya-manyan yawan mitochondria, kamar yadda suka bukata makamashi mai yawa ga motsi. Smooth tsoka nama Lines da rami na ciki gabobin. Akan rage tsoka ba za mu iya sarrafa kansu, kamar yadda suke innervated da autonomic juyayi tsarin. Sel striated tsoka kyallen takarda ne halin a cewa suna dauke da mafi mitochondria fiye da a cikin ta farko. Wannan shi ne saboda su bukatar karin makamashi. Striated tsokoki iya samun koma baya fiye da hanzari fiye da santsi. Ya kunshi kwarangwal tsoka. Suna innervated da somatic juyayi tsarin, don haka abin da za mu iya sani sarrafa su. Muscle zuciya tsoka hadawa da wasu halaye na farko guda biyu. Shi ne iya yadda rayayye da hanzari ki karbar matsayin striated, amma an innervated da autonomic juyayi tsarin, kazalika da santsi.

Connection iri yadudduka da su ayyuka

Duk da yadudduka na wannan kungiyar ne halin da yawa daga intercellular abu. A wasu lokuta, ta bayyana a cikin ruwa a jihar, wasu - a cikin ruwa, da kuma wani lokacin - a cikin nau'i na wani amorphous taro. Wannan kungiyar hada da bakwai iri. Shi ne m da sako-sako da fiber, kashi, guringuntsi, reticular, adipose, jini. A wani farko bambancin da fiber mamaye. An located a kusa da kayan ciki. Its aiki shi ne ya ba su sassauci da kuma kariya. A sako-sako da fibrous nama amorphous taro ne Marinjãyi a kan ta zaruruwa. A gaba daya cika gibba tsakanin ciki gabobin, yayin da m fibrous siffofin kawai wani irin harsashi a kusa da karshen. Yana kuma taka wani m rawa. Kashi da guringuntsi nama kafa da kwarangwal. Ya yi aikin a cikin jiki da taimakon aikin da m part. Kwayoyin da intercellular abu fi yawa kashi inorganic abubuwa, yafi alli mahadi da phosphates. Data musayar abubuwa tsakanin kwarangwal da jini tsara hormones kamar calcitonin da paratireotropin. Origin goyon bayan al'ada kashi nishadantarwa a hira da phosphorus da alli ions a cikin kwayoyin fili, da aka adana a cikin kwarangwal. A na biyu, conversely, tare da kasawa daga wadannan ions a cikin jini tsokani samun su daga kwarangwal kyallen takarda.

A jini ƙunshi mai yawa na ruwa intercellular abu, shi ne ake kira mai jini. Its Kwayoyin wajen svoebrazny. Sun kasu kashi uku iri: platelets, ja jini Kwayoyin da farin jini Kwayoyin. A farko ne alhakin jini clotting. A wannan tsari, shi suka kafa wata kananan thrombus wanda ya hana kara jini hasãra. Red jini Kwayoyin suna da alhakin da kai daga oxygen a ko'ina cikin jiki da kuma samar da su da duk tsokoki da kuma gabobin. Suna iya zama aglyutinogeny cewa akwai iri biyu - A kuma B. A jini jini iya aglyutininov abun ciki na alpha ko beta. Su anti-aglyutinogenam. Domin wadannan abubuwa, kuma Ya ƙaddara da jini kungiyar. Na farko da kungiyar a cikin ja jini Kwayoyin ba ya lura aglyutinogenov da kuma jini ne iri biyu aglyutininy nan da nan. Na biyu kungiyar na da aglyutinogenom aglyutininom A kuma beta. Na uku - B, da kuma Alpha. A jini, na huɗu ba aglyutininov, amma ja jini Kwayoyin suna aglyutinogeny biyu A da B. Idan A aka samu a alpha ko beta, akwai abin da ake kira agglutination dauki, sakamakon jan jini Kwayoyin mutu da kuma siffar clots. Wannan na iya faruwa idan jini nonconforming kungiyar. Ganin cewa transfusions ana amfani kawai erythrocytes (jini da aka shafe a daya daga cikin jini aiki, saukarwa), da mutum kawai da jini za a iya transfused da farko kungiyar ne kungiyar tare da na biyu - Blood farko da na biyu kungiyar, da na uku - na farko da kuma na uku kungiyoyin, na huɗu - na wani rukunin.

Har ila yau a cikin ja jini Kwayoyin iya zama antigens D, wanda kayyade RH factor, idan ba, da karshen ne tabbatacce, idan babu wani - babu. Lymphocytes ne alhakin rigakafi. Sun kasu kashi biyu main kungiyoyin: B lymphocytes da kuma T lymphocytes. Da farko samar a cikin bargo, na biyu - a cikin thymus (a gland shine yake located bayan da breastbone). T-lymphocytes suna kasu T-inducers, T-mataimaki da T-kashewar. Reticular connective nama hada da babban yawan extracellular matrix da kuma kara Kwayoyin. Daga cikin wadannan, samar da maikacin jini. Wannan masana'anta shi ne tushen bargo da kuma sauran hematopoietic gabobin. Akwai kuma adipose nama, da sel wanda dauke da lipids. Shi aikin a madadin, da kuma wani lokacin thermal rufi m aiki.

Ta yaya ne da tsire-tsire?

Wadannan kwayoyin, kamar dabbobi, an hada da aggregates na sel da intercellular abu. Nau'in na shuka nama da muka bayyana na gaba. Dukan su kasu kashi da dama manyan kungiyoyin. Wannan shi ne wani ilimi, shafi, conductive, inji da kuma asali. Wurare da dama iri shuka kyallen takarda, tun da shi ne da mulkin ga 'yan ga kowane kungiya.

ilimi

Wadannan sun hada da apical, a kaikaice, da kuma intercalary rauni. Su main aiki - don tabbatar da ci gaban da shuka. Sun kunshi kananan Kwayoyin cewa an rayayye rarraba, sa'an nan bambance ta samar da wani irin nama. Apical ne a dubaru na mai tushe da kuma tushen, a kaikaice - ciki da kara, a karkashin sutura, da sa - a cikin sansanonin sojin interstices, rauni - a shafin rauni.

rufe

Suna halin m cell ganuwar hada da cellulose. Sun wasa a m rawa. Akwai iri uku: cikin epidermis, Cork, Cork. A farko ta rufe dukkan sassa na shuka. Ta iya samun m waxy shafi, kamar yadda suke ta hairs, stomata, cuticle pores. Cork ne daban-daban a cewa shi bai kasance, ga dukan sauran halaye, shi ne kama da epidermis. Marufi - coverslips ne matattu kyallen takarda cewa, samar da itacen haushi.

conductive

Wadannan yadudduka zo a cikin biyu iri: da xylem da phloem. Su aiki - kai na narkar da abubuwa a cikin ruwa daga tushen zuwa wasu gabobin da kuma mataimakin versa. Xylem an kafa na receptacles kafa ta matattu Kwayoyin tare da m bawo da mai gangara webs. Su safarar da ruwa sama. Phloem - sieve shambura - rayayyun tantani, wanda ba su da nuclei. Cross membranes da ya fi girma pores. Tare da iri-iri na shuka kyallen takarda abubuwa narkewa a cikin ruwa, suna hawa zuwa ƙasa.

inji

Su ma zo a cikin iri biyu: da collenchyma da sclerenchyma. Su main aiki - don tabbatar da ƙarfi daga dukkan gabobin. Collenchyma wakilta ta rayayyun tantani da woody bawo ne tam dab da juna. Sclerenchyma aka hada da elongated matattu Kwayoyin tare da m bawo.

babban

Kamar yadda ya bayyana daga sunan, su ne tushen duk shuka gabobin. Su assimilation da sauyawa. Na farko shi ne a cikin kore ɓangare na ganye da kuma kara. Wadannan Kwayoyin ne chloroplast, wanda ke da alhakin photosynthesis. A ajiya kyallen takarda tara kwayoyin halitta a mafi yawan lokuta wannan sitaci.