Babban lissafi Gauss: biography, photos, bude

Lissafi Gauss ya mai zurfin mutum. Eric Haikali Bell, suka yi karatu ya biography, ya yi imanin cewa idan Gauss ya buga duk da bincike da kuma binciken a cike da kuma a kan lokaci, shi zai iya zama rabin dozin shahara lissafi. Kuma sabõda haka sunã ya ciyar zaki ya share na lokaci su koyi yadda za a samu masanin kimiyya ko wasu bayanai. Bayan duk, ya wuya buga hanyoyin, shi ko da yaushe ya kasance sha'awar kawai a cikin sakamakon binciken. Wani fitaccen lissafi, wani bakon mutumin da Sankiran hali - shi ke Carl Friedrich Gauss.

farkon shekaru

Future lissafi Gauss aka haife kan 30.04.1777, da Wannan, ba shakka, da wani bakon abu, amma fice mutane haife shi a matalautan iyalai fiye da sau da yawa. Haka ya faru a wannan lokaci. Kakansa an talakawa manomi, mahaifinsa aiki a cikin Duchy na Brunswick lambu, mason ko wani mai aikin famfo. Iyaye koya cewa su yaro prodigy, a lokacin da jariri ne shekaru biyu da haihuwa. A shekara daga baya, Carl ya riga ya san yadda za a ƙidaya, karatu da rubutu.

A makaranta, malamin lura da damar iya yin komai idan ba da aikin yin lissafi da Naira Miliyan Xari da lambobi daga 1 zuwa 100. Gauss ya iya sauri fahimci cewa duk matsananci lambobi a cikin biyu ne 101, da kuma ga 'yan seconds, ya yanke shawarar wannan lissafi da halitta 101 da 50.

Sun ilimin lissafi sosai sa'a tare da malami. Wannan ya taimaka masa a dukkan kõme, har a yi jihãdi ga cewa novice iyawa stipend. Da taimakon Carl gudanar ya kammala karatu daga kwalejin (1795).

studentship

Bayan koleji, Gauss aka karatu a Jami'ar Göttingen. Wannan lokaci na rayuwa Malaman tarihi sun koma ga mafi hayayyafa. A wannan lokaci ya ya iya tabbatar da cewa da Draw heptadecagon amfani kawai da kamfas, yana yiwuwa. Ya ce: Za ka iya zana ba kawai semnadtsatiugolnik, amma sauran na yau da kullum polygons, ta amfani kawai kamfas da straightedge.

A University of Gauss ya fara kai wani na musamman rubutu, wanda yana sanya dukkan records game da bincike. Mafi yawansu sun kasance boye daga jama'a ido. Don abokai, ya ko da yaushe ya ce ba ya iya buga bincike ko dabara, wanda ba 100% tabbata. A saboda wannan dalili, mafi yawansu ya ideas aka gano da sauran lissafi bayan shekaru 30.

"Ilmin lissafi da bincike"

Tare da karshen jami'a lissafi Gauss ƙare da mafificin aikin "ilmin lissafi da bincike" (1798), amma shi da aka buga kawai bayan shekaru biyu.

Wannan m aiki ya gano wani kara ci gaba da lissafi (musamman, aljabara, kuma Higher ilmin lissafi). Mafi yawa daga cikin aikin da aka mayar da hankali a kan bayanin abiogenesis quadratic siffofin. Malaman tarihi da'awar cewa shi ne a nan cewa fara bude Gauss a lissafi. Bayan duk, ya kasance na farko lissafi wanda ya faru da lissafta kasarun adadi da kuma maida su zuwa aiki.

Har ila yau a cikin littafin, za ka iya samun cikakken yayi cyclotomic lissafai. Gauss basira amfani da wannan ka'idar ta kokarin magance matsalar burbushi polygons tare da wani shugaba da kamfas. Hakikanta wannan yiwuwa, Carl Gauss (lissafi) ya gabatar da jerin lambobi, lambobin kira Gauss (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). Wannan yana nufin cewa da sauki stationery abubuwa, za ka iya gina wani 3-gon, 5-gon, 17-gon, da dai sauransu Amma 7-gon ginawa zai yi aiki ba, saboda 7 ne ba "da yawan Gauss." By "ya" da lambar lissafi kuma dangantaka bibbiyu da cewa yawaita a wani mataki na ta jerin lambobi (2 ^3, 2, ^5, da dai sauransu)

Wannan sakamakon za a iya kira "tsarki zama Theorem". Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga a farkon, Gauss son buga wasan karshe sakamakon, amma ba ya nuna hanyoyin. Hakazalika, a wannan yanayin, da lissafi ya ce za a gina a yau da kullum polygon ne quite real, da ke kawai ba saka daidai da yadda za a yi da shi.

Ilmin taurari da kuma sarauniya na kimiyyar

a 1799. Carl Gauss (lissafi) na'am da lakabi na mataimakin farfesa Braunshveynskogo University. Bayan shekaru biyu, sai ya sanya wani wuri a cikin St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, inda ya hidima a matsayin wakilin. Ya yanzu ya ci gaba da karatu da ka'idar lambobi, amma zangon da zai amfane kumbura bayan bude wani kananan duniya. Gauss yayi kokarin lissafi da kuma saka da ainihin wurin. Mutane da yawa mamaki da abin da sunan na duniya a kan sarrafa kwamfuta lissafi Gauss. Duk da haka, 'yan san cewa Ceres - ba kawai duniyar tamu da aiki masanin kimiyya.

A 1801, na farko lokacin da wani sabon wani sarari suKe jiki da aka gano. Haka ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, kamar yadda ba zato ba tsammani, da duniyar da aka rasa. Gauss kokarin same ta, da ake ji ilmin lissafi hanyoyin, da kuma, Oddly isa, shi ne daidai inda nuna masana kimiyya.

Ilmin taurari masanin kimiyya tsunduma a fiye da biyu da suka gabata. Duniya shahararru samun Gauss (lissafi wanda ya mallaki yawa binciken) domin sanin kewayewa da taimakon uku lura. Uku lura - wani wuri a cikin abin da duniyar da aka located in wani daban-daban lokaci lokaci. Da taimakon wadannan Manuniya aka sake samu Ceres. A wannan hanyar da muka samu wani duniya. A 1802, lokacin da ya tambaye abin da sunan na duniya, ya gano lissafi Gauss iya amsa: "Pallada". Running kadan gaba, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a shekarar 1923 da sunan sanannen lissafi mai suna manyan asteroid orbiting da Mars. Gauss, ko asteroid 1001 - An hukumance gane duniya lissafi Gauss.

Waɗannan su ne na farko da karatu a fagen ilmin taurari. Zai yiwu kallo taurarin sama ya dalilin cewa wani mutum ya fascinated da lambobi, yanke shawarar da ya fara a iyali. A 1805 ya auri Johann Ostgof. Wannan alliance ne haife ma'auratan da 'ya'ya uku, amma ƙaramin ɗan mutu tun suna jarirai.

A 1806 ya rasu da Duke, wanda patronized ilimin lissafi. Kasashen Turai takarar Gauss fara yin kira zuwa ga kanta. Daga 1807 kuma har ya karshe kwanaki Gauss shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Göttingen.

A 1809, da makamantansu, na farko matar ta rasu lissafi a cikin wannan shekara Gauss wallafa ta halitta sãbuwa - wani littafi da ake kira "The yayi motsi na sama jikinsu." Hanyar for kirga cikin falakinsu na taurari, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan aiki, har yanzu suna dacewa a yau (albeit tare da qananan gyara).

Main Theorem na aljabara

A farkon karni na sha tara Jamus hadu a Jihar rashin tsari da kuma lalata. Wadanda shekaru kasance da wuya ga wani lissafi, amma ya ci gaba da rayuwa a kan. A 1810 Gauss biyu lokaci zuwa ƙulla da kulli - Minna Waldeck. A wannan jam'iyya ta bayyana uku mafi yara: Teresa, William da kuma Eugen. 1810 kuma ya kasance a shekara na samun wani babbar kyauta, kuma wata lambar zinariya.

Gauss an ci gaba da aiki a saura na ilmin taurari da kuma ilmin lissafi, binciko more kuma mafi unknown aka gyara daga wadannan kimiyyar. Da farko bazawa a kan muhimman hakkokin Theorem na aljabara, Dates baya ga 1815. Babban ra'ayin ne da wadannan: adadin tushen da polynomial ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga ta digiri. Daga baya, wata sanarwa daga wani dan kadan daban-daban siffar kowane yawan digiri, ba ya daidaita da sifili, a priori, yana da akalla daya tushen.

Ya farko ya tabbatar da cewa ko da a cikin 1799, amma bai gamsu da aikinsa, don haka da littafin da aka buga shekaru 16 daga baya, tare da wasu gyara, tarawa da kuma lissafin.

Non-Euclidean ka'idar

A cewar rahotanni, a 1818 Gauss ya iya fara gina wani tushe ga wadanda ba Euclidean lissafi, wanda da Theorem zai yiwu a gaskiya. Euclidean lissafi ne da wani yanki na kimiyya, rarrabe daga Euclidean. A babban alama Euclidean lissafi - a gaban axioms da theorems cewa ba su bukatar amincewa. A cikin littafinsa, "Abubuwa", Euclid ya ba da yabo da za a dauka domin ba, saboda su ba za a iya canja. Gauss ne farkon wanda ya gudanar ya tabbatar da cewa Euclid ka'idar ba zai iya ko da yaushe za a dauka ba tare da hakki ba, saboda a wasu lokuta ba su da wani m tushe na shaida da cewa kosad da dukan bukatun da gwaji. Saboda haka wani maras Euclidean lissafi. Hakika, da asali na lissafi da tsarin da aka gano by Lobachevsky da Riemann, amma Gauss - lissafi, iya duba da zurfi da kuma samun da gaskiya, - alama farkon wannan sashe lissafi.

geodesy

A 1818, gwamnati na Hanover yanke shawarar cewa akwai bukatar su domin auna cikin mulkinSa, kuma wannan aiki ya Carl Friedrich Gauss. Binciken a ilmin lissafi bai kare ba, amma kawai sayi wani sabon connotation. Yana tasowa da ake bukata domin aikin kwamfuta hade. Wadannan sun hada da Gaussian Hanyar "kananan square", wanda aka tashe shi zuwa wani sabon matakin surveying.

Ya yi sa maps da kuma sarrafa rikodi yankunan. Wannan ya yarda ya saya sabon ilmi da kuma isar da sabon gwaje-gwajen, don haka a 1821 ya fara rubuta da aikin, sadaukar da geodesy. Wannan aikin Gauss da aka buga a 1827, mai taken "General bincike na m saman." Dalili na wannan aiki, da ciki lissafi na 'yan kwanto sun aka aza. Lissafi imani da cewa shi ne dole a yi la'akari da abubuwa da suke a kan surface, kamar yadda da kaddarorin surface, da biyan hankali ga tsawon na kwana, yayin da kyalewa da data daga cikin yanayi sarari. Da ɗan baya, wannan ka'ida an supplemented da ayyukan Riemann kuma A. Alexandrov.

Godiya ga wannan aiki a cikin kimiyya al'umma fara fito fili manufar "Gaussian curvature" (ma'anar jirgin sama na curvature na awo da wani batu). Ya fara zama bambanci lissafi. Kuma cewa lura ne m, Carl Friedrich Gauss (lissafi) ya zo da sabon hanyoyin samun dabi'u da high yiwuwa.

makanikai

A 1824, Gauss ya baya nan a kunshe a cikin mambobi na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. A wannan nasarar da ya samu ba ya kawo karshen, shi ne har yanzu da wuya a yi lissafi da kuma gabatar da wani sabon samu: "Gaussian integers". Kasa su ake nufi lambobin da ciwon real kuma hasashen kashi, wanda suke integers. A gaskiya, da kaddarorin ne reminiscent na Gaussian al'ada integers, amma waɗanda kadan rarrabe halaye ƙyale mu mu tabbatar da dokar biquadratic juna.

A kowane lokaci, ya kasance Sankiran. Gauss - lissafi, bude wanda aka haka a hankali lauye da rai, - ya sanya sabon sabawa ko a makanikai a 1829. A wannan lokaci shi ya fito kadan aiki "A cikin sabon qa'idar duniya na makanikai". Yana Gauss ya tabbatar da cewa da manufa na kananan effects, za a iya gaskiya da za a dauke wani sabon yayi na makanikai. Masana kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ka'ida za a iya amfani da su duk inji tsarin, wanda ake da alaka da juna.

kimiyyar lissafi

Tun 1831 Gauss fara sha daga tsananin rashin barci. Haka kuma cutar bayyana kanta bayan mutuwar na biyu mata. Ya nemi kwanciyar rai a sabon bincike da idon sani. Saboda haka, godiya ga gayyatar Weber ya isa a Göttingen. Tare da wani matashi talented mutum Gauss sauri sami wani yare gama-gari. Su ne duka m game da kimiyya da kuma kishin ilimi yana zuwa bari up, raba su da kwarewa, basira da kuma abubuwan. Wadannan masu goyon baya da ake dauka da sauri zuwa kasuwanci, da sadaukarwan lokaci zuwa nazarin electromagnetism.

Gauss, lissafi, wanda biography ne na girma kimiyya darajar, a 1832, ya halitta cikakkar raka'a, wanda har yanzu amfani da kimiyyar lissafi. Ya ware fitar uku babban matsayi: shekaru, nauyi da kuma nesa (tsawon). Tare da wannan samu a 1833, godiya ga hadin gwiwa da bincike tare da likita Weber, Gauss ya iya ƙirƙira da electromagnetic gidan waya.

1839 gan ta saki wani ayyukansu - "A Janar abiogenesis nauyi da tunkuxe, wanda suke tsaye na gwargwado ga nesa." A cikin shafukan da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, sanannen Gauss ta doka (kuma aka sani da Gauss ta Theorem, ko kuma kawai Gauss ta Theorem). Wannan dokar ne daya daga cikin manyan a electrodynamics. Yana ma'anar dangantaka tsakanin wutar lantarki da kuma adadin surface cajin, divisible cikin lantarki m.

A wannan shekara Gauss ƙware da Rasha harshe. Ya aika da takardun zuwa ga St. Petersburg da wani request aika shi Rasha littattafai da mujallu, musamman da ya so ya samun matsahi na saba da aiki na "The Captain 'Yar." Wannan sada al'amari ya tabbatar da cewa, ban da lissafi damar iya yin komai, Gauss da mai yawa da wasu bukatu da ayukan hutu.

kawai wani mutum

Gauss ba cikin sauri zuwa buga. Ya yi mai tsawo da kuma a hankali bari kowane aikinsa. Domin duk ilimin lissafi ya muhimmanci: daga daidai dabara da kuma kawo karshen tare da ladabi da sauki daga style. Ya na son a ce aikinsa - a matsayin sabon gina gidan. Owner nuna kawai karshe sakamakon, amma ba ragowar gandun daji da cewa amfani da su zama a kan site na mazauni. Har ila yau, tare da aikinsa: Gauss ya gamsu da cewa babu wanda ya kamata ya nuna m zayyana na gudanar da bincike, kawai ƙãre data, theories, dabarbari.

Gauss ya kullum nuna Keen sha'awa a kimiyya, amma musamman yana sha'awar ilmin lissafi, wanda ya dauke "Sarauniyar duk sciences." Kuma yanayi ne da ba a hana wa hankali da kuma talanti. Ko da ya tsufa, ya, kamar yadda ya saba, ya ciyar mafi hadaddun lissafin a hankali. A lissafi ba baya ba ta shafi aikinsu. Kamar kowa, sai ya ji tsoron cewa Sahaban gane ba. A daya daga cikin haruffa, Carl ce gaji ko da yaushe teeter a gefen: a daya hannun, ya yi farin ciki, don tallafa wa kimiyya, amma a kan wasu, ya ba ya so ya kuta "a rina ta gida maras ban sha'awa."

A tsawon rayuwar Gauss ciyar a Göttingen, sau ɗaya kawai ya ya iya ziyarci Berlin a taron harkokin kimiyya. Ya zai iya samun lokaci mai tsawo don gudanar da wani bincike, gwaje-gwajen, lissafin ko ma'aunai, amma ba su son zuwa lacca. Wannan tsari, ya yi imani kawai wani m larura, amma idan ya bayyana a cikin wani rukuni na talented dalibai, ya kare wani lokaci domin su, ba ikon, kuma domin da yawa shekaru kiyaye wani rubutu tattauna muhimmanci kimiyya tambayoyi.

Carl Friedrich Gauss, lissafi, photo, wanda akwai a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance da gaske mai ban mamaki mutum. Fice gwaninta iya fariya ba kawai a cikin ilmin lissafi amma kuma tare da kasashen waje harsuna "wani aboki." M in Latin, Turanci da Faransanci, ya ƙware ko da Rasha. Lissafi karanta ba kawai kimiyya tarihin, amma kuma talakawa almarar. Musamman ya son wannan samfurin Dickens, Swift da Valtera Skotta. Bayan da ƙaramin 'ya'yansa maza suka yi hijira zuwa {asar Amirka, Gauss zama sha'awar American marubuta. A tsawon lokaci, kamu da Danish, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Italiyanci da kuma Spanish littattafai. All ayyukan da lissafi lalle karanta a cikin na asali.

Gauss daukan sosai ra'ayin mazan jiya matsayi cikin rayuwar al'umma. Daga wani wuri shekaru ya ji dogara a kan mutane a matsayi na iko. Ko lokacin da jami'a a 1837 ya fara rashin amincewa da sarki, wanda ya yanke furofesoshi ciki, Karl ba ta tsoma baki.

'yan shekarun nan

A 1849 Gauss kiwon 50th tunawa da aiki doctorate. Don shi zo sanannen lissafi, da kuma yarda da shi sosai fiye da appropriation na wani lambar yabo. A karshe shekaru ransa saboda da yawa rashin lafiya Carl Gauss. Math ya wuya a matsar kusa, amma tsabta da kuma sharpness na hankali ba za a biyar.

Jim kadan kafin mutuwar Gauss ta kiwon lafiya rincabewa. Doctors kamu da cututtukan zuciya da kuma juyayi danniya. Magunguna bai taimaka kusan.

Lissafi Gauss ya mutu a kan Fabrairu 23, 1855, yana da shekaru saba'in da takwas. Shahararren masanin kimiyya aka binne shi a Göttingen kuma, bisa ga nufin karshe, kwarzana a kan dutsen kabari heptadecagon. Daga baya, shi zai buga da hotuna a kan kan sarki da kuma banknotes, kasar za ta ko da yaushe tuna da mafi kyau zurfin tunani.

Wannan ya Carl Friedrich Gauss - m, fasaha da kuma m. Kuma idan ka tambaye sunan na duniya lissafi Gauss, za ka iya leisurely amsar: "Lissafi", domin shi ne su, ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa.