Basic dokokin gado na dabiu, Mendel kafa: description da kuma aiki

Mutane ne ko da yaushe sha'awar a cikin dokokin gado. Me ya sa yara kama da iyayensu? Shin, akwai wani hadarin yaduwar cututtuka hereditary? Wadannan da wasu tambayoyi zauna tana tattare a cikin asiri har sai da XIX karni. A sa'an nan Mendel gudanar ya tara dukan ilmi tara a kan topic, kazalika da nagartaccen hikimar tantance gwaje-gwaje don kafa wasu dokoki.

Mendel ta taimako ga ci gaban jinsi

Basic dokokin gado na dabiu - Waɗannan su ne ka'idodin bisa ga abin da wasu halaye an shige daga iyaye kwayoyin zuwa zũriyarsu. Su samu, kuma bayãni na abin yabo yavlya.tsya Gregor Mendel, wanda ya yi a kan batun da yawa gwaje-gwajen.

Babban nasara da masanin kimiyyar - shi ne hujja daga cikin mai hankali yanayin hereditary dalilai. A wasu kalmomin, domin kowane fasalin yayi dace da wani musamman gene. A farko maps aka gina domin masara da Drosophila. A karshen ne a na gargajiya abu domin kwayoyin gwaje-gwajen.

Mendel ta abin yabo ba za a iya overestimated, kamar yadda suka faɗa, kuma mu masana kimiyya. Saboda haka, sanannen jini Resovskii Timofeev lura da cewa Mendel ne farkon wanda ya gudanar da muhimman hakkokin gwaje-gwajen da ya ba wani cikakken bayanin da mamaki da cewa a baya ya wanzu a kan matakin shiriritar. Saboda haka, shi za a iya daukan wani majagaba na ilmin lissafi tunani a fagen ilmin halitta da kuma halittar jini.

magabata

Ya kamata a lura da cewa alamu ne na gado na Mendelian halaye da aka ba tsara a cikin wani injin. Bincike da aka bisa ga binciken na magabata. Ya kamata a lura musamman da wadannan masana kimiyya:

• J .. Goss gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a Peas, tsallaka shuke-shuke da 'ya'yan itatuwa dabam dabam. Shi ne da godiya ga wadannan karatu da dokokin uniformity na ƙarni na farko hybrids aka gano, kazalika da bai cika dominance. Mendel kawai concretized da kuma tabbatar da wannan jarrabawa.
• Augustin Sarzhe - a tsirarwa wanda ya zaɓe domin gwaje-gwajen cucurbits. Ya farko soma nazarin hereditary halaye ne ba tare da akayi daban-daban. Ya mallaki wata sanarwa cewa, su ba su gauraye da juna a watsa daga daban-daban halaye. Saboda haka, gadar hali ne akai.
• Naudin ya yi bincike a kan daban-daban iri iri na shuke-shuke, kamar Datura. Bayan an yi nazarin sakamakon, ya sãme ta zama dole su yi magana game da kasancewar rinjaye siffofin, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta zai fi.

Saboda haka, da XIX karni shi an san shi mamaki kamar dominance, uniformity na ƙarni na farko, kazalika da m haruffa a combinatorics hybrids. Duk da haka, janar regularities samar ya ba. Yana da bincike na samuwa bayanai da kuma ci gaban m hanyoyin gudanar da bincike ne babban abin yabo na Mendel.

Hanyar na Mendel ta aikin

Alamu na gado na Mendelian halaye da aka tsara a sakamakon asali bincike. The masanin kimiyya ta aiki ne kamar haka:

• hereditary halaye ba su dauke tare da akayi daban-daban;
• domin bincike na zabi don zaɓar kawai cikin siffofin da wakiltar da wani gwaji bambanci tsakanin jinsunan (yana yiwuwa ya more fili bayyana da alamu na gado na tsari).
• karatu sun kasance muhimman hakkokin (Mendel karatu a manyan yawan irin Peas, wanda dukansu biyu tsabta da kuma matasan, sa'an nan suka haye "zuriyata"), wanda a yarda magana game da objectivity na da sakamakon.
• Yi amfani da m gwada yawa hanyoyin da bincike na da data (ta amfani da ilimi na ka'idar yiwuwa, Mendel rage kudi na bazuwar sabawa).

A dokar uniformity na hybrids

Idan akai la'akari da dokokin gado, shi wajibi ne su biya na musamman da hankali ga uniformity na ƙarni na farko hybrids. Yana da aka gano da kwarewa, a wadda samar hybridization iyaye siffofin da daya contrasting alama (siffar, launi da sauransu. D.).

Mendel aka yanke shawarar gudanar da wani gwaji kan biyu iri na Peas - tare da ja da fari furanni. A sakamakon haka, na farko-tsara hybrids sun samu m inflorescences. Saboda haka, akwai wani dalili magana game da kasancewar rinjaye da kuma recessive halaye.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa kwarewa na Mendel ya ba kadai. Ya yi amfani da su yi gwaji tare da sauran shuke-shuke Inflorescence inuwõyinta suna kusa, siffofi daga 'ya'yan itãce, daban-daban kara tsawo da kuma wasu zažužžukan. Empirically, ya ya iya tabbatar da cewa duk na farko domin da uniform hybrids ne halin da mai rinjaye fasalin.

bai cika dominance

A nazarin wannan tambaya, a matsayin alamu na gado na halaye, da gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar kamar yadda a cikin shuke-shuke, da kuma a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, an gano cewa, ba a ko da yaushe da ãyõyi a wata dangantaka ta da cikakken mamayar da kuma danniya. Alal misali, lokacin da kaza haye baki da fari launi iya samun wani m zuriyarsa. Saboda haka shi yana tare da wasu tsire-tsire kamar yadda iri da shunayya, da fararen furanni a kan fitarwa ba m tabarau. Saboda haka, yana yiwuwa su daidaita farko manufa, ya nuna cewa da farko tsara hybrids za guda da ãyõyinMu, kuma suka iya zama tsaka-tsaki.

tsagawa ãyõyi

Ci gaba da bincika dokokin gado, Mendel samu shi dole ya zama ƙarƙashin da tsallaka biyu ƙarni na farko zuriyarsu (heterozygous). A sakamakon haka, zuriya da aka samu, wani ɓangare na abin da yake na wani hali rinjaye, da kuma sauran - a recessive. Daga wannan za mu iya cewa da qananan ãyã daga ƙarni na farko na hybrids ba bace gaba ɗaya, amma kawai suppressed da shi iya da kyau faruwa a cikin m zuriyarsa.

m gado

Mutane da yawa tambayoyi sa dokokin gado. Gwaje-gwaje da kuma shafa mutane Mendel, abin da ya bambanta daga juna a dama fasali. Ga kowane baya alamu lura dabam. Amma yanzu, neman a totality of cututtuka, shi ya gaza wajen gano wani alamu tsakanin su haduwa. Saboda haka, akwai dalili magana game da gado 'yancin kai.

tsarki dokar gametes

Wasu alamu na gado kafa ta Mendel, sun zalla misali. Muna magana ne game da shari'ar tsarki na gametes, wadda ta ƙunshi a gaskiyar cewa sun kawai samun daya allele wata biyu dauke a cikin gene na iyaye da tsuntsaye.

A sau na Mendel ba da fasaha wajen tabbatar da wadannan shiriritar. Duk da haka, da masanin kimiyyar ya iya kirkiro wani janar sanarwa. Its ainihi kunshi a gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da samuwar hybrids hereditary halaye an adana a canzawa form, kuma ba su gauraya.

da muhimmanci da yanayi

Auren - da kimiyya da karatu dokokin gado. Mendel sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga ta ci gaba, tun da samar da muhimman hakkokin matsayi a kan batun. Duk da haka, da cewa sun gudu, dole ne ka cika da wadannan muhimman yanayi:

• asali siffofin dole homozygous.
• alternativeness ãyõyi.
• guda Yiwuwar samuwar daban-daban alleles a cikin matasan.
• wanda shi ne daidai viability na gametes.
• idan gametes hadi hade da ka.
• zygotes tare da daban-daban haduwa da genes daidai yiwuwa.
• yawan mutane na biyu ƙarni ya zama isa ya rike sakamakon samu tsari.
• bayyanuwar ãyõyi kamata ba ya zama mai dogara a kan rinjayar waje yanayi.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa data featured yayi dace mafi rai kwayoyin, ciki har da mutumin.

Alamu na gado na dabiu a cikin mutane

Duk da cewa asali diddigin kwayoyin ka'idodinta shuka misali, dabbobi da mutane, su ne kuma m. Yana da daraja ambata wadannan iri gado:

• Autosomal rinjaye - rinjaye gādon dabiu cewa ana sarrafa ta autosomes. A wannan yanayin, da phenotype iya zama ko dai karfi bayyana, kuma kawai m. A irin wannan gādon da alama na da yaro mahaukaci allele daga iyaye ne 50%.
• Autosomal recessive - gado sakandare ãyõyi da alaka da autosomes. Cutar da ake bayyana ta homozygotes, a cikinsa biyu alleles shafa.
• The rinjaye X-nasaba da irin shafi canja wurin rinjaye dabiu deterministic genes. A wannan yanayin, da cuta a cikin mata faruwa a biyu sau fiye da sau da yawa fiye da maza.
• X-nasaba Recessive Type - gado auku a wani rauni fasalin. Cuta ko da mutum siffofin suna ko da yaushe bayyana a namiji zũriyarmu, kuma mata - kawai a cikin homozygous jihar.

asali Concepts

Domin fahimtar yadda alamu na gado na dabiu Mendel ta aiki da kuma sauran kwayoyin matakai kamata koyi ainihin ma'anar da Concepts. Wadannan sun hada da wadannan:

• Rinjaye fasalin - marinjãya fasalin wanda abubuwa a matsayin kayyade yanayin da ya takure ci gaban gene recessive.
• Recessive hali - halayyar, wanda aka gada, amma ba ya yi aiki a matsayin muhimmanci.
• Homozygote - diploid mutum ko cell chromosomes dake dauke da wannan kwayar halitta na gene.
• Heterozygote - diploids ko Kwayoyin wanda ya bada tsakiyan nonon kuma yana da daban-daban alleles cikin guda gene.
• Allele - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin madadin siffofin da gene, wanda aka located a wata takamaiman wuri na chromosome da kuma halin da musamman nucleotide jerin.
• Allele - wani biyu daga kwayoyin halittu da cewa suna located a cikin wannan yankunan na homologue chromosomes da kuma iko da ci gaban da wasu halaye.
• Non-allelic genes suna located a sassa daban daban na chromosomes da kuma ke da alhakin bayyanuwar daban-daban cututtuka.

ƙarshe

Mendel tsara da kuma tabbatar da ka'idojin gādo. Siffarsu ne aka ba a cikin misali na shuke-shuke da kuma dan kadan Sauki. Amma a yi, shi ne gaskiya to duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.