Cartography - shi ne ... Tarihin cartography. ci gaban cartography. Cartography da Geoinformatics

A marmarin sanin su location a kan ƙasar, a cikin tẽku, ko a cikin taurari shi ne daya daga cikin farko m mutum bukatun. M zane na m mazauninsu ba Yunƙurin zuwa hadaddun da Multi-mai daraja shugabanci na mutum aiki. Nazarin na sabon ƙasashe da bayanin su ya samar da kuzari ga ilimi ci gaba da dukan wayewa. Cartography - shi ne ba kawai wani sa na hanyoyin gani nuni da Duniya ta surface ko taurari sama - shi ne wani tasiri ga kayan aiki da koyo, wanda aka horar da cikin tarihin dan Adam.

Origin of ajalin

A Girkanci kalmar χάρτης - hartis (Yarjejeniya, Papyrus, takarda) da kuma γράφειν - jadawali (rubuce-rubuce, yanã tõno), ya zama tushen da wani ajali ake sanya a sararin yanki na musamman masu sana'a da ayyukan a jamsin na fannoni daban daban na kimiyya alaka da bayanin irin na sarari yanayi na mutum. Cartography - wannan yanki na gani zane-zane.

A mafi kyau misalai na handwritten cards daga Legacy da shekaru - da Masterpieces na high m matakin graphics. Yau, tare da halittar lantarki maps, Charts, zane-zane da kuma ba zai iya yi ba tare da artists. A cikin karni na XXI cartography - wani nagartaccen kwamfuta girma da kuma 3D-graphics, mai salo na gani zane.

farko

A farkon suke dashi hotunan kama da katin, ya shafi ba kawai ga m zane na Duniya ta surface, amma kuma a cikin sama. Petroglyphs (sassaka a dutse) - Hoton daga cikin haske masaukai aka samu a Faransa da kuma Spain, rock zanen, reminiscent na kauye shirin da aka sanya don 6000 shekaru BC a cikin tsaunukan na Turkey. History of Cartography ce ta bayyana a gaban rubuce-rubuce da kuma labarin game da maida hankali kimiyya kyau ga halittar farko taswirar image.

Da ra'ayoyi na zamanin d masana falsafa a duniya domin an nuna a na farko maps cewa zai zana a cikin VI karni BC. e. masanin kimiyya Anaximander. Duniya ya bayyana a yi wani lebur da'irar, kewaye da ruwa.

Ilimi na duniya kumbura, karin yanki na duniya, da aka nuna a kan maps. cartography ci gaba ne da wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da "yanayin kasa" na Talomi (II karni BC. e.). A nasa maps an riga lamarin da latitud da longitude nuna ta uku sassa na duniya: Turai, Asiya, da kuma Libya (Afirka). Very m portrayal ya fi karatu yankunan Turai da Arewacin Afirka, mafi matukar - Asia. A babban wuri a kan maps of Talomi dauki Unknown ƙasar.

Maps na Ancient kasar Sin da kuma Gabas

A farko ambaci Sin maps, dauke da ban da kasa data, bayanai game da bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arziki, game da dukiya ya kasance a cikin III karni BC. e. Muhimmai daga cartography matsayin gami da daban-daban ilimin kimiyya - jiki, Gwargwadon, tarihi da tattalin arziki da siyasa - aka dage farawa nan. Maps da kuma topographical da tsare-tsaren na da Han a karni na fari na lokacin mu riga ya da wani tsarin da alamomin, a rectangular daidaita tsarin da kuma ainihin iyakokin ƙasar na zuwa da dũkiyarku da daban-daban shugabanni.

Nasarori cartographers India zamanin da kyalli a cikin hoto zuwa almara waka "Mahabharata" da "Ramayana". A wuraren da mataki ne da wadannan kasidu, akwai mutane da yawa mythological abubuwa - almara birane da kirkirarrun halittu.

A na da maps of Eastern geographers Al-Khwarizmi, Piri Reis da sauransu da yawa dama da kuma ba na gaskiya ba abubuwa, amma suna ba da yankunan unknown zuwa Turai masana kimiyya. Daga cikin su - kudancin tip of America har ma da ba a sani ba kudancin nahiyar - Antarctica.

Lokaci Gwargwadon binciken

tarihi na cartography kunshi dama key neman sauyi matakai. Irin abubuwan da aka alama ta Renaissance. Yana da aka bayyanar da duniya Jamus geographer Martin Behaim, wanda aka kira "Earth apple", da kuma fitarwa na farko tarin na maps, mawallafa sun Gerhart Mercator da Ibrahim Ortelius. Wadannan atlases mallaki dukan halaye, sanin da dama tsarin kula da zane da kuma yi na cards. Samuwa maps sanya ci gaban bugu.

Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ya kasance, wani sakamako da kuma wani dalili na Gwargwadon binciken, ba hagu a duniya na duhu aibobi. Ana zargin m maps aiki a matsayin su nasarorin labarin kasa, cartography ya sa ya yiwu ga dama teku iyo da kuma transcontinental overland crossings. Magellan da kuma balaguro na Columbus, tafiya Vasco Da Gama sanya yiwu ta da sabuwar dabara ta wajen kewayawa, da rãnã da taurari tartsatsi da kuma gwada da m cikakken images karatu yankunan da ƙasa surface.

Cartography a Rasha

Muhimmancin bayanai game da inda iyakoki, a jihar, a kan wurin da babbar halitta shafukan da adibas na albarkatun, a Rasha m tun da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba feuds. Labarin kasa, topography, cartography fada cikin ikon yinsa, daga wani musamman jihar ban sha'awa a lokacin samuwar wani Karkasa ikon Moscow. A sakamakon wannan da hankali shi ne "Big Plans". Wancan, da shi da shirin na Rasha yankuna, hukuncin kisa a kan takardar 2,5h2,5 m, halitta da daya daga cikin versions bisa ga umarni Ivana Groznogo.

Wannan shi ne na farko da aka sani aiki ne na Rasha cartographers zo ne kawai a cikin nau'i na cikakken bayanin - "Big Littafi na Zane", a cikin wanda babban bayanai abun ciki da kuma fayyace na katin yi shi a bayyane.

jihar m

Daga lokacin da Bitrus I na Rasha kafa a jihar tsarin na Geodesy da Cartography. Shiri kuma bugu da katunan da aka bai wa iko na Academy of Sciences. A sakamakon wata babbar aiki a kan surveying jihar na Rasha ƙasa, saki da dama versions na cikakken atlases.

Daga cikin masana da kuma magoya dadin mai girma daraja Atlas tsakiyar Rasha larduna, harhada kuma aka buga a karkashin shugabanci na A. I. Mende.

A cikin sabon fasaha da kuma kungiya matakin na cikin gida da cartography da geoinformatics aka tashe a cikin Soviet lokaci. By 1954, Taswirar dukan ƙasar da aka kammala a sikelin 1: 100,000. Lokacin da streamlined aiki kasa da kasa hadin kai da aka bayar da "Great Soviet Atlas na Duniya" - daya daga cikin mafi cikakken taswirar duniya kafofin watsa labarai.

zamani da fasaha

Hannun kõma da tsare-tsaren da kuma maps of baya ƙarni ne batu na sha'awa ga tarihi, haraji da connoisseurs na hoto art. Modern cartography - kira na yankan-baki kimiyya da fasaha. Nasara da aka da m amfani da m hanyoyin da tsarin karba-karba na duniya - da farko m hotuna, sa'an nan - to scan surface na Duniya ta tauraron dan adam. Wadannan kudi yi yau maps da kuma tsare-tsaren na daban-daban sikelin musamman a cikin cikawa da kuma daidaito.

Computer da kuma electro-Tantancewar bugu tsarin sun fundamentally canza katin bugu tsari. 3D-tallan kayan kawa, dijital image aiki, bincike da kuma gudanar da babbar databases - da saba aiki da hanyoyin zamani cartography. A wannan gaggawa takarda m rage-rage hanzari. Babban shugabanci na yau cartography da geoinformatics sanya gani na bayanai game da geosphere ga kafofin watsa labaru domin fitowa a wani iri-iri na'urori.

Wannan ya hada da zanen taswira:

• Cartography - janar nazarin maps.
• History of cartography - da ci gaban hanyoyin da shiri, yin amfani da da kuma maps.
• Zanawa da kuma zanen taswira.
• Cartographic semiotics - a tsarin na alamomin da su yi amfani da a cards.
• Cartographic zane.
• Edition da kuma wallafe-wallafe maps.
• Amfani da maps.
• A ci gaba da cartographic kafofin na bayanai.
• Toponymy - da kimiyya Gwargwadon sunayen.

Industry trends cartography

Modern cartographic kayayyakin iya ƙunsar bayanai dacewa ga yankunan da yawa daga kimiyya, zamantakewa da kuma al'adu ayyuka na mutane. Daga cikin su akwai general yanayin - da wuri na halitta da kuma wucin gadi asalin, geologic, gona, ethnographic. Daga cikin sababbin yankunan su ne geo-da lafiyar qasa, geopolitics, zabe.

Bambanci tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na m aikace-aikace na irin kayayyakin da suke da takamaiman bukatun ga shirye-shiryen da kuma kisa. Maps da kuma atlases an rayayye amfani da ilmantarwa tsari a daban-daban matakan da ilimi, kimiyya da bincike, suna bukatar a Maritime da iska kewayawa, maps - wani muhimmin ɓangare na yawon shakatawa guidebooks. A bisa ga al'ada, bukatar soja da kuma injiniya maps da topographical tsare-tsaren.

IT-fasahar

Fasahar kwamfuta a cartography kawo, samar da daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri na da kwatance. Hulda da kwamfuta tallan kayan kawa da kuma geo-informatics Ya halitta GIS Taswirar. A mafi bayyane da kuma jinsin sakamakon shi ne ya zama online Taswirar, da barin yin amfani da dole da kuma dacewa da bayanai game da zagayenta geosphere, wata babbar lamba na mutane.

Babban amfani da online cartography ne dangantakar da bayanai, ta high bayanai abun ciki da kuma tsabta. Ability don sabunta da maps online, daban-daban iri na nuni - planar da uku-girma, dare da rana, Bugu da kari na panoramic maps hotuna da bidiyo - duk wannan yana nufin unattainable for cartographers na baya.

A ƙasar da kuma a cikin teku a duniya da kuma a sarari

Ba tare da katin shi yiwuwa a gano a duniya. Sun kawo bayanai tattara kwararru daga daban-daban rassan kimiyya, wanda taimaka a analysis aiki, da bayyanar da sabon theories da shiriritar.

Alal misali, geomorphology - da kimiyya da dokokin hukumar da samuwar nazarin sasannin sauƙi - ba zai iya yi ba tare da daidai topographical ƙasar da seafloor maps. Don karatu da rarraba da kuma Sanadin annoba shi yiwuwa ba tare da cikakken halitta da kuma zamantakewa da tattalin arziki maps.

Ko m taurari zama abu na zamani cartography. Comparative Planetology sets na samuwar samaniya jikinsu, nazarin da maps na Duniya da kuma hotunan dauka da kumbon sama jannati.

Hadisai da Al'amurra

Wani lokaci akwai shari'u na game mutuwa na gargajiya cartography. Da zato da ci gaban bayanai fasahar za ta kai ga amfaninsa na maps da kuma tsare-tsaren a cikin nau'i na takarda Duniyoyi da atlases. Nemo mafi bayani game da wani batu a duniya ko a cikin foreseeable sarari ya zama sauki. Amma da ya ce kawai hanyar da cartographic bayanai ɗaba'ar.

Cartography - shi ne mai dogon tarihi da kuma mai girma hadisai. Bari buga inganci da mutunci zane mai hoto cards yanzu damu mafi haraji - zamani bayanai da kuma kewayawa tsarin da ake gina a kan ka'idodin ci gaba da ƙarnõnin cartographers.

The m canji a cikin jiki, zamantakewa da siyasa image na Duniya da kuma ta yanayi da ke sa Taswirar kimiyya da fasaha masana'antu, da bukatar wanda ba zai bace.