Brown dwarfs - taurari a cikin hasken rana tsarin: zazzabi, photos, na azuzuwan

Zama mafi m msar tambayar ilmi da fasaha damar da masana kimiyya, da karin binciken da suka yi. Yana da jũna a da duk sarari abubuwa da aka sani da shi kawai dole ne a bayyana su fasali. Duk da haka, duniya kowane lokaci ku haɗu da wannan ra'ayin a astrophysics buga wani abin ban mamaki a gare su. Sau da yawa, duk da haka, irin wannan sababbin abubuwa suna annabta rubuce. Yawan irin wannan abubuwa sun hada da launin ruwan kasa dwarfs. Har 1995, da suka wanzu ne kawai "a kan tip na alkalami."

Bari ta samun Masana

Brown dwarfs - taurari ne quite sabon abu. Duk da asali sigogi na ƙwarai daban-daban daga cikin halaye na saba mana da taurari, duk da haka, akwai kuma kamance. Tsananin magana, wani ruwan kasa Dwarf - substellar abu, shi ya mamaye wani tsaka-tsaki matsayi tsakanin ainihin manyan malaman taurari. Wadannan sarari jikuna da mun gwada da kananan taro - daga 12,57 zuwa 80,35 daga cikin daidai siga na Jupiter. A cikin ciki, kazalika a cikin cibiyoyin sauran taurari, da za'ayi thermonuclear halayen. Ba kamar ruwan kasa Dwarf a musamman qananan rawa na hydrogen a cikin tsari. Kamar yadda man fetur da ake amfani da irin wannan taurari deuterium, boron, lithium da beryllium. "Fuel" mun gwada da sauri ƙare da launin ruwan kasa Dwarf cools. Bayan kammala wannan tsari, shi ya zama duniyar tamu-abu. Saboda haka, ruwan kasa dwarfs - taurari, ba zai sami zuwa babban jerin Hertzsprung-Russell zane.

ganuwa bidar

Wadannan wuraren ban sha'awa ne ko 'yan sananne halaye. Suna yawo taurari, ba a hade da wani galaxy. Rubuce, wadannan cosmic gawarwakin iya Surf da halittu domin miliyoyin shekaru. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci na dũkiyõyinsu - da kusan cikakkiyar babu radiation. Lura da irin wannan abu ba tare da yin amfani da musamman kayan aiki ne ba zai yiwu ba. Dace da kayan aiki daga astrophysicists ba ga wani dogon isa lokaci.

A farko bude

A karfi haske launin ruwan kasa dwarfs asusu na da infrared na yankin. The search for irin wannan burbushi da aka lashe tare da samun nasara a 1995, lokacin da na farko da irin wannan abu Teide 1. A nasa ne na aji M8 da aka located a cikin tari na Pleiades da aka bude. A wannan shekara, a nesa na 20 haske shekaru daga Sun, an gano daya irin wannan star, Gliese 229B. Yana revolves a kusa da ja Dwarf Gliese 229a. Binciken ya fara bi daya bayan daya. Don kwanan wata, akwai fiye da daruruwan ruwan kasa dwarfs.

bambance-bambance

Brown dwarfs ba sauki gane saboda su kama on daban-daban sigogi da taurari da taurari haske. A cewar ta radius su kusanci a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri to Jupiter. Aƙalla guda darajar wannan siga da aka ajiye domin dukan taro kewayon ruwan kasa dwarfs. A irin wannan yanayi, shi ya zama da wuya sosai bambanta su daga duniya.

Bugu da kari, ba duk dwarfs na irin wannan ne iya goyon bayan Fusion halayen. A lightest daga wadannan (13 MJup) ne don haka sanyi cewa su zurfafa ba zai yiwu ba har ma da matakai amfani deuterium. A mafi m sosai da sauri (a kan sikelin da halittu - for miliyan 10 shekaru) sanyi da kuma zama kasa kula da Fusion halayen. Masana kimiyya yi ruwan kasa dwarfs bambance-bambance ne manyan hanyoyi biyu. A farko daga gare su - a ji na yawa. Brown dwarfs halin kamar guda dabi'u na radius da kuma girma, sabili da haka m jiki na taro 10 da kuma sama Jupiter m da dangantaka da irin wannan abu.

Na biyu Hanyar - ganewa na X-haskoki da infrared radiation. A gaban irin wannan kama hankali halaye iya ba kawai alfahari da launin ruwan kasa Dwarf, wanda ya ragu da yawan zafin jiki zuwa planetary matakin (1000 K).

A Hanyar bambanta daga huhu taurari

Light da kananan taro - wani abu, wanda zai iya zama da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin wani ruwan kasa Dwarf. Mene ne wani star? Wannan Fusion tukunyar jirgi, inda sannu a hankali ƙone dukan haske abubuwa. Daya daga cikinsu - lithium. A daya hannun, da irin ƙaunar da ya fi taurari, ya sauri ya zo ga ƙarshe. A kan wasu - don halayen shafe a gwada low zazzabi ake bukata. Sai dai itace cewa abu na lithium Lines a bakan, tabbas nasa ne da aji na ruwan kasa dwarfs. Wannan hanya na da gazawa. Lithium ne sau da yawa ba a cikin bakan matasa taurari. Bugu da kari, ruwan kasa dwarfs ne a wani lokaci da rabin shekaru biliyan zuwa cinya da dukan albarkatun wannan kashi.

A fasalin iya zama da methane. A karshe matakai na rayuwa sake zagayowar ruwan kasa Dwarf - wani star wanda zafin jiki ba ka damar tara mai ban sha'awa adadin daga gare ta. Sauran fitilu ba zai iya kwantar da hankali ga irin wannan yanayin.

Don rarrabe ruwan kasa dwarfs da taurari suna auna kuma haske. Lights haskensu a karshen ta zama. Dwarfs kwantar da dukan "rai." A karshe, saukarwa da suka zama haka duhu da cewa ya gauraye su da taurari ba zai yiwu ba.

Brown dwarfs: da na aji

A surface zafin jiki na abubuwa da aka bayyana dabam dangane da nauyi da kuma shekaru. Zai yiwu dabi'u ne a cikin kewayon daga planetary da halayyar da coldest aji na star M. Domin wadannan dalilai, ruwan kasa dwarfs asali guda biyu ƙarin na irin da aka kasaftawa - L kuma T. Bugu da kari a gare su, a ka'idar wanzu da kuma aji Y. Don kwanan wata, ta gaskiya aka tabbatar . Bari mu bincika halaye na abubuwan da kowane aji.

aji L

Stars game da farko irin na sama, daban-daban daga baya aji wakilan M gaban sha makada ba kawai vanadium da titanium oxide, amma da karfe hydrides. Yana da wannan fasalin sa mu gane wani sabon aji na L. Har ila yau a cikin bakan wasu ruwan kasa dwarfs na zuwa gare shi, ya sami line Alkali karafa da aidin. By 2005, 400 irin wuraren da aka bude.

aji T

T-dwarfs halin gaban a kusa-infrared makada na methane. Similar Properties yi a baya an samu kawai a cikin gas ƙattin na hasken rana tsarin, kazalika da Saturn ta watã Titan. Don canza hydrides FeH da CrH, halayyar L-dwarfs, T-aji zo Alkali karafa kamar sodium da kuma potassium.

Bisa ga zaton da masana kimiyya irin abubuwa ya kamata a yi mun gwada da kananan taro - ba fiye da 70 wt Jupiter. Brown T-dwarfs a hanyoyi da dama kama da gas Refayawa. Hankula na wadannan surface zazzabi jeri daga 700 zuwa 1300 K. Idan wani lokaci a cikin ruwan tabarau na kamara zai samu wadannan ruwan kasa dwarfs, abubuwa hotuna za su nuna wani pinkish-blue color. Wannan sakamako ne saboda da sakamako na sodium da kuma potassium a jere da kuma kwayoyin mahadi.

aji Y

Karshe na aji na dogon lokaci wanzu ne kawai a ka'idar. Da yawan zafin jiki na irin wannan abu surface ya zama kasa 700 K, Ina nufin 400 ° C. A bayyane zangon ba za a iya gano masu launin ruwan kasa dwarfs (photos ba aiki a duk).

Duk da haka, a shekarar 2011 Amirka Astrophysics sanar da samu, da dama, daga cikin wadannan sanyi abubuwa da zazzabi na 300 zuwa 500 K. Daya daga cikinsu, Mai hikima 1541-2250, an located a nesa na 13.7 haske-shekara daga rana. Wani ne, Mai hikima J1828 + 2650, halin da surface zafin jiki na 25 ° C.

Biyu rãnã - mai ruwan kasa Dwarf

The labari ne game da yadda ban sha'awa sarari abubuwa zai zama bai cika ba tare da ambatar "Mutuwa Star." Don haka ya kira hypothetically data kasance Sun takwaransa, a kan zato da wasu malamai suna spaced 50-100 astronomical raka'a tafi, bayan da Oort girgije. A cewar astrophysicists, da ake zargin abu na kamar wata mu luminary da kuma kafa ta Duniya kowane miliyan 26 shekaru.

A cikin jarrabawa ne alaka da zato na burbushin halittu David Raup, kuma Jack Sepkoski na lokaci-lokaci taro nau'i nau'i na jinsunan a duniya tamu. Yana da shawarar, shi ne a shekarar 1984. A dayan ka'idar quite rigima, amma akwai ma muhawara a cikin ni'imar.

"Mutuwa Star" - daya daga cikin yiwu bayani na extinctions. Irin wannan zato a lokaci taso daga biyu daban-daban kungiyoyin na ilmin Taurari. Bisa ga lissafin, da rãnã dole matsawa a biyu sosai elongated falaki. Lokacin da gabatowa mu luminary shi perturbs comets a babban yawan "inhabiting" da Oort girgije. A sakamakon haka, an kara yawan su karo da su a duniya, wadda take kaiwa zuwa mutuwa da kwayoyin.

"Mutuwa Star" ko Nemesis, yadda kuma shi ne ake kira, na iya zama launin ruwan kasa, fari, ko ja Dwarf. Don kwanan, duk da haka, dace da irin rawar da abubuwa da aka samu. Akwai shawarwari da cewa Oort girgije yankin ne kamar yadda duk ba a sani ba giant duniya, wanda yana da wani sakamako a kan falakinsu na comets. Yana janyo hankalin kankara tubalan, haka ne hana wani yiwu karo da Earth, wato, ya aikata ba a matsayin misali "Mutuwa Star." Duk da haka, shaidar kasancewar na duniya Tyche (watau 'yar'uwar Nemesis) yana ba.

Brown dwarfs to ilmin Taurari - a gwada sabon wurare. A yawa ƙarin bayani game da su to za a samu da kuma bincikar. Ko a yau, shi ne a zaci cewa wadannan abubuwa za su iya zama abõkan yawa da suka shahara taurari. Da matsaloli na bincike da kuma gano dwarfs na da irin wannan domin kafa sabon high bar for kimiyya kayan aiki da ka'idojin fahimtar.