Conciliator da rawa a cikin baƙauye garambawul na 1861

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na sha tara, da Rasha, Empire ya jerin gyara, saitin a matsayin dalili ya canza zamantakewa da siyasar tsarin daidai da bukatun na lokaci, daya daga cikinsu ya na kauda tashe serfdom da musamman gabatar da wannan post - da conciliator.

A baƙauye tambaya a karkashin Alexander I

By tsakiyar wannan karni, Rasha ta fito da wani sosai rauni tattalin arziki da kuma aikin noma, da shan kashi a cikin Crimean yaki ya kara aggravated duk korau matakai na Rasha gaskiya. Tun farkon da XIX karni, na kauda tashe serfdom ne kullum mafitar a cikin al'umma. Alexander I aka farko kafa wani sosai m da ma karkata zuwa ga yanke shawara. Musamman ma bayan nasarar da kasar mu a cikin War of 1812 da kuma waje yakin da reformist jin zuciya tsananta, ba kawai daga cikin kawo dukkan, amma kuma tsakanin manoma, da kuma m shiryayye gonaki. Alexander Pavlovich duk sane, amma ba hanzarta gudanar da sauye-sauye, da kuma bayan jerin neman sauyi ayyuka a wasu kasashen Turai da kuma barranta daga duk wani canji a cikin matsayin na manoma. Dokar "a kan free cultivators" da kuma samun 'yanci daga dogaro manoma Baltic jihohi, wanda aka sosai' yan - duk matakan dauka don ya rage halin da ake ciki na manoma.

A ra'ayi na Nicholas I Pavlovich

The magaji na sarki ƙanen Nicholas, da iyali da aka sani a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tabbata, da Decembrists 'tawaye a 1825, ya kara karfafa shi a wannan shugabanci. Bayan da danniya da Sarkin sarakuna da kansa ya dauki kashi a cikin tambaya mahalarta na tawaye, a gaban shi loomed share duk damuwa hoto na Rasha gaskiya. Nicholas na yarda da cewa sanarwa, cewa serfdom a Rasha - shi ne mugunta, amma ya canza wani abu a cikin yanayi, ya ji an ma fi girma mugunta.

Duk da haka, da sarautar da sarki ya fi so Count Arakcheev girke fansa daga cikin serfs, da bukatun da ake bukata a kowace shekara game da miliyan biyar rubles, da kuma tsarin da aka mika a lokacin da wani m lokaci. Ko da wannan sosai iyakance aikin kira bude juriya daga gwamnatin da'irori. Ministan kudi Count Kankrin ce cewa irin kudi a cikin taskar ba, don haka ka bukatar ka sami wani hanya fita, duk sauran polupopytki ma ya zo da kome ba. Nicholas I for mulkinsa dogon isa haka kome yi don tallafa wa manoma ga wuri. A halin yanzu, tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da girma a wani m taki, wanda ke haifar da kara aukuwa.

The motsi daga cikin "matattu spots"

A 1856 ya zo a kan karaga da babban dan Nicholas, Alexander II. Ya aka riga ya kafa mutum kuma mutuntakarsa, na bayar da muhimmanci shi ne cewa malamin ya magaji Vasiliy Andreevich Zhukovsky, mawãƙi, m-shiryayye da kuma kokarin qarfafa a kansu almajiri. Daga farkon zamanin sarautar Alexander ya ayyana niyyar warware cutarwa da kuma m sabon abu - serfdom. Yana duk fara da jama'a muhawara a kan yin gyare-gyare, wanda ya ba shi wani m hanya da kuma irreversibility. A babban birnin kasar akwai wani yawan gyara ayyukan. A shekarar 1859, an kafa wani kwamitin Shirin zanen, wanda zai yi bincika da kuma hada duk na ayyukan, sunã nẽman mafi dace sakamakon ga gonaki da kuma manoma. The aikin kasance a cikin wani halin da ake ciki na matsanancin saba wa juna, ko da yake sarki bai ba a ga matsaloli da kuma nace. By farkon 1861 duk da shirye-shirye da aka kammala, da kuma Fabrairu 19 da aka ayyana a manifesto a kan yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, fadi slavish yanayin manoma, amma ga gyara da ake bukata don ƙirƙirar yawa sabon jikin da kuma jami'an, wanda za a bi da ta yi. Saboda haka akwai wani ƙananan actuator ne - conciliator.

"Freedom"

"A tanadi na Shelar 1861" ayyana ainihin matsalar da wadannan mutane a matsayin mai zane dangantaka tsakanin mallaki gidaje da kuma wani manomi a kan tushen da yarjejeniya tsakanin su, da aka sani da "dokokin ƙa'idar shatan." Kamar yadda zaman lafiya shiga tsakani - mutane m ga dubawa na karamar hukumar yankunan karkara raka'a hada da, da yardar zaɓe na ofisoshin (dattijo baƙauye, foreman Parish). Idan ya cancanta, a conciliator iya cire su daga ofishin. Game da manoma, ya aka bai wa shari'a da 'yan sanda hukumomi, to fahimtar daban-daban qananan rikice-rikice, za a iya kama shi kuma rubũta kofur azãba. Rabo abin da hidima a daya-tsakin cover uku zuwa biyar kananan hukumomi. A ko'ina cikin daular gudana game da 1714 daga wadannan jami'ai. Su aka nada daga cikin nobility na yanki a kan tsari na gwamna da shugaban nobility. Sama gabatar da wani jerin ayyuka da cewa an warware conciliator, 1861 aka mafi m, da yawa an nada daga m gidan haya, daga cikinsu akwai Leo Tolstoy, NI Pies. Kamar yadda muka ci gaba da motsa abinda ke ciki na events generated a kan wani matsakanci rage tare da kowane wucewa shekara.

A sakamakon yin gyare-gyare

Duk da haka, da suka taka mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa a cikin gyare-gyare. Shi ne da godiya ga su kula da ma'auni na cikin bukatun da manoma, ko da yake suna infringed, amma shi bai saya? Ata yanayi. Kuma abu mafi muhimmanci da aka yi su da bin doka daidai da juna moriyar bangarorin biyu na daftarin aiki, abin da suka charters. Aminci ya shiga tsakani da kokarin kowane baƙauye da mai masauki maza maza sun bayar da fansa ma'amala, kazalika da dan lokaci matsayi na manoma ya ba sosai shafe tsawon. The ayyuka na wadannan jami'an da aka katse a 1874, da kuma maimakon biyu m cibiyoyin aka halicce su. Duk da haka, suna da kadan ban sha'awa a cikin bukatun manoma da zarar ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar burokrasi na Rasha Empire. Amma babban abu da aka yi: manoma da aka warware, da zaman lafiya shiga tsakani - wata alama ce da 'yanci ga manoma.