Fabrairu 19, 1861. Baƙauye garambawul a Rasha. A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom

a zamanin Alexander II (1856-1881) gangara a tarihi kamar yadda a tsawon "babban sake fasalin". Sun fi mayar da godiya ga sarki ya ɗauki yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha a 1861 - wani taron wanda, ba shakka, shi ne ta babban rabo, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba ci gaban jihar.

Fage yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom

A cikin shekaru 1856-1857 mai yawan kudancin lardunan rocked baƙauye tashin, wadda, duk da haka, da sauri iri na. Amma, duk da haka, da suka yi aiki a matsayin mai tunatarwa ga mulki da iko, da cewa matsayin da a cikin abin da kowa mutane, a karshen na iya haifar da tsanani sakamakon mata.

Bugu da kari, yanzu serfdom muhimmanci ragae ci gaban kasar. A axiom cewa free aiki yadda ya kamata tilasta aka bayyana a cikin cikakken: Rasha da yawa wanzuwa cikin kasashen turai da kuma a cikin tattalin arzikin da a zamantakewa da siyasar Sphere. Wannan barazana da cewa a baya halitta image na iko jihar iya kawai narke, da kuma kasar za a iya iza cikin category na qananan. Ba a ma maganar gaskiya cewa serfdom ya sosai kama da bauta.

By ƙarshen 50s na 62 da miliyan yawan mutane a cikin wata rahama daga iyayengijinsu rayu fiye da wata uku. Rasha da matsananciyar bukata baƙauye garambawul. 1861 ya zama shekara da manyan canje-canje da cewa ya kamata rike don haka da cewa ba su iya girgiza kafa tushe na autocracy da nobility riƙe da rinjaye matsayi. Saboda haka, da tsari na kauda tashe serfdom bukatar m bincike da kuma nazari, da kuma wannan ne saboda da ajizai jihar inji ta kasance matsala.

A zama dole matakai don nan gaba canje-canje

A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha a 1861 yana da wani tsanani tasiri a kan m tushe na sararin kasa.

Duk da haka, idan States zaune a kan kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kafin ciyar da wasu canji ne da nazarin da ma'aikatun da tattaunawa a gwamnatin, bayan da garambawul shirya ayyukan da ake bai wa majalisar, jimre da karshe hukunci, da Rasha, kuma bã da ma'aikatun kuma wakilin jiki ba akwai. Amma serfdom aka legislated a jihar matakin. Soke shi da ikirarin Alexander II iya ba, kamar yadda zai karya hakkokin da tsada, wanda shi ne tushen autocracy.

Saboda haka, a kasar don inganta gyare-gyare da aka wa gangan ƙirƙirar naúrar musamman tafiyad da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom. Yana da aka zaci cewa shi zai kunshi cibiyoyin shirya a filin, wanda bada shawarwari dole ne a sallama da kuma sarrafa a cikin kwamitin tsakiya, wanda, bi da bi, a iya sarrafawa da monarch.

Tun da, a cikin hasken mai zuwa canje-canje mafi gidan haya da aka rasa shi, sa'an nan Alexander II, mafi bayani zai kasance, idan da himma ga saki da manoma wani al'amari na nobility. Ba da da ewa cewa lokacin juya sama.

"Adari Nazimova"

A tsakiyar fall 1857 zo a St. Petersburg Janar Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - Gwamnan Lithuania, wanda ya kawo tare da shi a takarda a kan bayar da dama ga shi, da kuma gwamnonin Kovno da Grodno larduna ba su serfs su 'yanci, amma ba tare da ya ba su ƙasar.

A mayar da martani, Alexander II aika wani rescript jawabi Nazimova (mallaka masu zaman kansu wasika), wanda ya umurci da gida gonaki don tsara lardin kwamitocin. Su aiki ya ci gaba nasu iri na gaba na baƙauye garambawul. A cikin wasika da sarki kuma ya ba da shawarwari:

• Samar da cikakken 'yanci na serfs.
• All filaye kamata a ga gidan haya rikewa ikon mallakar.
• Kunna liberated manoma samun ƙasar mãkirci batun biyan bashin da sadãkõkinsu, ko aiki daga serfdom.
• Enable manoman da za su sayi estate.

Ba da da ewa rescript shi bayyana a latsa, wanda ya ba impetus zuwa janar tattaunawa da tambaya da serfdom.

Mun kafa kwamitoci

Early a cikin 1857 da Sarkin sarakuna, bayan ya shirya, halitta a asirce kwamitin a kan baƙauye tambaya, wanda asirce tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da garambawul ga warware serfdom. Amma kawai bayan da wani "rescript Nazimova" ya zama jama'a, da ma'aikata da ya sanã'anta a cike da karfi. A watan Fabrairu 1958, na farko cire dukan sirri, renaming da Main kwamitin baƙauye Harkokin, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin Prince AF Orlov.

Lokacin da ya halitta Editorial Hukumar, wadda dauke ayyukan ƙaddamar da lardin kwamitin, da kuma riga a kan tushen da tattara bayanai da aka halitta kasar version na gaba garambawul.

Shugaban hukumar da aka nada wani memba na majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin Janar YI Rostovtsev, wanda cikakken goyon bayan ra'ayin da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom.

The saba wa juna da kuma aikin yi

A cikin shakka daga cikin aikin da babban kwamitocin da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin lardin gonaki ba ba tare da tsanani saba wa juna. Alal misali, gidan haya nace cewa emancipation na serfs aka iyakance kawai ga samar da 'yanci da kuma ƙasar a bayansu za a iya kulla kawai a matsayin aro ba tare da ramuwa. Kwamitin kuma ya so ya ba da damar saya wani tsohon serf na ƙasar, ta zama cikakken mai shi.

A 1860 Rostovtsev mutu, sabili da haka shugaban Editorial hukumar, Alexander II ya nada Count VN Panin, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, an ɗauke shi, ga maƙiyin serfdom sakewa. Da yake mara haƙĩ daga gidan sarauta so, da ya tilasta don kammala gyara aikin.

A watan Oktoba na Shirin zanen kungiyar da aka kammala. Total lardin kwamitocin bayar ga shawara na kauda tashe serfdom 82 ayyuka, ranked da girma na 32 buga kundin. A sakamakon aiki tukuru An ƙaddamar for shawara ga majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin, da kuma bayan ta tallafi da aka gabatar don sanar da sarki. Bayan karanta su aka sanya hannu a kan dace Shelar da Dokokin. Fabrairu 19, 1861 shi ne na aikin rana da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom.

Maris 5, Alexander II da kaina karanta takardun a gaban mutane.

Babban arziki da manifesto Fabrairu 19, 1861

Babban arziki da daftarin aiki kamar haka:

• Serfs na daular samu cikakken sirri 'yancin kai, su yanzu da ake kira "free yankunan karkara mazaunan."
• Daga yanzu (watau 19 Fabrairu 1861) da sansanin soja da aka dauke da cikakken 'yan asalin tare da dacewa dokar kasar.
• All m dũkiyar baƙauye, kazalika da gidaje da gine-gine gane kamar yadda dũkiyõyinsu.
• Domin gonaki riƙe hakkin ƙasarsu, amma suka yi don samar da manoman homestead da kuma filin mãkirci.
• Domin yin amfani da ƙasar ga manoma sun biya fansa a matsayin kai tsaye mai na ƙasa da kuma jiha.

Dole garambawul jayayya

A sabon canje-canje ba gamsar da bukatun dukkan masu ruwa da tsaki. Sun kasance sũ ne m da manoma da kansu. Da farko cikin sharuddan kan abin da aka ba da ƙasar, wanda, a ainihi, shi ne babban wajen zama. Saboda haka, Alexander II ta gyara, ko kuma wajen, wasu daga ta tanadi ne shubuha.

Saboda haka, bisa ga Shelar, dukan ƙasar Rasha tabbatar da iyakar da m size na ƙasar Holdings da capita, dangane da halitta da kuma tattalin arziki halaye na yankuna.

Yana da aka zaci cewa idan baƙauye rabo ya karami fiye sanya daftarin aiki, shi obliges da mai masauki don ƙara da samarwar yankin. Idan guda - manyan, a akasin haka, yanke da suka wuce haddi da kuma, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da mafi kyau na rabo.

A norms bayar allotments

Shelar na Fabrairu 19, 1861 m da Turai bangare na kasar a kan uku lobes: da steppe, da baki ƙasa da Nonchernozem.

• Norma allotments ga steppe part - shida da rabi zuwa goma sha biyu da gona wajen kadada.
• Kullum domin chernozem sashi ne daga uku zuwa hudu da rabi da gona wajen kadada.
• Ga wadanda ba chernozem bel - uku da kwata zuwa takwas da gona wajen kadada.

A ko'ina cikin kasar, yankin ya fara sa kasa da shi a gaban canji, saboda haka cewa baƙauye gyara daga 1861 hana "liberated" fiye da 20% na arable ƙasar.

Bugu da kari, akwai wani category na serfs, wanda, a general, bai sami wani ƙasar. Wannan yadi da mutane, manoma wanda da mallakar ƙasar-jin yunwa manya da aiki masana'antu.

ƙasar canja yanayi a cikin dũkiyar

Bisa ga garambawul a kan Fabrairu 19, 1861, ƙasar da aka bai wa manoma ba a cikin dukiya, amma kawai don amfani. Amma da suka samu damar saya da shi daga mai shi, da cewa shi ne, shiga a cikin wani da ake kira fansa ma'amala. Don wannan batu aka mai da su cikin dan lokaci, kuma domin yin amfani da ƙasar za su yi aiki serfdom, wanda ya ba fiye da kwanaki 40 a shekara domin maza da 30 - don mata. Ko biya sadãkõkinsu, da adadin abin da aka sa a kan for saman 8-12 rubles, kuma a cikin saduwa da haraji da ake bukata domin ya yi la'akari da ƙasa haihuwa. A wannan yanayin, da dan lokaci ba suna da hakkin su kawai ba har a kan rabo bayar, wato, serfdom zai har yanzu suna zuwa aiki.

Bayan fansar ma'amala biya manomi zama cikakken ƙasar mai shi.

Kuma jihar ba ya zama a banza

A Fabrairu 19, 1861, saboda da Shelar, jihar na da wata damar cika taskar. Wannan samun kudin shiga abu da aka bude saboda dabara amfani da yin lissafi da girman da fansa biya.

The adadin da cewa wani manomi ya yi don ƙasar, ya yi daidai da abin da ake kira matukar babban birnin kasar, wanda aka aza a cikin State Bank a 6% annum. Amma wadannan percentages daidaita ga samun kudin shiga wanda a baya ya samu daga mai masauki sadãkõkinsu.

Wannan shi ne, idan mallaki gidaje da rai guda, a cikin shekara 10 rubles sadãkõkinsu, da lissafi bisa ga dabara: 10 rubles suka rabu 6 (sha'awa a kan babban birnin kasar), sa'an nan ta tara da 100 (jimla ban sha'awa) - (10/6) x 100 = 166,7.

Saboda haka, duka adadin sadãkõkinsu amounted zuwa 166 rubles 70 kopeks - kudi "impossibly high" ga wani tsohon serf. Amma a nan ya shiga ma'amaloli da jihar: manomi ya biya zuwa mai masauki a lokaci guda kawai 20% na kiyasta farashin. Sauran 80% zo daga jihar, amma ba kawai don haka, da kuma samar da dadewa aro tare da balaga da 49 shekara da kuma 5 months.

Yanzu da baƙauye ya biya shekara-shekara ga State Bank 6% na fansa biya. Sai ya juya daga cewa adadin cewa tsohon serf ya yi cikin taskar wuce rance sau uku. A gaskiya ma, Fabrairu 19, 1861 ya kwanan lokacin da tsohon serf, aka zaba daga daya barance, ya fadi a cikin wani. Kuma duk da cewa girman da fansa adadin ya wuce kasuwar darajar da rabo.

Sakamako na canje-canje

A gyara soma da Fabrairu 19, 1861 (na kauda tashe serfdom), duk da shortcomings, ya ba da m goyon baya ga kasar. A 'yanci ba to 23 da mutane miliyan, wanda ya kai ga manyan canji a cikin ginin zamantakewa na Rasha jama'a, da kuma kara gano da bukatar wani canji na gaba a tsarin siyasa.

Dace manifesto saki Fabrairu 19, 1861, wanda yanayi da zai iya haifar da wani tsanani komawa da baya, shi ne himmatuwa factor ga ci gaban tsarin jari-hujja a Rasha jihar. Saboda haka, da kawar da serfdom, ba shakka, shi ne daya daga cikin tsakiyar events a cikin tarihin kasar.