Gaskiya, kuma qarya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "The Lower acan karkashin" Gorky

Gorky aka yaushe janyo hankalin zuwa dayantaka da kuma gwagwarmaya da hamayya da juna (ba abin mamaki shi ya kasance wani akidar Karl Marx): al'umma da kuma hali da dukiya, kuma talauci, nagarta da mugunta, gaskiya da ƙarya. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo "The Lower acan karkashin" marubucin gudanar mafi nuna a fili da numfashi ba nauyi da gaskiya, kuma ikon ceto na ƙarya ga rauni, karye mutum. Mutane da yawa rigima Rasha ayyukan da aka buga ba a gida da kuma waje. Na yi ba togiya, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo "The Lower acan karkashin". Gorky rubuta shi a karshen 1901 - farkon 1902. Original Title: "A kasa na rayuwa", "Sunless", "Doss gidan", da "kasa".

A play sani kawai, an yarda a Moscow Art gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya fara aiwatar da wasannin 18 Disamba 1902 da gudanarwa na Stanislavsky da Nemirovich-Danchenko aka za'ayi. A shekara ta 1904 ta samu kyautar Griboyedov.

duniya slums

Na farko ya bayyana a fage mutane da "kasa" - barayi, karuwai, Gamblers da mashaya suna, wanda marubucin ya tattara a cikin wani nightmarish flophouse.

Sad halin da ake ciki fa, tã yi ta zuwa ga heroes Maxim Gorky - a kasa na jama'a da za a bambamce, "ginshiki, kamar kogo," a low rufi daga nauyi, "unpainted da datti" furniture. Hakika, da akwai mulki mãsu yin zina, suna sha, giya da cãca, yãƙi, m bickering, talauci da rashin tunani. Marubucin bai tsunduma baki Paint - heroes of ayyukan ne kamar yadda mai kyau a matsayin wurin da suke da mazauni.

The mazaunan "kasa"

A rooming gidan rayuwa a yaro barawo Ash karuwa Nastia, a lalace bafadan (Baron), wanda ke zaune a gare Nastya ta kudi, locksmith mite da mutuwa matarsa, actor-giya, katin barua Satin, kartuznik Bubnov da sauransu domin ta dace da riga mai suna. Ya ƙunshi wannan kogon m, kuma m, a cikin ostentatious taƙawa Kostylev gaske hakikance cewa, "alherin da zuciya ba za a iya daidaita da kudi." Saboda haka ya yayyage sama da matalauta daga baƙi uku fãtun, dõmin ya kasance wani abu saya man a cikin man fitila. Za mu iya cewa a wannan drama Gorky halitta a style "noir" - duk da haka, da yawa Rasha wasan kwaikwayo zunubi karin gishiri kayi.

A farko, da play haruffa karshe squabble a yau da kullum batutuwa - da Baron ba ya so ya share gidan, sa'an nan Tick snarls a mayar da martani ga zargin da rashin tunani ga rashin lafiya matarsa, da peddler kneading tattauna yiwuwa na aure. Lokacin da akwai wani yawo haihuwa rooming gidan Luka magana ta regulars ba zato ba tsammani dauki wani falsafa nuna. Wannan shi ne inda shi sosai da kuma yin yãƙi a cikin gaskiya da ƙarya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "The Lower acan karkashin".

Zancen Kristanci a cikin aikin

A sabon tsaye a waje daga m mazauna "kostylevskih ƙungiyar mawaƙa" cewa shi ya kasance wani na farko bil'adama. Wasu masu sukar jayayya da cewa Luka - wani mummunan hali, har ma da sunan da asali daga "da mugunta daya". Amma a fili wannan ba shine al'amarin ba a nuna na goma sha tara da kuma ashirin ƙarni. Gorky ya mai bin Allah-gini ka'idar, wanda kokarin sulhunta Markisanci da Kristanci, dangane da wani kama da falsafancin.

Gaskiya, kuma qarya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "The Lower acan karkashin" shi ne mafi intricately lauye a cikin nau'i na Luka, wanda shi ne wajen wani Ikklesiyoyin bishara hali. Da ra'ayoyin sun fi mayar da Kirista: ya aka gaske kokarin ta'azantar da baqin ciki (da yiwu, a cikin wannan m da kuma gani da babban manufar addini). A tsohon mutum kwantar da hankali a mutuwa Anna, tausaya ma sauraren wani almara, labarin soyayya m karuwa, ya gaya wa giya actor a asibiti, wanda ake bukata da za a warke daga, kokarin lallashe da barawo Vaska je Siberia, da kuma fara sabon gaskiya rai.

Luka yi imanin cewa, asarar bege masa hukuncin kisa, da kuma ya gaya wa wani misali game da wani mutum, mai rayuwa mafarki je "ƙasar adalci." Bayan koyon cewa ba ta a can, ya rataye up (kawai ƙare har da asarar addini a warkar da wani giya actor, abin da, a gaskiya, da play Gorky da iyakar).

Saboda haka duk wannan: gaskiya ne ko karya? Mutunta ko tausayi?

Shi ba a san ko marubucin tana misalin fatan tare da mafarki da gangan, ta haka Ya karkatar da shi a cikin wani ƙarya, amma shi ya kasance a kan wannan lokaci wani irin baki kawai tare da Luca daukan Satin. Da yake yaro na karanta mai yawa, sa'an nan ya kashe wani mutum a kare 'yar'uwarsa a kurkuku kamu da katunan kuma ya fara yin wani rai zamba. Satin m, mai kaifin kafa. Ya zama na gaba da ɗan daidai da ra'ayoyi da Luka: Duka yi imani da cewa cibiyar sararin samaniya - wani mutum da yancin ya zabi. Amma idan Luka ya kira "lokaci na mutum tausayi," wani abu ga aa tausayi unacceptable: "Dole ne mu girmama mutum ... ba don a wulakanta shi ... tausayi."

Lokacin da roommates zargi tsohon mutum na da falsity, da yar wasan caca-ilimi passionately Kare shi: "Akwai mutane da yawa suka karya fita daga tausayi ga maƙwabcinsa ... Akwai kwantar da hankali da ƙarya, ƙarya sulhunta." Shi da kansa, duk da haka, ya ce ta unambiguous mugunta, amma dai ta inevitability wasu: "Wane ne ya raunana rai ... da sauran mutanen da suka rayu juices ... ƙarya ne na wajibi."

Literary zargi da marubucin yana da niyyar

Gaskiya, kuma qarya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "The Lower acan karkashin" a 'yan adawa ba kawai ra'ayi heroes. Babban musu ne, kamar yadda ya saba, tsakanin magana da aiki, da ra'ayin da gaskiya. Satin yalwa da magana game da gaskiyar cewa mutane "yayi kyau" - ya, duk da haka, kome fiye da wani katin sharpie, despising da aikin: "Aiki? Ga abin da? Don a koshi? ". Babu, ba shakka kana da ya zama "mafi girma satiety." Aikin, saboda haka, shi ne reprehensible, da kuma yaudara a cards - babu.

Yana da kyau da mu yanzu free daga gurguzu akida, wanda ya zama garkuwa da su na Maxim Gorky. "A kasa" - wani wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa da kuma zurfi, abu ne mai wuya ya kamata a dauki kawai kamar yadda wani zargi na jari hujja al'umma. Yana yiwuwa cewa marubucin kokarin rarrabe ba kawai tsakanin gaskiya da ƙarya, amma kuma wani mutum wanda yayi kyau, da kuma waɗanda a cikin abin da tsohon yawa daga kome da ya rage.

Duba a cikin zurfin jãhilci

Daya daga cikin haruffa a cikin play ne sosai a fili ya fayyace dalilan da ya tsaya "a kasa": "Kamar yadda na fara cika - dukan kayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, daya fata da ya rage ... Kuma duk da haka - Ina m. Passion kamar yadda ba na son yin aiki. "

A karshe yi Nastya yake samar da wannan layin karshe: "... dole ka kawar da toshiya a matsayin datti ... wani wuri a cikin rami." Wannan sauti kamar wajen m ra'ayin cewa "superfluous maza" ya kamata a halaka, kuma ba ta'azantar da m ƙarya, ko kowane mutum rai - ba a banza. A wannan yanayin, da mutuwa da actor, a karshe gane cewa aikin banza ne ya zama, shi ne sosai m.