Haskaka daular mulkinsu a Rasha

"Wayayyu monarch" a Rasha kira jihar siyasa, wanda aka gudanar da Empress Catherine II, wanda ya yi mulki a 1762-1796 gg. A style of ya jagoranci kasar da aka mayar da hankali a kan sa'an nan Western nagartacce. Menene manufar haskaka absolutism? Prussia, da Habsburg daular mulkinsu, France - duk wadannan kasashe, kamar Rasha, an nan da bin hanya. Yana kunshi a dauke da fitar da sake fasalin, da haɓaka jihar tsarin da yarjejeniyoyin da wasu mulkin gargajiya survivals.

Ikon zauna gaba ɗaya a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin autocratic mulkin kasar. Wannan yanayin ne babban musu cewa bambanta da siyasa na haskaka absolutism. Habsburg daular mulkinsu, Rasha da kuma wasu manyan kasashen Turai da iko hau a cikin hanyar gyara a sakamakon Yunƙurin na jari hujja. Canje-canje da aka tam sarrafawa daga saman, sabili da haka bai zama mai cikakken fledged

headwaters

Rasha haskaka daular mulkinsu zo a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Faransa al'ada, kafa da ra'ayoyi da Catherine II, ta ayarinsa da kuma babban ɓangare na ilimi mutane na kasar. A daya hannun, shi ne fashion a cikin aristocratic Da'a, Turai dress, hairstyles da huluna. Duk da haka, da Faransa yayi da aka nuna a cikin ruhaniya sauyin yanayi na nobility.

Rich yan kasuwa da sana'a, kazalika da manyan jami'an fara samun matsahi na saba da yammacin Turai agaji tarihi, al'adu, falsafa, art da kuma adabi a karkashin Peter I. A wannan zamanin Catherine aiwatar kai wani ganiya batu. An kafa ta aristocracy - ne zamantakewa tushe na daular mulkinsu a cikin tsawon haskaka absolutism. Litattafai da kasashen waje baƙi zuwa nobility aza m ideas. Rich mutane da tafiya akai-akai zuwa Turai, gano a duniya, to kwatanta da kasashen yammacin domin da kyawawan dabi'u tare da Rasha.

Catherine "Umarnin"

Catherine II ya zo da iko a 1762. Ta kasance Jamus ta haihuwa, ya na da Turai da ilimi da kuma halaye corresponded tare da babban Faransa masana falsafa. Wannan "ilimi kaya" shafi style of gwamnati. A Empress so kawo canji jihar da kuma yin shi ya fi dacewa da kuma na zamani. Saboda haka akwai wani haskaka daular mulkinsu Catherine 2.

A wannan 1762, Nikita Panin Empress shawara ya ba ta wani daftarin gyara daga cikin mallaka Council. Dattaku jãyayya da cewa tsohon tsarin na gwamnati ba tasiri saboda gaskiyar cewa shi damar da fitowan da tasiri shugabannin. A miƙa mulki daga absolutism zuwa haskaka daular mulkinsu sa a gaskiyar cewa Catherine daga adawa da tsoffin shugabanni ko sarakunan postpetrovskoy zamanin lokacin da siyasa ya mulki daban-daban majalisarsa.

A general Panin samarwa halittar wani shawarwari jiki. Catherine ƙaryata da aikin, yanke shawarar kari wannan daftarin aiki. Kamar wancan ne aka haife cikakken sake fasalin kudin shirya wa tsohon dokokin. Babban abu ne abin da na so a cimma Empress - da oda a mulkin kasar. A saboda wannan dalili ya zama dole to gaba daya rework da haihuwa dokokin da ƙara sababbi.

Ba da da ewa Catherine kafa Hukumar ga halittar wani sabon Code. A matsayin shawarwarin domin ta Empress hada da "umarni". Akwai fiye da 500 articles, wanda tsara ka'idodi na shari'a tsarin a Rasha. Catherine daftarin aiki ake magana a rubuce-rubucen daga cikin manyan Thinkers na lokaci: Montesquieu, Beccaria, wa laƙabi da Yustus, Bielefeld. A cikin "Umarnin" nuna duk da cewa ya samu haskaka da daular mulkinsu a Rasha. Features, abun ciki, muhimmancin wannan daftarin aiki ya koma zuwa ga ci-gaba akida na haske.

Catherine msar tambayar muhawara sun nisa ma masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma saboda haka ba su shafi abin da ya sa'an nan da Rasha gaskiya, kamar yadda yake a duka da maslahohin da galihu nobility - babban jihar ikon goyon baya. Ko ta wani hanya, amma da yawa daga cikin muhawara na sarki ya zauna kawai a cikin fatan alheri. A daya hannun, a cikin "Umarnin" Catherine ta bayyana cewa, Rasha - wata Turai iko. Sabõda haka sai ta tabbatar da siyasa Hakika, kafa ta Peter I.

Da yadudduka na Rasha yawan

Catherine II yi imani da cewa haskaka daular mulkinsu a Rasha da aka bisa ga aji rabo na al'umma. Ideal jihar ta kira absolutist model. Empress bayyana ta biyayya ga "halitta" da hakkin ya mallaki kadai, da kuma wasu - da za a sarrafawa. Catherine postulates barata ta tunani da tarihi na Rasha, inda autocracy shi ne mafi tsoho asalinsu.

Monarch kira ba kawai tushen ikon, amma kuma wani adadi da kara karfafa dukan jama'a. Ya ba da duk hane-hane, ban da da'a. A monarch, tunani Catherine, ya zuwa zartar da haƙurinsa, kuma su tabbatar da "ni'ima da kowane daya." Haskaka daular mulkinsu da nufin ba iyakance 'yancin jama'a, da shugabanci da su kuzari da kuma ayyukan da za a cimma kowa wadata.

Empress raba Rasha jama'a cikin uku main strata: nobility, da tausayin bourgeoisie da peasantry. Freedom ta kira da hakkin ya yi abin da yake a cikin dokar. Babban kayan aiki ayyana dokokin jiha. Su aka gina da kuma tsara bisa ga "ruhu na mutane", da cewa shi ne da haukan. Duk wannan ya samar da ya samu haskaka da daular mulkinsu na biyu da rabi na XVIII karni. Catherine II shi ne na farko Rasha shugabanni yi magana game da bukatar humanize da laifi dokar. Ta yi tunani babban burin na jihar ba azãbar laifi kuma rigakafin da zunubansu.

tattalin arzikin

Tattalin arziki da ginshiƙai a kan wanda ya huta ya samu haskaka da daular mulkinsu, yana da hakkin ya dukiya da kuma aikin noma. Babban yanayin ga kasar ta ci gaba Catherine kira wuya aikin na duk Rasha azuzuwan. Kira noma tushen da tattalin arziki, da Empress bai dissemble. Rasha na biyu da rabi na XVIII karni ya mai zurfi agrarian kasar, inda masana'antu ne muhimmanci a baya da Turai.

Mutane da yawa kauyuka a cikin sarautar Catherine II aka ayyana a birnin, amma a gaskiya dukan su wannan kauyuka da wannan aiki da kuma bayyanar. A wannan sabani ya ta'allaka ne da agrarian da patriarchal Rasha. Ko da tare da hasashen birane na birane, yawan mutanen kasar da aka ba fiye da 5%.

Rasha masana'antu, kamar noma, ya zauna mulkin gargajiya. Masana'antu da kuma manufactories yadu amfani gandu, saboda aiki farar hula ma'aikata kudin kamfanonin oda more. A halin yanzu, a Ingila, shi ya riga ya fara juyin juya halin masana'antu. Rasha fitar dashi, yafi Semi-ƙãre kayayyakin da na halitta albarkatun kasa. Gama kaya tattalin arzikin kusan ba a yi waje kasuwar.

Kotun da kuma addinin

A karshe surori na Catherine ta "Umarnin" An kishin kotuna. Haskaka daular mulkinsu a Rasha, a takaice, ba zai iya hulɗa tare da jama'a ba tare da wannan alkalin wasa. Aikace-aikace da aka muhimmanci, wanda zai iya ba kasa fahimtar Empress. Catherine ta wakilai da yawa ayyuka na cibiyoyin. A musamman, da kotu ya kare da 'yancin gudanar da addini ya shafi dukan mazauna Rasha. A topic na addini Catherine shafa da kuma a cikin rubutu. Ta kasance wani abokin gaba na tilasta hira da Kristanci, ba-Russian mutanen kasar.

Haskaka daular mulkinsu - shi ne mai bayyana matabbata a cikin riko da dokokin da dokokin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa hukumar ta dakatar aza Catherine rike gaggawa saurarenta. Empress kuma suka saɓa wa zalunci na 'yancin magana. Duk da haka, wannan bai hana ta kawo saukar da harin ramuwar gayya a kan waɗanda suka yi, a ra'ayin ta, ya wallafe encroached a kan jama'a domin.

baƙauye tambaya

Babban rudanin da ya fuskanci ta haskaka daular mulkinsu a Rasha, shi ne nan gaba na serfdom. A wannan zamanin Catherine II servile matsayi na manoma, da kuma shi ba a soke ta. Amma an hõre serfdom mafi zargi daga m sassa na al'umma. Wannan zaman jama'a mugunta ya kasance da abu Nikolaya Novikova satirical mujallu kai hare-hare ( "alabe", "drone", "zane-zane"). Kamar Radishchev, bai jira manyan canje-canje qaddamar daga saman, kuma an tsare su a Schlisselburg sansanin soja.

Shaci na serfdom ya ba kawai tausayi bawa matsayi na manoma, amma a cewa yana hana ci gaban tattalin arziki na daular. 'Yancin kadarori ya zama dole ya yi aiki ga nasu amfani. Aiki ga mai masauki, domin ya dauke girbi da kuma albashi, a priori ba zai iya zama tasiri. A enrichment na peasantry ne kawai bayan ya saki a 1861. Haskaka monarch Catherine 2, a takaice, bai yi kuskure ya dauki wannan mataki domin kiyaye kwanciyar hankali ciki, shi ne babu rikici tsakanin gwamnati da kuma gonaki. Sauran hira Empress Village sa'an nan suka kawai shimfidar wuri. A lokacin zamanin mulkin ta - zamanin mafi girma bautar da manoma. Riga a Catherine ta dan Paul na Boon rage, zama wani uku-rana.

The zargi da autocracy

Faransa rationalism da haske ideas nuna wa disadvantages na mulkin gargajiya siffofin gwamnati. Kamar wancan ne aka haife ta farko zargi da autocracy. Haskaka daular mulkinsu, duk da haka, ya kasance kamar wani nau'i na Unlimited iko. Amurka maraba da gyara, amma da suka yi wa zo daga saman da ba su shafi babban abu - da autocracy. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa zamanin Catherine II da ta Sahaban da ake kira zamanin haskaka absolutism.

A farko a bainar jama'a zarga da autocracy marubuci Alexander Radishchev. Ya Ode "Liberty" shi ne na farko waka neman sauyi Rasha. Bayan da littafin da "Journey daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow» Radishchev aka aiko bautar talala. Saboda haka, haskaka daular mulkinsu Catherine 2, ko wurin sa a matsayin m jihar, ba a yarda ya canza tsarin siyasa na freethinkers.

samuwar

A fannoni da dama, da miƙa mulki daga absolutism zuwa haskaka daular mulkinsu zo ta wurin aikin fice masana kimiyya. Cif luminary na Rasha kimiyya XVIII karni ya Mikhail Lomonosov. A 1755 ne ya kafa Moscow University. A lokaci guda ilimi utopianism ciyar a Masonic lodges, wanda sun zama musamman mashahuri a cikin nobility.

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XVIII, wani sabon cibiyar sadarwa na makarantu masu zaman kansu a cikin abin da yara koyon manya yan kasuwa, da limaman, sojoji, raznochinstva. Dukkan su sun furta aji hali. A nan, kamar yadda sauran wurare, da amfani da shi a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin nobility. Domin su bude duk wani nau'i na mahalli, inda koyarwa da aka gudanar yammacin Turai matsayin.

collapsing sake fasalin

Majalisar Dokokin aiki na Catherine II mafi kyau hukumar nuna dangantaka tsakanin Concepts "cikakkar daular mulkinsu" da "haskaka absolutism." A Empress kokarin haifar da jihar da cewa zai zama kamar waɗanda model cewa an bayyana manyan Turai Thinkers na XVIII karni. Duk da haka, da musu ta'allaka ne da cewa da ilimi da kuma mai cikakkar daular mulkinsu ba zai iya zama mai jituwa. Retaining cikin autocratic ikon, Catherine kanta hampered da ci gaban jihar cibiyoyin. Duk da haka, m ya gyara aikinsa, sun ba a warware wani Turai monarch na haske.

Zai yiwu Catherine, kuma ina zai tafi a kan kara canji, idan ba 'yan na ban mamaki events na biyu da rabi na XVIII karni. A farko ya faru a Rasha kanta. Muna magana ne game da Pugachev tawaye da ta share Urals da Volga yankin a 1773-1775 gg. Riot fara a Cossack yanayi. Sa'an nan, ya rufe kasa da kasa da baƙauye yadudduka. Serfs gentry gidan gona fasa, ya kashe jiya ta azzãlumai. A tsawo daga cikin tawaye a karkashin iko Emelyana Pugacheva mutane da yawa manyan birane, ciki har da Orenburg da Ufa. Catherine aka tsanani tsoron bambamce daga cikin mafi girma a cikin karni na karshe na tawaye. Lokacin da sojojin ci Pugachev, ya zo da dauki na hukuma da kuma ya gyara aikinsa, sun tsaya. A nan gaba, wannan zamanin na Catherine ya zama "zinariya shekaru" na nobility, idan sun isa ga iyakar har na gata.

Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi da ra'ayoyi na Empress, sun biyu na juyin juya halin: yaki ga 'yancin kai na yankunan Amirka da Faransa juyin juya halin. Last hambarar da gwamnatin daular mulkinsu na Bourbons. Catherine shi ne Mafarin na anti-Faransa kawance, wanda ya hada da dukan manyan Turai iko da wannan absolutist hanyarsa ta rayuwa.

Birane da kuma 'yan asalin

A 1785 an buga shi Haruffa patent birane inda Catherine kayyade matsayi na birane mazauna. Suka kasu kashi da dama Categories a kan zamantakewa da kuma dukiya matsayi. A farko aji na "real birane mazaunan 'hali fādawan da suke mallakar dukiya, kazalika da limaman da officialdom. Wannan ya biyo ta guild yan kasuwa, craft sana'a, nonresident kasashen waje, mazauna Posada. Dabam kasaftawa mashawarta 'yan ƙasa. Wadannan mutane ne da jami'a digiri, da masu manyan harufai, ma'aji, jirgin masu.

A matsayi na dogara mutum gata. Alal misali, mashawarta 'yan ƙasa da aka ba dama a yi mai zaman kansa lambu, kasar yadi da kuma kocin. Kamar yadda aka ayyana a shatan mutane da 'yancin yin zabe. Burgesses da 'yan kasuwa karbi rudiments na gwamnati. Diploma wajabta lokaci domin shirya tarurruka na wealthiest kuma mafi m 'yan ƙasa a cikin shekaru 3. Kafa zaɓe na shari'a cibiyoyin - mahukunta. A matsayin cewa an kafa ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, dade har 1870, wato, har sai da ya gyara aikinsa, Alexander II.

daraja da gata

Lokaci guda tare da Yarjejeniya zuwa birane aka buga ko mafi muhimmanci da Yarjejeniya da tsada. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zama wata alama ce da dukan epoch na Catherine II da kuma haskaka daular mulkinsu a matsayin dukan. Ya ci gaba da ra'ayoyi dauke a cikin Shelar na 'yanci na nobility, soma a 1762 a karkashin Peter III. Yarjejeniya zuwa Catherine ce da gonaki - kadai istinbadi Elite na Rasha al'umma.

Jaruman Nasara aka sanya hereditary, ya sami da kuma amfani ga dukan daraja iyali. Rasa aristocrat iya kawai a yanayin saukan wani laifi. Saboda haka Catherine ake gyarawa a kan kansa yi da ra'ayin cewa da hali na duk, ba tare da togiya, da nobility ya dace su babban matsayi.

Ta nagarta na "daraja haihuwa" gonaki Ban daga Kofur azãba. Su ikon mallakar mika wa daban-daban na dukiya da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, ga serfs. Manyansu iya a nufin zama 'yan kasuwa, misali, tsunduma a Maritime cinikayya. Mutane daga daraja haihuwa da aka yarda su da masana'antu. A cikin aristocrats bai mika sirri haraji.

Manyansu iya haifar da nasu al'umma - Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Majalisar, tare da hakkokin siyasa da kuma nasu kudi. Irin kungiyoyin ne a yarda da su aika da monarch ayyukan na sake fasalin da kuma canje. Majalisar kafa a kan wani yankin akai da kuma daura zuwa lardin. Wadannan gwamnatoci da shugabannin nobility, da manufar wanda aka bada a cikin Gwamna.

Yarjejeniya kawo karshen dogon aiwatar da daukaka gidan haya dukiya. The daftarin aiki rubuta cewa shi ne manya dauke da babban tuki da karfi a cikin al'umma a Rasha. Yana dogara ne a kan wannan manufa, duk m haskaka daular mulkinsu. Rinjayar da nobility hankali fara samun koma baya riga a karkashin magaji na Catherine Paul I. Wannan sarki, kamar yadda magaji, arangama da mahaifiyarsa, kokarin soke duk da sababbin abubuwa. Paul a yarda a yi amfani da nobility kofur azãba, haramta su tuntube shi da kaina. Mutane da yawa mafita an soke Paul karkashin dansa Alexander I. Amma sabon XIX karni, Rasha yanzu ta shiga wani sabon mataki a cikin sabon ci gaba. Haskaka absolutism wata alama ce wani zamanin - sarautar Catherine II.