Ilimi, tarihi da kuma alama na Golden taro

Zolotaya Orda na da jihar da aka halitta a 1224. A zamanin mulkin Khan Meng-Timur shi samu 'yancin kai, da kuma kawai ƙa'ida dogara a kan sarki. Mene ne tarihin na Golden taro? Menene da iyaka? Kuma abin da ya kasance hanyar rayuwa? Ka yi kokarin fahimtar.

Asalin sunan

A gabashin kafofin, kazalika a cikin Golden taro, da sunan wani guda jihar ba a samu. Akwai wani jerin alamomin da wani ƙarin "ulus" ko ƙasar masu sunayen. A Rasha da kalmar "Zolotaya Orda" da aka farko hadu a 1566 a cikin littafin "Kazan Tarihi". Kafin cewa, Rasha kafofin sun yi amfani ne kawai da kalma "taro", wanda yawanci na nufin wani mobile sansanin. Akwai wasu sunaye na jihar - Tatarstan, da Company, da Duniya Tatars Tatars.

"Polovtsian steppe"

A Arewa Altai daga III karni BC, kabilan rayu, da ake kira Kipchaks (bisa ga labarinsa - Polovtsy). A lokacin daga VII zuwa Sabunta karni, sun kasance a ƙarƙashin Turk Empire da daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na yammacin ɓangare na Kimek Khanate. Bayan da weakening na jihar ikon (fara daga XI karni) kipchaki koro Pechenegs da Oghuz arewa, mamaya da ƙasashensu. Ba da da ewa ta zama cikin rundunar kabilar na Great Steppe daga Danube da Irtysh. Wannan yanki na ƙasar da aka kira Dasht-i-Kipchak. Daga bisani, an kasu kashi biyu. Its yammacin yankin na Khan mallakar Bonyak da kuma gabas - Togur Khan.

Tarurrukan da kuma shan kashi na Dasht-i-Kipchak

Ana zargin da hikima da kuma m khans Kipchak yanki muhimmanci kumbura, kuma Ya ƙarfafã. Qasashe daban-daban, kasance wani ɓangare na Great Steppe, aka hade, da yawan mazauna ya karu markedly. mulkin gargajiya matsayi da aka kafa, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin Khan, hannunsa na dama ya na Sultan, na gaba mafi muhimmanci wuri da aka gudanar da Beck. A karshe mataki shi ne title na Bi. Nau'in tsananin lura.

Lokacin da ya fara da mamayewa na mangolawa a Gabashin Turai, da Kipchaks bai zauna a gefe kuma dauki da yaki. A 1223 kabilar ya rasa yaƙi. Kuma nan da nan, Mai girma Steppe shi ne babban ƙasa na Golden taro.

ilimi ulus

Jihar Zolotaya Orda ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma na da yankuna. Yana kafa a 1243 ta dan Jochi - Batu Khan. Daya daga cikin 'yan kafofin na bayanai a lokacin da aka Laurentian Chronicle. Yana gaya na zuwan mai girma Prince Yaroslav da Khan Batu ga lakabin sarauta a lokacin rani na 1243. The hali ya nuna cewa Khan ya kasance a shugaban sabuwar jiha. Bayan rasuwar Batu zo iko Berke. Ya gudanar da wani ƙidaya ga daukacin jama'ar na Rasha da kuma sauran ulus, da kuma biya musamman da hankali ga kyautata na soja horo sojoji.

A zamanin jikansa Batu, Meng-Timur, Zolotaya Orda ya zama m, ya ta da kansa tsabar kudi. Ya goma dan - Uzbek Khan, ya fara tattara da gamuwa, wanda jawabi al'amurran da suka shafi na gwamnati iko. Su hannu kusa da dangi da kuma m temniki. Kafin ka wuce matsalar da khan, shi ya yanke shawarar da majalisar, wanda kunshi hudu ulus sarakuna. Uzbek Khan ya yi umurni da hukumomin kasar da kuma gudanar da jama'a gwamnati karkashin shugabancin tsakiya. Shugabanni na Golden taro sun sananne ga su sani.

kasa kan iyakoki

A Golden taro hada wadannan yankunan: Western Siberia, da Crimea, da Volga yankin, yammacin ɓangare na Asiya ta tsakiya. A jihar da aka kasu kashi biyu sassa - Ak ko White taro, da kuma Kok (Blue). A babban birnin kasar na Golden taro a lokaci daga XIII ga XV karni - Sarai-Batu. Uzbek Khan canja tsakiyar sararin yankin a Sarai Berke. A tsarin da jihar kunshi game da 150 birane, 32 daga cikinsu kwashe coinage.

Larabci kafofin XIV-XV ƙarni bayyana iyakar Golden taro a karkashin Khan Uzbekov kamar haka: "Mulki yana ta'allaka ne a arewa maso gabashin da kuma kara daga Black teku zuwa Irtish dogon farsakhs 800 da kuma a kalla nisa na kimanin Derbentado Bulgar farsakhs 600". Taswirar kasar Sin, kwanan rana 1331 shekara, ya hada da wadannan ƙasashe a Jochi Ulus: Rasha, da Volga yankin da birnin Bulgar, Crimea Solkhat birni, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan da kuma Khorezm ƙauyuka, sairam, Barchakend, Jenda. Kamar yadda ba za ka iya ganin yanki, wanda mallakar Uzbek Khan, shi ne babbar.

rai na Tatars

A mutane a cikin Jochi Ulus yafi tsunduma a noma da kuma dabbobi husbandry, da kuma daban-daban da sana'o'i. A soja ɓangare na Golden taro ya kasance da ban sha'awa, da sojoji da aka tsunduma a kara basira. Hikima shugabanni, kamar Khan Uzbek, Dzhanibek, Tokhtamysh, zai iya muhimmanci kara da matakin na ci gaban jihar. Cities bambanta majolica da mosaic monumental gine. A zamanin da khans wakoki wadãta, cikin shahararrun wakilan sun Kotb, Khwarizmi, Saif Sarai. Rinjayar da Golden taro da aka bayyana a cikin aiki cinikayya tare da kasashen da dama. Alal misali, kasar Sin shigo da auduga, siliki, ain, gilashin da Crimea kawo makamai, da kuma Rasha - Jawo, fata, dabbar walrus haure, da kuma gurasa. Fitar kayan ado, tukwane, gilashin da kashi abubuwa, kuma mafi.

A farkon da lalata da Jochi Ulus

Tun da ƙarshen XIV karni Zolotaya Orda fara hargitse. Yafi saboda addini ya fara halaka Tatar Elite, da danniya fara. Bayan rasuwar Khan Uzbek kursiyin ya ɗauki tsakiya dan - Dzhanibek. Ya yi mulki na tsawon. Bayan mutuwarsa a 1357 ya zo da iko, da ɗan'uwansa Muhamet-Bardybek. Fara husuma. Domin shekaru 18 da shugabanni na Golden taro da aka maye 25 sau. A jihar da aka raba m khanate da cibiyoyin a Kazan, Astrakhan, Sarah, kazalika da kafa Mesherskoye Khanate. A wannan wuya lokaci na yaki Mamai fara saya ikon, da kuma a 1377 ya karshe ya ɗauki ta. The shugaban da aka ba a gane ta da mutane daga cikin Golden taro da kuma White, kazalika da Cossacks da Nogais, don haka aka tilasta neman goyon baya. Kuma ya same shi a cikin mutum na Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello. Tun da yaki tare da Moscow, da Elite na Golden taro. A sakamakon gwagwarmayar da Rasha sarakuna ne Battle of Kulikovo a 1380, a cikin abin da Mamai rasa. Bayan da shan kashi, ya sake fara tara da dakarun. A wannan lokaci, akwai wani nasara.

Board Tokhtamysh da Tamerlane

Shan amfani da ciki yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma haɗuwa da kabilan da Turkmens, Tamerlane subjugates White taro. Bayan samun labarai na asarar Mamaia a yakin Kulikov, ya aika da Amintaccen kwamandan da Tokhtamysh. Last nasara sito ya tafi zuwa Mamaia, wanda a cikin shakka daga cikin yaƙi, aka kashe. Tokhtamysh zama Khan na Golden taro. Ya mayar da kasa addini da kuma ra'ayin da hadin kai daga mutanensa. Shi ya fara komawa rinjayar da Golden taro. Han so don kammala biyayya da Rasha yawan jama'a da kuma shirya soja yakin. A zamanin mulkinsa, Tokhtamysh halakar da Moscow, Serpukhov, Kolomna, Pereslavl. Kunshe a cikin su ikon, Khan ya zama wani mummunan hali zuwa ga shawarta Tamerlane, wanda bai yi haƙuri mai girman kai, da kuma kai farmaki a kan Golden taro. Tatars, ba tare da jinkirin, ya zo wajen kare su yankuna. Bayan wani dogon gwagwarmaya Tamerlane kadawa. Sashe na daga cikin ci jihar da aka lalace. Shekaru da dama daga baya, da yaki ya barke a sake, da kuma sake, da Tartars rasa. Tamerlane sa da khan na Golden taro Meng-Qutluq.

Rushewar wani babban jihar

Bayan rasuwar babban Khan Zolotaya Orda wakilta Khanates wadannan: Sarayskiy, Kazan, Astrakhanskoye, Cossack da Crimean. Cossack jihar aka dauke m, shi bai mika ikon Khan. A 1438 kuma ayyana samun 'yancin kai daga Kazan Khanate. Its m Kichi-Makhmet bayyana kwadayin zama babban khan na Golden taro. Yakin basasa ya fara. Domin babban ikon fara yaki Khans Saraya, Crimea da Kazan.

Babban tasiri kan taron ya samar da Sultan na Turkey. Saboda haka, ya nada Mengli Khan na Crimea Giray. Sultan ya mika mulki ba kawai a kan Krymskoe Hanstvo, amma kuma a kan ƙasa na Kazan. Mengli Gray ya ci gaba da yaki tare da shugabanni na Golden taro. A 1502 ya shiga yaƙi da Shih-Ahmed da kuma lashe yaki. A babban birnin kasar na Golden taro, Saraya Batu, aka halaka. A sau daya-girma jihar ya daina wanzuwa.

Kuma abin da ya faru na gaba da sararin ƙasa? A wancan lokaci, mun sami ware sabon al'umma - Kazakhs da Nogai da Crimean Tatars, Bashkirs da sauransu. A duk cikin jihohin da tsohon Golden taro kiyaye al'adar gado na iko. Jagoranci gwamnatocin daban-daban Zhicheng wani steppe Elite - Genghis Khan. Wasu mutanen su sultans ya ba shi, sai suka gayyace daga Kazakh Khanate. mayẽwa, ga kursiyin shugabanni "fari ƙasũsuwa" na dogon lokaci bai canja ba. A cikin XV karni Ya halitta cikin wadannan jihohi: da Nogai taro, Crimea, Uzbekistan, Kazan, Siberian, da Kazakh Khanate. A XVI karni Ivan Grozny dauki Kazan Jihar dauki Astrakhan Khanate da Nogai babban birnin kasar - zubar. A 1582 Ermak da detachment na Cossacks kama Siberian State. Tun daga nan, Rasha ya zama fadada da ƙasa, mamaya more kuma mafi yawan biranen da tsohon Golden taro.

The gashi na makamai na Golden taro

Daya bugawa tsoho kafofin na XVII karni "A zachinanii ãyã, kuma banner ko ensign" ya rubuta cewa: "... Kuma a lokaci guda da raunata ko tsakanin Romawa da Kaisar girma fadace-fadace da kuma Cesar sau uku cewa dukan tsiya da Romawa da suka ɗauki biyu flag, wato a ce biyu gaggafa. Kuma daga wannan fara a Tsesaryane da banner a cikin alamar da bugu biyu-gangarawa gaggafa a baya. " A zamani parlance, Byzantine Empire yake yaƙi da Romawa. Kuma ya lashe yaƙi. Kamar yadda lashe, jihar kasafin flag daga cikin ci sarauta. A 1273 beklyarbek Nogai auri 'yar Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna Evfrosinii Paleolog. Kafin bikin aure, ya yarda da Orthodox bangaskiya. The alama na Byzantine Empire wani biyu-gangarawa gaggafa, wadda Nogai gane alama na Golden taro. A zamanin da khans Uzbek Djanibek da kuma tsabar kudi jihar rayayye used wani sabon gashi na makamai na image.

Akwai wani alama, wanda aka sau da yawa samu a archaeological tono. Yana nuna wani tsuntsu tare da wani Swastika a kan kirji. Wannan alama na Golden taro da aka ba a kan zobe da kuma a kan gadon sarautar Genghis Khan. A Swastika ne personification na rãnã, farin ciki da kuma rayuwa. Ta kama da aka yi amfani da on ɗamararku, kyãwãwa, tufafi. A alama ce da aka dauke a addini ãyã, mallakan ƙarfi.

The alama na Great Steppe da Astrakhan lardin

Idan ka dubi wadannan biyu haruffa: Rasha gashi na makamai - gashi na makamai na Golden taro, za ka iya ganin cewa su ne sosai kama. A 1260, a garin Tsarevo aka gina, wanda shi ne babban birnin kasar na taro. Its sauran sunan - Sarai Berke. Gold Gashi taro wakilta image kambi (trefoil), a karkashin abin da aka located a saber (jinjirin wata). Tare da nunawa a gicciye, da jinjirin wata, da rãnã da wani na kowa addini alama ce ballewa mabiya addinin Musulunci. A lokacin da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation na jihar ikon da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Astrakhan mulkinsa, kuma tare da shi da gashi na makamai na Golden taro. Photos of kama posters samuwa a yau a zubar da masana tarihi ya tabbatar da yarda da Astrakhan. Amma akwai wani alama ce na wannan babban jihar.

Zolotaya Orda. A makamai da flag

Jihar Zolotaya Orda yana da ba kawai da makamai, amma tutar. A karshen wani a kan wani rawaya garkuwa icon baki mujiya (wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa shi ne daya fi gashi na makamai). Akwai da dama na kundaye a cikin abin da aka ambata a wannan banner. Alal misali, "World yanayin kasa" Dutch flag tebur farkon na XVIII karni, "Littafi" Marco Polo. Yana gana wani hali - a baki dragon a kan wani rawaya bango. Wannan alama wasu masana tarihi, ma, mallakar flag daga cikin Golden taro. Yana an ɗauke da banner na zamanin d jihar da kuma siffar wani ja jinjirin wata a kan kambi. A kan Amfani baki da rawaya launuka.

Gaskiya tarihi ne ko da yaushe dogara ne a kan shaidar samu. Abin baƙin ciki, Jochi Ulus wanzu na dogon lokaci, da yawa kafofin na bayanai da aka rasa ko hallaka. A tambaya shi ne da wanzuwar Mongol-Tatar karkiya da kuma rawar zahiri taka leda da Great Khanate. Amma abin da za ka iya tabbata, don haka da cewa tarihi na Golden taro da kuma Rasha suna a hankali lauye. Mutane da yawa kwastan da kuma abubuwa da aka soma daga juna da kuma har yanzu suna cikin amfani.