Import canzawa - wannan shigo canzawa shirin ...

A Rasha tattalin arzikin da aka yanzu fuskantar ba cikin barga sau. Wannan shi ne sun fi mayar saboda da high dogara da mutum rassan na kasa tattalin arzikin daga waje kaya. A wannan batun, tattalin arzikin kasar ya ci gaba da zama musamman dacewa shigo canzawa. Menene wannan tsari? Wanne sassa na tattalin arzikin Rasha, shi ne musamman zama dole?

definition

Import canzawa - shi ne, bisa ga kowa fassarar, da tsari a matakin kasa da tattalin arziki, wanda aka bayar a saki na zama dole m mabukaci kaya masana'antun sojojin, manyan ayyuka a kasar. Wannan tsari na iya zama proactive ko amsawa. A cikin farko idan na shigo da kayan da ake saki don ci gaba da fitar da gasar waje kaya a cikin kasuwar. A karo na biyu, da korar daidai segments tare da kasashen waje.

Bi da bi, duka biyu bambance-bambancen karatu shigo iya advantageously a dogara a kan kasuwar sunadaran ko ta administrative baki daban-daban na siyasa Tsarin. A cikin farko idan na yi nasara shigo canzawa - shi ne mai gaskiya sakamakon gasar. Domestic manufacturer haka ya tabbatar da wa mai saye cewa dukiya ya samar mafi alheri, kuma mai rahusa fiye da kasashen waje maroki. Chance, duk da haka, wani zaɓi karkashin abin da tsari zai iya za'ayi saboda administrative haramta na ayyuka hõre ta a kasashen waje.

Rasha labari

A halin da ake ciki tattalin arziki a Rasha a yau shi ne cewa a kasar mu, shigo da canzawa wajibi ne, bisa ga yawa manazarta, da dama key sassa. A lokaci guda a wasu segments na daidai tsari zai iya ci gaba a wata fiye ko žasa da kasuwar yanayi a wasu Rasha kera zai yi wani amfani ba saboda administrative dalilai. Saboda haka, shigo da canzawa a Rasha ne za su dauki karkashin biyu tatsuniyoyinsu, dangane da takamaiman masana'antu.

noma

Abinci takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan West Turai kaya na kayayyakin gona - aiki mai kara kuzari ga bunkasuwar na cikin gida da kasuwanci a dacewa filin. Rasha manoma sun samu wani gagarumar damar aiwatar da manyan sikelin-shigo canzawa. Jerin kaya fadi a karkashin ban a kan shigo da, sosai m. Wannan kiwo kayayyakin, da kuma kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa, nama da kwayoyi. Market damar wasu segments na cinikayya yawa tsakanin Rasha da kuma kasashen turai a cikin harkokin noma da aka kiyasta a biliyoyin daloli na masana.

Hakika, a cikin wannan yanki zai zama gasar: musamman, da wadata da kayayyakin daga Asiya, kudancin Amurka, Afrika, kazalika daga cikin jihohin na Kwastan Union iya za'ayi a Rasha ne free - akwai wani takunkumi a game da dacewa ayyuka a can. Amma, duk da kasancewar madadin Turai kaya na kayayyakin gona zuwa Rasha shigo canzawa a noma - daga cikin mafi girman al'amurra na ci gaban tattalin arziki a nan gaba. A babban tambaya, masana sun ce, shi ne yadda tasiri zai zama hulda tsakanin manoma da kantuna a yi.

masana'antu

Game da ikon yinsa, daga cikin bukatar madadin kayayyakin zuwa waje kaya tare da Rasha da masu amfani taso yafi saboda faduwar da ruble. Shigo da kaya sun zama mafi tsada. A sassa da daman na masana'antu, shi ma m karuwa da farashin ga kayayyakin a cikin kasar. Shigo, sai ka ce, wani na'ura, ko wasu rediyo-lantarki, da Rasha, m ya fuskanci da yawa girma halin kaka, biya diyya a lokuta da dama ya yiwu hanya daya - da kara farashin ga m masu amfani.

Duk da haka, shigo da canzawa a cikin masana'antu a lokacin da ta je da Rasha labari, zai iya sa tafi ba kawai kara kuzari. A fall na ruble ya buga, bisa ga kwararru da yawa, to a wasu har muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Gaskiyar ita ce, a gaskiya da depreciation na Rasha kudin, da yawa samar da halin kaka da kuma sakamakon a dollar sharuddan, kazalika, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, correlative tare da mafi sauran manyan duniya ago, fadi sosai muhimmanci. A Rasha masana'antu, a sakamakon, ya zama riba da su zuba jari.

Idan ka dubi rahotanni ga ma'aikatar kudi a shekarar 2014 bisa trends a cikin tattalin arzikin, za mu iya ganin cewa muhimmanci ƙaru a Rasha Federation , masana'antu samar - by game da 1.4%. Duk da yake cikin GDP, bisa ga na farko kimomi, ya karu da 0.6% game a 2014. Har ila yau, wasu masana sun ce ko da a wasu sosai uncharacteristic, zai ze, domin mu kasa samar segments auku shigo canzawa. List of kayayyakin da ake rayayye samar a Rasha, tsari, musamman, iyali kayan, Electronics, yayin da mafiya yawa daga cikin mazaunan ne saba wa, shi ne samuwa a Asiya. Ko da yake akwai wani version cewa wadannan Figures suna lalacewa ta hanyar situational karuwa a bukatar ga wani samfurin. Kuma saboda kana bukatar ka jira don tabbatar da muhimman hakkokin yanayin wannan Trend.

Import canzawa a Rasha masana'antu, don haka ne aka bayyana a cikin hanyoyi biyu. Da fari dai, shi ne sha'awar da masu amfani da su da damar yin rahusa kayayyakin. Abu na biyu, shi ne kyawawa na Rasha tattalin arzikin cikin sharuddan samar da halin kaka.

Industry: dogara Sphere

A abin da yankunan da masana'antu na Rasha da bukatar shigo da mafi shafa? Daga cikin mafi dogara a kan waje kayayyaki na masana'antu - inji kayayyakin aiki. A ta rabo na shigo, bisa ga kimomi da wasu manazarta - game da 90%. A nauyi kayan aiki ne ba yawa kasa - game da 80%. Tã dogara a kan shigo da kuma ma a cikin haske masana'antu - Figures a wasu daga ta segments da kai 90%. A cikin Pharmaceutical masana'antu, dogaro ne m, a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci.

Game da samar, masana sun ce, muna bukatar wani babban-sikelin shigo canzawa shirin da aka fi mayar da goyan bayan da jihar. Aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci a matsayin dukan kasancewarsa. Idan aka samu nasarar aiwatar da hukumomi masu, a cikin gaba 'yan shekaru yana yiwuwa, a cewar wasu manazarta, rage aikinta dangane da kowane daga cikin masana'antu ta game da 30%, ko watakila more.

IT-masana'antu

Rasha da IT-masana'antu - daya daga cikin gaggawa girma a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Zaka kuma iya lura da cewa da yawa IT-kayayyakin daga Rasha Federation ne da aka sani a kasashen waje. Kuma saboda mu IT-makaranta quite m. Duk da haka, kamar yadda wasu manazarta sun lasafta da dogaro da Rasha fanni na bayanai da fasahar da yammacin shawara ne muhimmi. Game da 70% na software amfani da mai amfani, da masu zaman kansu da kuma a kamfanoni matakin, ake kawota ta waje developers. Kuma wannan duk da cewa a sassa da daman na software akwai wani zabi ga Rasha, wanda yana dauke da kwararru da yawa, ba na baya zuwa kasashen waje model a aiki da kuma inganci.

Daya daga cikin key muhawara a cikin ni'imar amfani da m IT-mafita, manazarta ce da bukatar hannu na tsaro software a mafi kasuwanci segments. The aiki na da yawa Enterprises da alaka da m watsa bayanai. Mutane da yawa daga cikin shugabannin Rasha kamfanonin ayan da shakku game da amfani da waje software a irin haka. Har ila yau, aikin da yawa kamfanonin alaka da bukatar kula da exceptionally m aiki na uwar garke da tsarin, wanda wani lokacin za su iya samar da kawai ne ga waɗanda kaya da cewa suna located kai tsaye a Rasha Federation.

A daidai shigo canzawa shirin a Rasha, masana yi imani, yana da dukan albarkatun ga nasara aiwatar. Ko da a cikin technologically nagartaccen segments na IT-masana'antu, a matsayin ci gaban aiki tsarin, masu shirye-shirye daga Rasha yana da yawa to bayar a matsayin madadin su Yammacin kaya.

Saboda haka, shigo da canzawa - wani tsari da na iya shafar wani masana'antu. Mun gano 'yan key. A halin da ake ciki tattalin arziki a Rasha kira ga farkon shigo canzawa a sassa da daman na kasa da tattalin arziki, amma a aiwatar da shi a aikace shi ne ba ko da yaushe sauki. Me ya sa? Ka yi la'akari da asali nuances hade da hakikar da na dacewa da aiki.

matsaloli

Import canzawa - shi ne multifactorial, da wuya cikin sharuddan m aiwatar da tsari. Nasarar da aiwatar dogara a kan shawarar da wani yawan matsala nuances halayyar da Rasha tattalin arzikin. Abin da, misali?

Da farko, shi ne mai iyaka, kamar yadda da yawa masana yi imani, Rasha kasuwanci damar zuwa bashi. Gaskiyar cewa takunkumi dokar ta EU da kuma Amurka da yawa kamfanonin daga Rasha Federation ba da damar for rance da kasashen waje, wanda sun fi mayar taimake fitar a baya. Bi da bi, rance a Rasha ne ba sosai m: Babban Bankin refinancing kudi ne yanzu - 15%, da kuma samun rancen da kamfanin, mafi m, shi za su iya a wani kaso cewa ba zai zama kasa da wannan ƙimar. Ci gaba da samar da riba, wadda za ta rufe da rance biya a kan irin wannan yanayi kamar yadda zai zama matsala.

Abin da zai iya zama zai yiwu matsala tare da samuwan bashi? Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa da yawa Rasha kasuwanci iya samun dadi a kasuwa na aikin kudi ko, misali, a cikin filin na kamfani babban birnin kasar zuba jari, game da shi samun damar zuwa bashi a bisa al'ãda, ko zuwa babban birnin kasar bayar asasshe a kan hannun jari mallakar kamfanin.

Irin wannan hangen zaman gaba, ba shakka, bai gamsu da duk harkokin kasuwanci, amma shi ne mai yiwuwa mafi alhẽri daga jiran wasu labarai ne daga sansanin da Central Bank. Bambance-bambancen karatu da jihar subsidizing wasu ayyukan. Har ila yau, da yawa kasuwanci zai iya ci gaba yankunan alaka da samar da sababbin kayayyakin karkashin kwangilar karkashin jama'a samuwa.

Wata matsala da ke tafiya tare da shigo da canzawa a Rasha - da rashin kwararrun ma'aikata a wani yawan masana'antu. A shekarar 1990, mutane da yawa 'yan kasa na Rasha Federation, da zabar wani sana'a, shiryar da agaji kansu, to sabis. Engineering, sana'a ma'aikata ba ma rare. A sakamakon haka, a sassa da daman a yau karancin ma'aikata.

Don warware wannan matsala ta hanyoyi da dama. A mafi araha - maimatawar horaswa. Sa'a, da Rasha makarantun a matsayin dukan zauna a ci gaba kimiyya da masana'antu tushe, wanda za a iya kunna horar da dama masana'antu. Wani zabin - don jawo hankalin mutane daga kasashen waje, wanda, duk da haka, za a iya wuya saboda da low kudi na ruble: ba a dukkan lokuta a Rasha domin mutum ya zama mafi m aiki. A daidai wannan lokaci, gwamnatin Rasha ta dauka gagarumin matakai wajen gudanarwa da na shige da fice a cikin kasar. A musamman, da bude daga cikin shirin samun Sauki dan kasa ga mutanen da suke da gagarumin dangantaka da Rasha - alaka, da ilimin harsuna da al'adu.

A kasa da kasa girma

Wani m shamaki ga nasara shigo canzawa - da takalifi na Rasha Federation a cikin tsarin na WTO membobinsu. Gaskiyar ita ce, saboda da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyarsu tare da sauran jihohin da tsarin Rasha ba shi da yawa zabin zuwa kutse a cikin tattalin arziki da matakai na hukumomin gwamnati da cewa za a hannu, misali, domin kare kasa kasuwar a cikin bangare na cinikayya da kasashen waje kaya.

Saboda haka, zabin domin samun karin iko daga gwamnatin Rasha ba sosai. Akwai quite m - janye daga WTO. Duk da haka, kamar yadda muka gani da wasu masana, jihar a karkashin halin yanzu dokoki, rubũta a cikin WTO yarjejeniyar, an bai wa wani gagarumin overall girma na kida kare bukatun cikin gida kera. Tambayar ita ce yadda ya kamata amfani da wannan hanya. Alal misali, a 2015, Rasha, kamar yadda muka gani da wasu manazarta, na iya motsa jiki da hakkin ya daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito alkawura don haka da cewa matukar tasiri hanya don kare wani yawan segments kasuwannin cikin gida da kuma ba ta da data kasance WTO dokoki.

nasarar dalilai

Policy na shigo canzawa a Rasha, duk da alama wuya, da yana da wani m damar samun nasara. Wannan shi ne saboda da yawa dalilai. Da farko, Rasha kamfanoni, a mafi yawan lokuta ba shi da matsala da damar yin amfani da zama dole raw kayan, albarkatun kasa. Na biyu, da samar da halin kaka a bude samarwa a Rasha a lokuta da dama su ne m fiye da kasashen waje, a gaskiya, saboda zumunta cheapness na wasu albarkatun. Har ila yau a Rasha ne quite cheap da wutar lantarki. A abũbuwan amfãni daga albashi tasowa dangane da faduwar da ruble, mun riga ce. Na uku, Rasha yana da muhimmanci fasaha damar. Duk da yake shi ne ya sa a yi a wani karamin yawan masana'antun - yafi a cikin filin na tsaro masana'antu, a nazarin sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, idan ya cancanta, bisa ga yawa manazarta, shi ne ko da yaushe zai yiwu fassara wannan ko soja aukuwa a yakin kansu.

rawar da jihar

Yadda nasara zai kasance da shirin na shigo canzawa a Rasha a wani musamman masana'antu, sun fi mayar dogara a kan matsayi na jihar. Har zuwa abin da Rasha hukumomi suna shirye su gudanar da wani yawa-ake bukata domin tattalin arzikin aiki? A general, gwamnatin Rasha tsarin kula da batun na shigo da isasshe tsanani.

A musamman, a watan Agusta 2014 da Resolution na Rasha gwamnatin, bisa ga abin da wani sabon tsarin da aka halicce - asusun masana'antu. A key kalubale cewa hukumar za ta yi, - kawai don samar da kasuwanci tare da zama dole bashi. An zaci cewa yanayi a wadannan rance ne mafi riba fiye da kamfanonin da fice kasuwanci banki.

shigo canzawa shirin, ci gaba da bayyana, kuma ya hada da dama sauran sananne manufofi. Alal misali, a watan Yuni 2014 da gwamnatin ta aiwatar da sabon dokar "A masana'antu siyasa a Rasha Federation". Tattalinsu žunsa aciki, kamar yadda masana suka ce, zai iya zama dalilin da aiwatar da key dabarun kwatance a cikin ci gaban masana'antu a kasar. Industrial shigo canzawa shirin a Rasha, ta haka, za a aiwatar da wani m hannu na jihar.