Ivan Fedorov - majagaba: da biography na wani mutum mai girma

A gagarumin taron a Rasha da kuma tarihin duniya ne da sabuwar dabara na bugu. A Rasha da wannan } ir} ya zo a cikin yankin na 16th karni. Daya daga cikin gwagwarmaya, wanda sunansa ne aka hade tare da zuwan bugu a cikin sau Ivana Groznogo, falala a kansu daga yawa da suka shahara Ivan Fedorov. Saba ba kawai ga manya mutane, wayayyu kuma da labarin wannan mutum. Biography Ivana Fedorova - majagaba - yara ne don nazari a makaranta.

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara?

Kowane mutum, a tarihin yana da wani ban sha'awa da kuma musamman line na nasu makoma. Rayuwa wani lokacin daukan m jũya. Kowane samu wannan. Kuma, ba shakka, shi ne ba togiya - da kuma wani majagaba a filin na Rasha typography.

Biography Ivana Fedorova - majagaba - farko da hadisin. A shekara-shekara tsarin da aka haife shi kewayon daga 1510 zuwa 1530 shekaru. Oddly isa, shi bai tsira m bayanai game da inda aka haife, kuma sun ciyar da yara majagaba. Amma, a duk yiwuwa, wannan ya faru a cikin Kaluga lardin. Ajiye bayani game da cewa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai Irena na coci Nikoly Gostunskogo. Ya sanar da karatu da rubutu, kazalika da yawa firistoci a cikin majami'u. Tuni a 1532 ya sauke karatu daga Cracow University. Wannan ne evidenced da gaskiya cewa majagaba da wani digiri na farko.

coci da sabis

A sakamakon da aiki gana da Lardi Macarius majagaba Ivan Fyodorov. Brief biography ya ce, watakila, wannan shi ne abin da ya ba Yunƙurin ga cewa nan da nan da na farko Rasha tsar aka Fedorov amince da irin wannan wani muhimmin al'amari a matsayin wallafa a farko littafin - "The Manzo."

Kamar yadda aka sani, Makarios ya kusa Ivan da Munin, da kuma lura da m saurayi, zai taimaka wajen rabo.

By umarnin sarki a cikin 1550s shi ya fara aiki a kan ci gaban da farko bugu gidan a Moscow. Musamman zaba fonts da kuma sauran kayan aiki bukata domin aiki na bugu masana'antu. Da farko, harkokin kasuwanci sun m. Amma sai wannan abu ya zama na kowa.

A haihuwa na farko Rasha littattafai - "Manzon"

Biography Ivana Fedorova, majagaba, yara shirya yafi gaya labarin da halittar farko buga littattafai. A 1564 ya buga na farko Rasha buga littafin a cikin Slavic harshe - "The Manzo." An aiki part a cikin bayyanar dauki Ivan Fyodorov da kuma mataimakinsa - Bitrus Mstislavets da Marusha Nerefev. Shirye-shirye domin wannan taron da aka za'ayi domin game da wani shekara. Kammala alama da nasara, kamar yadda wannan misali ya fi kyau fiye da na baya littattafai a cikin halaye. Wannan aiki samu albarkar Lardi Macarius, amma abin takaici, Macarius bai rayu har zuwa wannan lokaci, a lokacin da na fito, "Manzo."
Wannan abin da ya shahara Ivan Fedorov - majagaba. Biography yara, shi ya faru kawai wasa da hankali a kan wannan.

Amma, ba shakka, duk a daya littafin ba ya hana a can. Typography ya samu tartsatsi ƙara. A 1565, a umurnin Ivana Groznogo da su saki wani liturgical littafin da ake kira "Littafi na Hours". Wadannan yi Peter Mstislavets da kuma Ivan Fedorov (majagaba). Biography nuna cewa biyu kofe aka kerarre. Daga bisani, shi ne babban amfani ga al'umma. Akwai aka hatimce daban-daban da salla kuma songs. Ga shi yin kullum coci bikin. Amma, mafi muhimmanci, da cewa shi ne domin ta fara koya karatu.

Fitinar farko firintocinku

Amma halin da ake ciki ya zahiri worsened. Mutane da yawa su ba da riba ci gaban bugu. Da farko, ƙidaya mahara, wanda, a gaskiya, ya rasa aikinsa, kuma, saboda haka, su monetary samun kudin shiga. Har ila yau, m sun babba strata na yawan jama'ar, tsõron inganta harkokin ilmi, baya iya kai ga cewa za su rasa su gata. A mutane kasai bayyana ra'ayoyi da cewa zai taimaka shirya wani tayarwa gāba da jami'an gwamnati, gonaki, da limaman da sauransu. Akwai wani ra'ayi da cewa a cikin rubuce-rubucen, kamar yadda wannan yake da wuya aikin na wani takamaiman mutumin kansa, ran da aka kashe. A buga a kan inji bai kai irin Properties, da kuma dauka a matsayin wani abu marar tsarki. Biography Ivan Fedorov -pervopechatnika - gaya game da wuya matsayi na shugaban.

Lamarin da wata wuta da ya faru a 1566 a cikin bugu gidan. Bugu da ƙari, ya soma aiki a typography aka gani a matsayin karkatacciyar koyarwa. Bayan wannan taron, an yanke shawarar cewa na farko da printer, ciki har da Bitrus Mstislavets da kuma Ivan Fyodorov, ya kamata ka je Lithuania.

Jobs in Lithuania

A Zabludovo, estate Hetman Chodkiewicz, ake buga da aka shirya. A farko littafin da aka buga a cikin hasken da wannan bugu latsa, shi ne "don ya koyar da bishara." Daga bisani, da littafin da aka mai suna Zabludovskii. Wannan girma taron ya faru a 1568-1569, bi da bi. Sake, da aikin jagoranci duk wannan na farko firintar. Amma da kara da ayyukan wadannan mutane saki. Kamar yadda ya bayyana ta a takaice dai biography na Ivan Fedorov, da farko printer, za ta zauna ita da kuma ci gaba da aiki a Zabludovo. Peter Mstislavets kuma aika zuwa Vilna. A sakamakon aiki a Zabludovo Ivanom Fedorovym halitta littafin "Psalter da Chasoslovtsem".

Amma a nan rabo ya gabatar da wani m mamaki, wanda ya fuskanci Ivan Fedorov (majagaba). Biography karanta. Khodasevich saboda tsufa, unwillingness su shiga a cikin kungiyar na Mint, da rashin babban adadin kudi yanke shawarar dakatar da bugu aiki. Khodasevich yayi yin noma Ivan Fedorov, amma ya ki yarda, saboda ya wadãtu da kansa ba tsara domin aiki. Ya bar Zabludovo zuwa 1573.

Motsi, zuwa ga birnin

Brief biography Ivana Fedorova, da farko printer nuna cewa shi kadai yana da wani sashe duk kayan aikin da dole ga aiki na bugu. Ga mutumin ya iya shirya da kansa bugu latsa. Aikin ya tafi sake, da kuma a 1574 aka buga na farko buga littafin a Ukraine - "The Manzo", wannan sunan da Moscow misali. Bisa ga abun ciki shi ne ma kama da wanda aka sake dawo a 1564. Duk da haka, a nan ke wani abu kara. Alal misali, 'yan gabatarwa texts. A karshen siffa quite mai ban sha'awa postscript cewa mutum ya Ivan Fedorov-majagaba. Biography riƙe Lines: "Wannan labarin ya nuna inda ya fara da yadda za ka ƙirƙiri da wannan bugu gidan." Irin wannan shi ne suna daga cikin epilogue. Wahala Ivan Fedorov sanya game da dubu bugu "Manzo". Wannan na nufi cewa bugu latsa aka ɓullo ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a cikin ƙasa na zamani Ukraine.

A 1574 ya buga "ABC" a cikin bugu Ivana Fedorova - na farko Gabas Slavic littafi, wanda muka ji. The littattafai su a cikin kananan size da kuma dauke abin da yake bukata domin karatu na karatu da rubutu.

Ostrog Littafi Mai Tsarki

Bugu da ari, akwai na gaba aukuwa. A 1575, ya yi na'am da wani gayyatar daga Konstantina Konstantinovicha Ostrozhskogo Ivan Fedorov-majagaba. Biography of Prince kira shi da daya daga cikin mafi arziki na mutanen Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian jihar. Akwai wani tsari don gabatar da wani sabon bugu tura a kurkuku Volyn, watau Estate na Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. The prince kansa ya kula da ci gaban kimiyya da ilimi a nasu asashe. Akwai ma wani Orthodox makaranta da aka shirya. A 1578 ya buga wani "ABC", ga wanda ya kasance alhakin majagaba Ivan Fyodorov. Brief biography ƙara da cewa a shekara kafin aikin ya fara a cikin shahararrun "Littafi Mai Tsarki", wanda aka buga a 1580
Ko da karin muhimmanci shi ne cewa wannan shi ne na farko da cikakken buga Littafi Mai Tsarki, rubuta a Old Church Slavonic.

downhill na rayuwa

A 1582, majagaba Ivan Fedorov Lviv koma ga iyalansu. Yana son ya ci gaba da aikinsa. Amma duk da haka aiwatar da shirin kasa. A 1583, ya bar wannan duniya. Aka binne shi a cikin sufi na St. Onufrievskom, da kuma aza a kan kabarin slab da rubutu "drukar (t. E. bugawa) littattafai kafin a fake." Wannan ne title of tanadi Ivan Fedorov - majagaba.

Biography ga yara da kuma manya ne a kan. Ƙwaƙwalwar daga cikin manyan littafin-printer har abada adana a Rasha tarihi.