Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na sulfur

Sulfur - fairly kowa a cikin yanayi sinadari (sha shida abun ciki a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi da kuma na shida - a cikin halitta ruwa). Akwai duka 'yan qasar sulfur (free jihar rabi) da kuma ta sadarwa.

Sulfur a cikin yanayi

Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci na halitta da sulfur ma'adanai za a iya kira da baƙin ƙarfe pyrite, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. A tekuna dauke yafi a cikin nau'i na alli sulphate, magnesium da sodium haddasa rigidity na halitta ruwaye.

Yadda za a samu sulfur?

Hakar na sulfur tama samar da hanyoyi daban-daban. Babban Hanyar sulfur ne ta smelting kai tsaye a wuri.

Open hakar ma'adinai Hanyar shafi yin amfani da excavators, cire sharar dutse yadudduka cewa rufe sulfuric tama. Bayan crushing da tama kabu bursts directed zuwa ga seroplavilny shuka.

A masana'antu, sulfur da aka samu a matsayin byproduct na matakai a Tanderu ga narkewa, a refining. A manyan yawa, shi ne ba a cikin iskar gas (a cikin nau'i na sulfur dioxide ko hydrogen sulfide), da hakar daga wanda aka ajiye a kan ganuwar da kayan aiki amfani. Makale gas daga sulfur da ake amfani a lafiya sinadaran masana'antu a matsayin albarkatun kasa domin samar da daban-daban kayayyakin.

Wannan abu za a iya shirya daga halitta da kuma sulfur dioxide. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da hanyar Claus. Ya kunshi a cikin aikace-aikace na "sulfur rami" a cikin abin da akwai wani sulfur degassing. A sakamakon haka ne modified sulfur suna yadu amfani da samar da kwalta.

Basic allotropic gyara sulfur

Sulfur muhimmi allotropy. A manyan yawan allotropic gyare-gyare. Mafi shahara ne orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (allura) da kuma roba sulfur. Biyu na farko gyare-gyare ne a barga, da uku a lokacin solidification ne tuba a cikin wani rhombic.

The jiki Properties cewa faye hali sulfur

Kwayoyin na orthorhombic (α-S) da kuma monoclinic (β-S) dauke da gyare-gyare zuwa 8 sulfur kwayoyin halitta, wanda suna da alaka a cikin rufaffiyar madauki da guda covalent shaidu.

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, sulfur yana da wani rhombic gyara. Yana da wani rawaya crystalline m da yawa daga 2,07 g / cm ^3. Yana narke a 113 ° C. Monoclinic sulfur yawa da aka 1,96 g / cm ^3, ta narkewa zafin jiki ne 119,3 ° C.

Bayan dab sulfur ƙaruwa a girma da kuma zama rawaya ruwa wanda ya jũya launin ruwan kasa a 160 ° C da kuma tuba a cikin wani danko sosai duhu Brown taro kan kai game da 190 ° C. A yanayin zafi sama da wannan darajar da sulfur danko rage-rage. A game da 300 ° C da shi a sake zama ruwa flowable jihar. Wannan shi ne saboda a cikin dumama tsari ne polymerized sulfur, tare da kara yawan zafin jiki da kara sarkar tsawon. Kuma a lõkacin da darajar da yawan zafin jiki a kan 190 ° C akwai halakar polymerized raka'a.

Bayan sanyaya narke sulfur da sauƙi kafa a cylindrical crucibles ake kira dunƙule sulfur - rhombic lu'ulu'u na manyan girma, da ciwon karkatacciyar siffar octahedrons tare da jera "yanka" gefuna ko sasanninta.

Idan zubi abu ne hõre quenching (msl, ta yin amfani da ruwan sanyi), shi ne mai yiwuwa a samu wani roba sulfur, shi ne wani resilient rubbery taro ruwan kasa ko duhu ja launi, da yawa daga 2,046 g / cm ^3. Wannan canji, sabanin da orthorhombic da monoclinic ne m. A hankali (a kan da dama hours), ya canjãwa launi zuwa launin rawaya, zama gaggautsa kuma ya jũya a cikin wani rhombic.

Lokacin da misãlin sulfur tururi (zafi sosai) ruwa nitrogen siffofin purpurea ta gyara, wadda ne barga a yanayin zafi a kasa debe 80 ° C.

The mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici ne kusan insoluble sulfur. Duk da haka shi halin da kyau solubility a cikin kwayoyin kaushi. Poor shugaba na wutar lantarki da kuma zafi.

Tafasar batu na sulfur ne 444,6 ° C. Ruwan tsari tare da kwata 'yanci na orange-yellow tururi kunsha da farko na S ₈ kwayoyin wanda dissociate kan m dumama, sakamakon samuwar ma'auni suranta S _6, S ₄ da S _2. Bugu da ari, a lokacin da mai tsanani decomposes manyan kwayoyin, kuma a zazzabi sama da 900 digiri da nau'i-nau'i kunshi gaske na S ₂ kwayoyin _dissociate cikin kwayoyin halitta a 1500 ° C.

Abin yana da wani sulfur sinadaran Properties?

Sulfur ne na hali maras karfe. Chemically aiki. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka - rage Properties na sulfur aka nuna a dangane da wani jam'i na abubuwa. Lokacin da mai tsanani, shi za a iya sauƙi da alaka da kusan dukan abubuwa, wanda ya bayyana ta m gaban ƙarfe ores. A togiya ne Pt, Au, na _2, N ₂ da kuma rare gas. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka da bayyana a cikin sulfur mahadi, -2, +4, +6.

Kadarorin sulfur da oxygen sa ta konewa iska. A sakamakon wannan hulda ne da samuwar sulfur dioxide (SO ₂₎ da sulfur (SO ₃₎ anhydrides amfani don samar da sulfurous da sulfuric acid.

A dakin da zazzabi, da sulfur rage Properties suna bayyana ne kawai a game da sunadarin flourine a dauki wanda Forms sulfur hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Bayan dumama (a cikin narke) ne ya mayar da martani tare da chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, carbon. A halayen da hydrogen sulfide da hydrogen Bugu da kari siffofin sulfane hada janar dabara H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative Properties lura sulfur ta dauki tare da karafa. A wasu lokuta, wanda zai iya tsayar da quite karfi dauki. The hulda daga karfe sulfides kafa (sulfur mahadi) da kuma polysulfides (mnogosernistye karafa).

Tsawo dumama amsa tare da karfi acid, oxidants, cikinsa da oxidized.

Next, la'akari da asali Properties na sulfur mahadi.

sulfur dioxide

Sulfur oxide (IV), kuma ake magana a kai a matsayin sulfur dioxide da sulfurous anhydride, shi ne mai gas (colorless) tare da kaifi gagarumin wari. Yana o ƙarin za a liquefied karkashin matsin a dakin da zazzabi. SO ₂ ne acidic oxide. Yana halin da kyau ruwa solubility. Wannan halitta mai rauni, m sulfurous acid, wanda wanzu ne kawai a ruwa-ruwa bayani. A dauki na sulfur dioxide da Alkali sulfites kafa.

Yana yana da wani m high sinadaran aiki. Mai pronounced ne da kaddarorin da sinadaran rage sulfur oxide (IV). Irin wannan halayen suna tare da wani karuwa a mataki na sulfur hadawan abu da iskar shaka.

Oxidative sinadaran Properties bayyana sulfur oxide a gaban karfi rage jamiái (msl, carbon monoxide).

sulfur trioxide

Sulfur trioxide (sulfur dioxide) - da mafi oxide da sulfur (VI). Karkashin al'ada yanayi, shi ne wani colorless maras tabbas ruwa da ciwon gagarumin wari. Yana o ƙarin daskare a zazzabi dabi'u ƙananan fiye da 16.9 digiri. A wannan yanayin, a cakuda daban-daban crystal gyare-gyare na m sulfur trioxide. High sulfur oxide hygroscopic Properties sa ta "dymlenie" a cikin yanayi na m iska. A sakamakon haka, samuwar sulfuric acid droplets.

hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide ne binary sinadaran fili na hydrogen da sulfur. H ₂ S - shi ne mai guba colorless iskar gas, da halayyar siffofin waxanda suke da zaki da dandano da ƙanshi na banza qwai. Yana narke a zazzabi na debe 86 ° C da kuma tafasa a -60 ° C. Thermally m. A zazzabi dora muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da 400 ° C yana sa bazuwar daga cikin hydrogen sulfide to S da H _2. Yana halin da kyau solubility a ethanol. The ruwa dissolves talauci. A sakamakon rushe a ruwa suranta hydrogen sulfide rauni acid. Hydrogen sulfide ne mai karfi da rage wakili.

Flammable. A ta konewa iska iya tsayar blue harshen wuta. A high yawa da shi zai iya amsa tare da da yawa karafa.

sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ na iya zama na daban-daban yawa da kuma tsarki. A anhydrous jihar ne a colorless m ruwa da ciwon wani wari.

da yawan zafin jiki a da abu ne narke, ne 10 ° C. Tafasar batu ne 296 ° C. The ruwa dissolves da kyau. Lokacin da narkar da sulfuric acid hydrates aka kafa, tare da babban adadin zafi. Tafasar batu na ruwa-ruwa mafita a wani matsin lamba na 760 mm Hg. Art. mafi girma daga 100 ° C. Kara tafasar batu na faruwa tare da kara acid taro.

A acid kaddarorin da kayan bayyana a cikin hulda da asali oxides da kuma sansanonin sojin. H ₂ SO ₄ ne a diacid, ta haka ne za a iya samar da yadda sulfates (salts matsakaici) da kuma hydrosulfates (acidic gishiri), mafi yawan abin da su narkewa a cikin ruwa.

Wannan ne mafi fili bayyana Properties sulfuric acid a redox halayen. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa abun da ke ciki na H ₂ SO ₄ a mafi girma mataki na sulfur hadawan abu da iskar shaka (6). Kamar yadda wani misali manifestations oxidative Properties na sulfuric acid zai iya haifar da dauki tare da jan:

• Cu + 2h ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2h ₂ Ya + SO _2.

Sulfur: amfani Properties

Sulfur ne mai alama kashi muhimmanci ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Yana da wani ɓangare na amino acid (methionine da cysteine), enzymes da kuma bitamin. Wannan kashi ne da hannu a cikin samuwar manyan tsarin da gina jiki. The adadin chemically mamaye sulfur dauke a cikin sunadarai, yana da nauyi daga 0.8 zuwa 2.4%. Da abun ciki na kashi a jikin mutum shi ne game da 2 grams da 1 kg na nauyi (Ina nufin, game da 0.2% na sulfur).

Amfani kaddarorin da alama kashi ba za a iya overestimated. Kare protoplasm na jini, sulfur ne mai aiki taimako ga jiki a yaki da cutarwa kwayoyin. Ya dogara da adadin clotting, cewa shi ne wani kashi taimaka wajen kula da isasshen matakin. Sulfur kuma taka wata rawa wajen rike al'ada matakan bile taro samar da jiki.

"Beauty ma'adinai" shi ne sau da yawa ake kira, domin shi ne cikakken zama dole don adana da kiwon lafiya na fata, gashi kuma kusoshi. Sulfur muhimmi ikon kare jiki da iri daban-daban korau muhalli tasiri. Ya taimaka wajen rage gudu da tsufa. Sulfur na wanke jikin da gubobi da kuma kare daga radiation, wanda yana da muhimmanci musamman a yanzu, ba yanzu muhalli halin da ake ciki.

Ƙarancin yawa na alama abubuwa a cikin jiki zai iya kai ga matalauta kau na da gubobi, low rigakafi da kuma lamarinsa.

Sulfur - takara na kwayan photosynthesis. Yana da wani bangaren na bacteriochlorophyll da hydrogen sulfide - tushen hydrogen.

Sera: Properties da aikace-aikace a masana'antu

A mafi yadu amfani sulfur to nuna sulfuric acid. Har ila yau, da kaddarorin wannan abu ba da damar yin amfani ga vulcanization na roba, a matsayin fungicide a aikin noma, har ma da miyagun ƙwayoyi (colloid sulfur). Bugu da ƙari, sulfur da ake amfani wajen samar da wasanni da kuma pyrotechnic qagaggun, shi ne wani ɓangare domin yin qagaggun serobitumnyh seroasfalta.