Kogon garuruwa: tarihi, description da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Ko da a cikin m daga tarihin dan Adam a lokacin da ya je zuwa kogon birane, shi awakens sha'awa, domin da zarar ya wakilci wani abu sabon abu da kuma m. A zamanin d tsarin, rahotanni na abin da ya bayyana game da shekara dubu da suka wuce, tana tattare a cikin Legends da asirai.

misnomer

An yi imani da cewa mu na kakanninsu suka zauna a kogwanni, da bauta da kuma gidaje, da kuma Ruhohin nan na wurin ibada. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya ba su yarda da wannan ra'ayi, saboda gine-gine da aka located a ƙasa maimakon a kasa da shi. Don wannan rana, wadannan Tsarin ba na tsira, da kuma duk da cewa ke bar - shi ne wani kogo, wanda aka yi nufi ga ibada, kuma yau da kullum da bukatun.

A cikin XIX karni, archaeologists sun sami tsoho Monuments, wanda sun tabbata ga erroneous zaton an kira "kogon garuruwa". Gidajen, birãnensu, kuma kananan ƙauyuka sanya up na babban kashi, wanda a yarda a yi la'akari da lokaci matukar, domin mutane ba su zama a karkashin kasa. Duk da haka, wannan definition ne da aka kafa domin kowa gine-gine gina a kan m cliffs.

A gidan kayan gargajiya hadaddun a Crimea

Mu ne sane da taskarsu kogo a Jordan, Turkiya, Iran, China, Spain, Faransa, Italiya da sauran kasashe. Unusually halitta-neman ilimi ja hankalin masu yawon bude ido daga daban-daban sasanninta na duniya tamu ta asiri, saboda shi ba a san wanda ya kasance m Masters, sassaka a dutse Masterpieces.

Duk da haka, da kuma a Crimea, inda for ƙarni akwai daban-daban kaya, tsira da kogon birni, shi ne mai gaskiya ne gidan kayan gargajiya hadaddun karkashin bude sararin sama. A cibiyar ne na musamman Tsarin Bakhchisaray, da kuma yawon bude ido da wanda ya yi mafarki a taba asiri, ta fara da wannan birni. A tarihin na canza matsayi na m gine-gine na baya dazamani da kabilu na mazaunan, kuma kunshi su musamman talanti ɗaya na wadanda suka a cikin kudin da matukar kokarin haifar da wani mai ban mamaki dutse aiki. An sani cewa tarihi Monuments ko da zama yankin da cibiyoyin, wanda aka located kusa da muhimmanci cinikayya hanyoyi.

tsoho Monuments

Kogon garuruwa na Crimea, sassaka a cikin duwatsu, ba su dangane da m mutane, kuma da yawa masu bincike yi imani da cewa tsoho Monuments bayyana a zamanin da Byzantine Empire. Ko da yake wasu masana kimiyya suka yarda da wannan version da'awar cewa tarihi na ƙauyuka ba za a iya rage zuwa wasu irin abin kwaikwaya, kuma suka samo asali a lokuta daban-daban. Da mazaunan wadannan birane ba za a iya kira warriors, kamar yadda su main zama shi ne aikin noma da kuma cinikayya, amma a gaggawa suka iya dauka, da kuma makamai. An yi imani da cewa ƙi, a cikin kõgon birni, watsi da mazaunanta, ya zo ne bayan da Mongol mamayewa a XIII karni.

Mangup Kale

Located a kan wani tudu Babadag ne na musamman da wuri tare da m makamashi aka zaunar da mutane har sai da XV karni, a lõkacin da aka kama da Turks. Masana kimiyya saba game da lokacin da ya faru na karamar jan hankali. The most a cikin Crimea kogon birni Mangup-kala, da zarar ya kira Doros, shi ne zamanin d babban birnin kasar na mai iko sarauta Theodoro. A farko ambaci sabon abu shiri Dates baya ga na karni BC.

Located ba da nisa daga Bakhchisarai impregnable sansanin soja da ya sassaka a cikin dutse, shi ne ainihin wani real birni da masana'antu samar, a kurkuku, a Mint, a ya'yan sarakuna ba wurin zama, Kirista majami'u da kuma sauran gine-gine. Yanzu yawon bude ido ganin kawai kango na wata babbar tsoho yarjejeniya, inda game da 150 mutane dubu. Dark kogwanni, inda iska whistles, beckon baƙi daga cikin Crimea, sun ji game da ban mamaki ikon wannan wuri. Ga akwai Neon glowing bukukuwa hovered kan shiri da kuma narke a cikin iska, kuma a Tibet lama da suka ziyarci Bakhchisaray, ya ce ya ji wani iko da karfi na wani tsoho tunawa.

Eski-Kermen

Daina wanzuwa kamar a cikin XIV karni, da kogon gari Eski-Kermen ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi ci gaba. A saman dutsen hollowed game da 400 kogwanni, wanda aka yi amfani da matsayin da suke zaune bariki da kuma warehouses ga iyali bukatun. Daga baya da sansanin soja mazaunan gina sama-ƙasa Tsarin, kuma Muka kẽwayesu da tsaron gida katangu. A zuciya na birnin shi ne babban haikalin, kango na wanda za har yanzu za a gani a yau. Baya daga gare shi, akwai located da sauran addini gine-gine, da kuma musamman hankali ya kamata a biya Haikalin Three mahaya tare da kiyaye murals.

Kamar 'yan kilomita daga kauyen Red Poppy hadaddun, sunansa fassara a matsayin "tsohon sansanin soja", enthralls dukan baƙi. Ga akwai kango na ƙasa Tsarin, da casemates, da necropolis, granaries, a da zurfin mita 30. Yawon bude ido tare da nadãma look zuwa yanka a kan dutsen yankunan, shafa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.

Za mu iya cewa kwance a kango na Eski-Kermen - a real kogo mulki, samar da baƙi da iri-iri na karkashin kasa da Tsarin, wanda zai iya ba hadu a rana daya. Sau da yawa tare da sansanin soja ganuwar da aka gina hasumiyai tsaron gida, kuma a nan halitta da kanta da gudummawar da kariya mutane da halitta mai m headlands cewa mika bayan tudu.

Masana kimiyya zaton cewa wani na da kogon yarjejeniya da aka gina da Rumawa, amma lokacin da ya jawo masa mutuwa, babu wanda ya sani. Zai yiwu shi da aka halaka ta Mongol warriors.

Calais

Babban tsaron gida cibiyar na Byzantine Empire gane kogon birnin Calais, ainihin ranar asalin shi ne ba a sani ba. An sani cewa Tatars kama shi a karshen da XIII karni, amma bayan ƙarni biyu da sansanin soja shi ne na farko babban birnin kasar na Crimean Khanate. Akwai aka sa a kurkuku, m mutane, wanda aka nemi fansa. An sani cewa, daga cikin fursunonin sun Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Rasha wakilan Hetman, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Cossacks - haihuwa makiya na Crimean Tatars, amma ko da wannan shã'aninku bai taimake shi. Khan Haji Giray bai raba kowa a masõya da makiya, da kuma nema fansa saboda kowa da kowa. Amma Rasha gwamnan Sheremet, wanda tambayi kamar yadda da yawa daga Kazan kuma Astrakhan, da aka gudanar a cikin ganuwar da sansanin soja na kusan shekaru 20.

Lokacin da Tatars bar birnin, ya zaunar da Karaites aka tsunduma a miya na fata. A lokacin da rana da suka kasance fatauci ne a Bakhchisaray, kuma daga yamma zuwa safe kiyãye Calais. New mazauna riskar wani bango, sakamakon a wani kogo birni ya karu a size. Yanzu, an kasu kashi biyu, da kuma kowane iya rike Fort kadai. A lokacin wannan zamani, da kuma samu da sunan, wanda fassara a matsayin "biyu-ƙarfi", a tarihi abin tunawa. A zamanin mulkin Anna Ivanovna Rasha sojoji kãma Bakhchisaray, suka hallakar da kogon hadaddun.

Abin mamaki, a cikin zuciya na Calais farko bugu gidan da aka gina a cikin Crimea, wanda ya fara ta aikin a 1731. A cikin birnin shirya celebratory sabis, wanda ya kawo tare da aminci, a nan hukunci da waɗanda suka tattake a kan abi'a na al'umma.

Tepe-Kermen

Idan ya zo game da kogon birane, ba shi yiwuwa ba a ambaci daya daga cikin mafi m Monuments na tarihin mu. Ancient sansanin soja kama wani hamada tsibirin, ya bayyana a cikin VI karni. USAID, sassaka a cikin dutse, ba haka ba ne sauki su hallaka, kamar yadda a kasa yi. Kogon birni Tepe-Kerman, wanda aka kwatanta da giant bagaden, falalen kan kwarin, a bayyane daga nesa. Its size aka yi hukunci da masana kimiyya sauran gidaje, da kyau kiyaye wannan rana.

Wannan shi ake kira da gari matacce, wanda shi ne tsohon sunan tarihi bai kiyaye su. Daga cikin XI zuwa XIII karni wadãta shiri, wanda ya zama wata babbar cibiyar na Kacha River kwarin, amma riga a cikin XIV karni saboda akai harin da Tatars Zaune sõmammu a nan, da kuma kawai mazaunan sun sufaye suka bar castle a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.

Archaeologists sun gano fiye da 250 wucin gadi kogwanni, iri dabam-dabam a cikin nau'i da kuma manufa. Sun kasance biyu funerary gidaje da kuma shopping Stores. A gaskiya, da yawa wurare sun cimma shida tiers, da kuma na sama benaye akwai kawai zai iya zama wani dutse Filato, da kuma kiyaye dabbõbi a cikin ƙananan.

Asirai na Ancient yi

Mutane da yawa kogwanni rufe kofofin aka yi da itace da kuma raba da partitions a cikin da dama da dakuna. Masana kimiyya sun gano wani sabon abu addini tsarin, elongated daga arewa zuwa kudu, da kuma ba tare da axis, kamar yadda shi ne m tsakanin Kirista. Amma mafi m abu ne cewa, ba a sani ba gine-ginen bude taga da wani asiri: a cikin kwanaki na Easter haske da dama, don haka da cewa bango bayyana da shaci wani giciye.

Surprises da menhir kamã da sundial, wadda bisa ga masu bincike, ya ta'allaka ne duk da ƙarfi, kuma ikon da ya hallaka tsohon birnin.

Multi-storey hadaddun Vardzia

Ba kawai Crimea alfahari musamman jan hankali, a ziyarar da murna da tunanin. Jojiya ne Vardzia - kogo birni na Sarauniya Tamara, wanda yana dauke da wani yawon shakatawa Makka. Bayyana game da takwas ƙarni da suka wuce, shi ne ya sassaka a cikin dutsen monolith. Kuma shi ne wani Multi-storey hadaddun, wanda aka located a cikin tituna, matakala da kuma Tunnels. Ɗari shida da dakuna da alaka da m sassa mikawa zuwa ga tsawo na takwas gidan da kuma zurfi a cikin dutse 50 mita.

City, saliha up to 20 dubu mutane, har ma da bauta ta ruhaniya aiki, tun da shi ne ma sufi, da cibiyar da gine-ginen sun sassaka haikali na ɗauka na Virgin. The addini gine-gine suna kiyaye da wani ɓaɓɓake daga m murals halitta a cikin XII karni. Akwai wani labari cewa ya ce da sarauniya Tamara aka binne shi a nan.

Lokacin da Vardzia sha wahala daga girgizar asa, kogon birni daina zama wani impregnable sansanin soja, amma bayan da mamayewa na mangolawa ya auku a cikin disrepair. Yau a tarihi Kabarin da aka ayyana a gidan kayan gargajiya-ajiye.

Da taba da kakanni na duniya

Tsayawa da yawa asirin kogo birane za a iya kwatanta domin ta tarihi muhimmanci da na da gidãjen. Ziyartar tsoho shafukan da shãfe duniya na kakanninmu zai ba barin kowa sha'aninsu dabam. Mutane da yawa suna so su sani cikin asĩri a cikin, m shafukan da nutse a cikin gabata shekaru daban-daban, da kuma wanda ya riga ya ziyarci gine-gine da gidaje, shigar da cewa sun samu wani ba za'a iya mantawaba kwarewa.