LSD shine mahaliccin Albert Hoffman. LSD-25. Harkokin ilimin kimiyya da sakamakon LSD amfani

A cikin Alps na Swiss, inda iska ta kasance bayyananne, a cikin wani sauti mai ban mamaki, da kuma ƙazantar da hankali da rayuwan wanda ya fara LSD.

Mahaliccin magungunan da aka fi sani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a duniya, Farfesa Hofmann tun yana yaro, ya nemi fahimtar ainihin kwayoyin halitta. Neman bincike na tsire-tsire, ya jawo hankali ga abubuwa masu kwakwalwa, samar da hankulan su ta hanyar hangen nesa. Kamfanin sa na farko, wanda ya yi sama da shekaru 80 da suka wuce, ya jagoranci cikin 60s na yammacin duniya zuwa juyin juya hali na ainihi.

A kan halin mutum na kimiyya

Farfesa na ilmin sunadarai yana da rai a cikin kyakkyawar kyakkyawar budurwa daga tsaunuka kadai, sadarwa tare da maƙwabta ne kawai a cikin tsarin da ake yarda da ita a duk fadin duniya. A cikin iyalinsa, Albert Hoffman shine kadai wanda ya rayu don ganin shekarun nan. Tsohon mutumin bai yi amfani da kayan jin kunya ba kuma bai sa tabarau ba. Ko da yake ya tsufa, ya yi magana a sarari, yana da hankali, yana yin murmushi da kuma karimci. Abubuwan da aka ba shi ya ba da izini don samar da gida tare da gado, lawns da terraces.

Abin sha'awa ne cewa Albert Hoffman, wanda ya tsira daga iyakar shekaru ɗari, kansa ya ɗauki LSD. Mahaliccin abu, wanda aka gane shi azaman magani ne, ya yi wannan lokaci. Kuma lokaci na ƙarshe wani masanin kimiyya mai farin ciki ya haɗiye "kwayar mu'ujiza" shekaru uku kafin mutuwarsa.

Chemist na da tabbaci game da abubuwan da ya gano, da gaskanta cewa a karni na XXI, 'ya'yansa zasu zama masu dacewa sosai. Ya yi imanin cewa sabuwar ƙwararrakin zuciya, maganin ƙwaƙwalwar tunani, dole ne ya buƙaci abu mafi mahimmanci wanda ya canza tunanin ɗan adam, wato, LSD-25 da aka hada shi.

Daga cikin masana kimiyya, ana jin dadi game da Hofmann: sun ce, likitan da yake neman magani ga migraine, amma ya zo da ciwon kai ga dukan 'yan adam - maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Duk da haka, hadarin a nan bai kasance a gani ba ...

Swiss ya gudanar da karatunsa a tsare

Ya kasance sha'awar abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su na ruhaniya da aka yi amfani da shi na magunguna. Wannan shi ne sunan naman gwari wanda yake nomawa a kan ƙwayoyin hatsi. Masanin ilimin sunadarai ya ga aikinsa a cikin kira na analog na abu mai ɓoye, wadda ta shafi rinjaye na mutum.

Albert Hofmann ya fara gudanar da bincike, bisa ga a baya aukuwa. Kafin wannan, masanan kimiyyar Birtaniya sun ware daga hakar alkaloid da ke dauke da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kuma masu bincike na Cibiyar Rockefeller sun iya gane dalilin, tushen ginshiƙan alkaloids, suna kiran shi lysergic acid.

Albert Hoffmann ya nuna cewa ergotoxin ya ƙunshi daban-daban alkaloids, ya fara fara da su ɗaya ɗaya. Ta hanyar amsa kayan acid lysergic tare da ƙwayoyin ammoniya (amines), masanin kimiyya a 1938 ya hada da waɗannan abubuwa. Shafin ashirin da biyar na alkaloid ya zama acid diethylamide lysergic. A Jamus, an kira shi Lyserg-saure-diaethylamid, ko kuma ya rage LSD. Kwayar cuta ya canja kayan da aka samu zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na jami'a kuma ya fara gudanar da bincike. Masu aikin laboratory sun ƙaddara tsarin kwayoyin LSD, ba a bincika abu ba dalla-dalla.

Da jin cewa LSD-25 na farko da ya samu bai samu nasarar sanya Hofmann sake bincike a cikin shekaru biyar ba. Duk da haka, a lokacin karshe na kira ya tilasta masa ya dakatar da kwarewarsa. Dalilin wannan shi ne tasiri na alkaloid a jiki, wanda ya haifar da hallucinations da launi hotuna. Duk da hankali a cikin gwaje-gwajen, masanin kimiyya ya damu: shin ainihin dalilin wannan shine wani abu mai yawa wanda ya taɓa yatsan yatsa?

Ranar keke

Ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1943.

Shi ne yakin duniya na II. Shirin a cikin yakin basasa a lokacin yakin basasar Kuban ya wuce zuwa direbobi na Soviet. A Warsaw, a cikin Ghetto na Yahudawa, mutane suka tafi yakin basasa tare da jami'an SS. Sojojin Amurka da Birtaniya sun yi yaki a Tunisia. Kuma a wannan lokaci a kasashen Turai masu tsaka tsaki, masanin ilimin chemist Albert Hoffman yana gwaji, wanda har yanzu 'yan masana kimiyya suna sha'awar.

Farfesa ya ba da cikakken bayani game da dukiyar da alkaloid mai ban mamaki a littafinsa na tunawa. Wannan shine gwaji na farko na duniya.

Masanin kimiyyar ya yarda da kwayoyi 250 na Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Mahaliccin abin da yake cikin kwayar halitta ya gane abin da ya faru na jin dadi, rarrabewar ido, rashin hankali, da kuma alamar bayyanar cututtuka.

Halin da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke yi a kan tsarin jin dadi ya karu. An bayyana cututtukan ilimin kimiyya a cikin kawar da cibiyoyin kwakwalwa. Mataimakin furofesoshi sun lura da rashin iyawarsa don yin magana a hankali.

Sai Hoffman, tare da abokin aiki, ya hau gida a kan keke. Ya zama kamar likita cewa ba zai iya motsawa ba, ko da yake yana cikin sauri. Yankin ya yi kama da wannan gwaji a hoto na Salvador Dali: bai lura da masu tafiya ba, hanyar da ta girgiza kuma ta gurbata, kamar dai a cikin madubi da aka gurbata, kuma ɗakunan da suke tare da shi sun gurɓata kuma an rufe su da tsutsa.

Rashin hankali, biyo bayan euphoria

Lokacin da ya isa, farfesa ya tambayi mataimakin ya kira likita kuma ya dauki madara daga maƙwabta wanda ya yanke shawara ya raunana sakamakon magani. Mai warkarwa ya zo, sai dai ga daliban da aka haifa, ba su lura da wasu alamomi na ilimin lissafi na LSD akan kwayoyin Hoffmann ba. A halin yanzu, abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin gwaji sun ci gaba da cewa: mace wadda ta kawo madara ta gabatar da kansa a matsayin mai maƙarƙashiya maƙarƙashiya a masoya mai haske.

Ya yi kama da shi cewa shi kansa yana da mallakin aljanu, kuma ɗakin da aka farfado da gidansa yana barazana ga rayuwarsa.

Hakanan Hofmann ya ji daɗin ƙararrawa. An maye gurbin su ta hanyar hotunan hotuna da yawa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin nau'i-nau'i da ƙwayoyin da ke ciki tare da launin ruwa masu launin. Ko da tare da idanu masu rufe, bayyanuwar ban mamaki a karkashin jagorancin LSD ya ci gaba. Mahaliccin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fadi cikin ƙasa mai dadi. Da yake ci gaba, farfesa ya ji wata wahala, bayan ya lura da yanayi mai ban sha'awa: a rana mai zuwa ya fahimci halin da ake ciki game da tsari.

Impact on psyche

Abubuwan mallakar jiki na abu wanda Hofmann ya hada ya kasance ba abin mamaki ba ne: da babu wani dandano da ƙanshi yana sa shi ba shi da ganuwa. Tare da gilashin ƙaramin gilashi, za ka iya ganin cewa bayanin LSD yana rufewa kamar yadda aka ɗauka. A nan, watakila, shi ke nan.

Kamar yadda aka sani, kwayoyin dabara LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) ne daga cikin irin C ₂₀ H ₂₅ N ₃ O.

Abubuwan da ke da nasaba da kariya na pharmacological, suna ba da izini, a kan ƙananan ƙwayoyi, don tayar da kyan gani da kyan gani. Bari mu bayyana ma'anar abin da suka faru.

A cikin shi, tsarin kwakwalwa na mutum ya shafi jima'i na "hormone na farin ciki" (serotonin) ke shiga cikin aiki. An kawo karshen wannan a cikin kwakwalwa yayin da ake buƙatar rinjayar danniya.

Ta tsarinsa, 25th Hofmann alkaloid an classified shi ne indolalkylamine, abu mai kama da serotonin. LSD-25, shiga cikin jikin mutum, "yana yaudarar" masu karɓa na kwakwalwa, wanda ya dauki hoton na Hoffman don kansa "hormone mai farin ciki". Da yake jawabi a cikin harshen masu ilimin lissafi, akwai tasiri mai karfi na miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsarin tsarin labarun kwakwalwa (masu jin dadi da suka biya gajiya).

Yanayin maganin rashin lafiya

Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Zurich sune na farko suyi nazarin abubuwan da alkawurran alkaloid suka hada da Hofmann. Kamar dai yadda ya fito, yana da mummunan damuwa, wato, mutum ba zai iya mutuwa ba daga yawan abin da ya kamata. (Bayanan zamani ya tabbatar da cewa: fiye da shekaru 70 da suka wanzu, irin waɗannan lokuta ba a rubuta su ba). Sakamakon kisan na LSD, wanda masana kimiyya suka ƙaddara, sun kasance sun zama kamar yadda ya dace, yana da sau ɗari fiye da yadda ya saba.

An ƙaddara cewa sakamakon LSD akan jiki yana ci gaba daga 1/3 zuwa rabi na rana. Kwana uku bayan cin abinci, an cire abu ta jiki daga jiki, kuma ba a gano alamunsa ba.

Masu binciken sun lura cewa wannan magani mai tsanani bai sa mutumin ya yi amfani da shi ba, kuma bai taba shafar lafiyarsa ba. Har ila yau, bai tsokani mahaukaci ba.

Bisa ga abin da ke sama, ba a dakatar da LSD ba har kusan shekaru biyu (har zuwa karshen shekarun 1960). A cikin shekaru 60, masana kimiyya tare da taimakonsa sunyi ƙoƙari su bi shan barasa, ciwo mai tsanani. A saboda wannan dalili, an yi amfani da dukiyar da aka yi amfani da alkaloid wajen haifar da halayen motsin zuciyarmu, kusa da catharsis.

LSD a cikin USSR

A cikin Soviet Union boom acid ya zo tare da perestroika. Ayyukan wannan miyagun ƙwayoyi sun sami shahararrun 'yan kallo guda biyu: Barry Alebasov da Boris Grebenshchikov. Ba abin da ya faru ba ne cewa shugaban kungiyar "Aquarium" ya kirkiro waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a hankali "A ƙarƙashin sararin samaniya yana da birin zinariya ..." Masu sauraro a ciki suna bugawa da launi na hotunan da aka gabatar a ciki.

A cikin hira, waɗannan gwargwadon ƙwayoyin sunyi bayani game da zane-zane da ƙananan da suka gani. Sun tabbatar da cewa kasancewa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar LSD, watakila ba tare da lura da motoci ba, sai ka yi tafiya cikin hanzari.

A nan ne yadda tsohon mai gabatarwa na kungiyar "Na-Na" ya bayyana yadda ya ji: "Grace ya ɓace, mutane sun ɓace, abubuwa sun ɓace, kuma mutum zai iya fita cikin taga mai ɗumbun gida, yana gaskata cewa zai iya tashi."

Gwaje-gwajen da kuma Soviet chemists sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da LSD, wanda ba'a buga ba. Psychiatrist Vladimir Pshizov sanar da su a fili. A cikin 60s abokan aiki ba su guje wa gwaje-gwaje akan mutane ba. Abokiyarsa (ba mu ambaci sunansa) yad da LSD cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na marasa lafiya, wanda ya haifar da mummunan halin rashin lafiya. Abubuwan da aka samo ta wannan hanya sun zama mahimmanci ga labarinsa.

Taboo akan LSD

A ƙarshen shekarun da suka gabata, hukumomi na Amurka, sannan daga wasu jihohi, sun haramta wani amfani da alkawalin Hoffann na ashirin da biyar: likita, wasanni, na ruhaniya. Lysergic acid (LSD) ya zama sanadiyyar halayyar dan adam saboda yanayin da shi.

A lokacin Beatles, 'yan Amurkan miliyan biyu ne aka jarraba "kyautar Hoffmann", ya zama mafi magungunan magani a duniya. Mafi yawan masana'antun LSD, da Amirkawa Picard da Epson sun ba da dukan mayakan hippies. Bayan kama su da kuma kwashe kayan aiki, yawan wannan magani a duniya ya ki kashi 90%.

A cikin 60s babban mashawarcin LSD shi ne Farfesa Farfesa na Psychology Timothy Leary.

Masu bi sun kira shi "babban firist". Shi ainihin mutumin kirki ne. Malamin ya bi 'yan daliban "zaɓaɓɓu" zuwa likita, ba tare da sanar da su a gaba ba. An harbe shi daga Harvard tare da abin kunya, amma 'yan gudun hijira sun tsaya a gare shi, suna ganin shi shahadar. Timoteo Leary ya juya ya zama mutum mai ban tsoro: an kama shi akai-akai, ya gudu.

A karshen rayuwar, "babban firist", ba yana son hakan ba, ya haifar da karfin tallafin lysergic acid. Timoti Liri sanya wani kunar bakin live, bequeathing to shi zuwa "yanke kan da kwakwalwa, corroded da LSD." Hakan ya faru da dubban miliyoyin mutane da kuma rashin amincewa da miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Sabanin ban

Shekaru masu yawa bayan shekara ta 1960, kasuwar LSD ta ƙi sau goma. Duk da haka, lysergic acid ma "kyauta" kwanakin nan. An sayar da shi a kananan allurai (75 zuwa 250 MG) a cikin nau'i daban-daban:

• "Alamar" ko "adin goge baki" (takarda da aka rubuta tare da bayani na LSD);
• Gelatin leaflets;
• Gel (shafi fata);
• Tables.

Yana da haɗari sosai don daukar wannan magani ba tare da sanin dukiyarta ba.

Daga cikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana da kyau don yin wannan a cikin '' sitter '' '- mutum wanda yake jin dadi kuma ya gyara hali na wadanda suka yi amfani da 25 na Hofmann alkaloid.

Celebrities da LSD

A cikin al'umma a yau, babu wani dangantaka da sabon tsarin da Swiss. Magoya bayan psychedelic sunyi damuwa: "Idan babu wani buri, wane irin miyagun ƙwayoyi ne?" Bugu da ƙari, amfani da shi azaman ƙwarewa ga mahimmanci shine (misalai da muka riga muka ambata).

Akwai ra'ayi cewa acid lysergic (LSD) ba ainihin magani bane, amma kawai bisa doka. (Wannan hujja ta kasance a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 1971).

Domin halattacciyar doka, ba wai kawai Timoteo Leary wanda ya damu da hankali ba, an yi masa godiya ga 'yan Nobel biyu da biyu na kayan kwamfuta da software.

Shi ne Francis Crick da Kary Mullis, kazalika da Bill Gates da kuma Steve Jobs. Kuma, bisa ga ƙarshe, gwaji tare da LSD a rayuwarsa "yana daya daga cikin abubuwa uku mafi muhimmanci."

Kammalawa

Abokan da ke cikin wannan abu shine kwarewa. Zai fi kyau mu saurari 'yan'uwanmu' yan uwanmu waɗanda suka sami magani mai kyau na LSD akan kansu. Menene suke fada?

A cewar su, hotuna masu ban sha'awa da yardar da suka faru sun shuɗe tun kafin mai shan magani ya "zama kayan lambu" na dogon lokaci, ya fadi daga yanayin rayuwa, "ya fada ta hanyar lokaci."

Lokacin da ya zo bayan sa ran Juma'a, kwana biyu sun wuce, kuma Litinin yana cikin filin. A lokaci guda, ba shakka, babu shakka game da lafiyar tunanin mutum. Sakamakon amfani da kwayoyi suna da damuwa: mutane suna ganin kansu a asibiti.

Ya kamata mu saurari gargaɗin laconic, wanda yake a cikin binciken da yawa game da tsofaffin ƙwayoyin magunguna: "LSD yana fitar da kwakwalwa!".