Magajin - shi ne birnin shugabannin a Ancient Rus

Posadniki bayyana tare da jihar da kuma birni a zamanin d Rasha, da babban manufar da aka a gudanar da wannan shiri a cikin Game da birane, wanda zai dace da daidai da maslahohin da Grand Duke, kazalika da birane aristocracy.

Da bukatar administrative ayyuka

Tsohon Rasha jihar haife shi a tara karni, a sakamakon nasara da ƙwazo mataki na Novgorod prince Oleg akwai guda jihar - Kievan Rus. Jihar ƙasa girma, kuma akwai bukatar for musamman mutanen da suka wakilci Prince a birane a fadin kasar. Tun karshen tara karni, na musamman muhimmancin a zamanin d daula taka leda Novgorod, daya lokaci ko magana kishiya Kiev a kan wani ɓangare na gasar a Rasha. Ba kamar sauran garuruwa, bai zama da yawa a ya'yan sarakuna iyali, kuma riƙe 'yancin kai da kuma ya tsaya shi kadai a cikin dukan dukiyarsa da Grand Prince of Kiev. Domin sarrafa birni, Kiev shugabanni aika da ɗiyansu, kuma amma shi ya kasance ba ko da yaushe haka, babu wani daga cikin grand zuriyarsa ba su sami wani qafafunku a can, kuma mafi girma ikon akwai samu posadnicheskoe management da kuma Popular Majalisar. Yana da yake a cikin Novgorod da Pskov, wadannan mutane jin dadin mafi girma ikon da zai iya har ya fito fili ya bayyana a cikin Grand Duke. Saboda haka, posadniki - shi ne, a cikin zamani na harshe, da masu unguwanni da garuruwa na zamanin d Rasha.

Features na Old Rasha kula da tsarin

Me ya sa yake haka da wuya a Novgorod da posadniki. Akwai dalilai da dama. Na farko shi ne cewa birnin asali fito a matsayin wani fatauci da sana'a cibiyar, kuma wannan shi ne saboda da na halitta Gwargwadon wuri. Babbar gandun daji ba mai yawa dukiya da suke a bukatar, m waterways kasuwanci kasuwanci ne sosai m, da kuma, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, Novgorod tun kiran Vikings da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden-German Jihadin Krista bai fuskanci manyan waje hatsarori, don haka da ikon sarakuna, suka amsa kamar yadda kwamandojin sojan kasar da kuma da alƙalai, da mutane na Novgorod ba tilas. Saboda haka, sosai a farkon zama Novgorod magajin garin zabe daga cikin gida, yawan, ba shakka, mafi m ɓangare na shi a wata jama'a taron - majalisar. A moriyar babban boyars sun a nan a na farko wuri, kuma a cikin akwati na matsin lamba daga Kiev duk Novgorod sun karfafa gaban. M umarni aka kafa a wasu muhimman cibiyoyi na Novgorod ƙasar.

A etymology na ajalin

Kullum, da lokaci ya bayyana a cikin marigayi goma karni da kuma aka samu a cikin "Tale of bygone Years". Da farko Kievan sarakuna aika da wakilainsu, zuwa ga birnin, shi ne na musamman muhimmancin, kuma kalmar kanta aka samu daga kalmomin nan "sa". Kalmar "Posazhennikov" wani lokacin yakan faru, cewa shi ne, "posadniki", a cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar, jaddada karkashi na wasu mutum yarima. Alal misali, Posazhennikov Jaropolk - yana nufin magajin gari, nada Grand Prince of Kiev Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. Idan a farko mataki na wanzuwar Kievan Rus a Novgorod musamman aika zuwa grand shugabanni, da rawa daga baya posadniks yi da 'ya'yan Rasha shugabanni. Amma shi ne a cikin birni a kan Volkhov halayyar nanata shi ma aka yi kira Posadnik, ko da haihuwa ya kasance a yarima, da kuma dukan hanyar da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation na birni ya ko da yaushe aka nuna ta matsayi na musamman, da kuma Kievan shugabanni aka tilasta karo da shi.

A mulkin kai na arewa maso yammacin Rasha da kuma ta kawar

A lokacin na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation Novgorod har ma fiye da nuna wa mata banbanci, da kuma daga wannan lokaci, sai dai da gayyatar Aleksandra Nevskogo don yin tunãni Jamus-Swedish mamayewa, Novgorod magajin gari - shi ne kawai da na gida nobility. Canza birnin shugabannin a Rasha, daga Kiev zuwa Vladimir, daga Vladimir zuwa Moscow, Novgorod amma ya ci gaba da kula da fairly m cin gashin, kuma ko da mamayewa na Tatars iya ba fundamentally canza wannan hadisin. A cikin karni na sha biyar a maimakon wanda magajin garin zabe shida, kowane daga abin da yake a cikin cajin wasu wuraren birnin tattalin arziki, kazalika da shugaba burgomaster, wanda ya shiga tsakani a cikin daidaituwa da kuma aikin, dukan ma'aikatansa, a gaskiya, a cikin zamani sharuddan, shi ne magajin gari ta ofishin da duk bawa gata. Duk abin canje-canje da hankali Yunƙurin na Moscow sarauta, unifying manufofin biyã sarakunansa, ba zai iya samun kusa da wannan outpost na na da 'yancin walwala. By karshen wannan karni Novgorod yanci aka niƙa ta Ivan III, wanda ba ya so ya zama a jihar kai-hukumar raka'a, na karshe Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya yana tare da taron jama'a kararrawa dauka zuwa Moscow, kuma daga wannan lokaci da matsayin magajin garin da aka soke.

New tarihi hakikar

Amma ga sauran birane, akwai posadniki saduwa da tsakiyar hukumomi da kuma wani m cin gashin a cikin al'amarin bai mallaka. Ayyuka na magajin gari kasance ba sosai manyan, musamman, suka bi da a farko serviceable tabbatar da rasit na haraji, da kotu da kuma kisan kiyashin da mazauna yankunan, da mutunta doka da oda a cikin ƙasa sanya musu, a birnin kariya da kuma ta kyautata. Wannan abin da wannan posadnik a zamanin d Rasha. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa yin amfani da wannan lokaci shi ne mafi m game da Novgorod da ƙasa, musamman Pskov. Tare da tabbatarwa daga gwamnatin tsakiya, da post da aka soke a karkarar Rasha, a wuri zo da mahukunta da gwamnonin.