Sake fasalin kudin - shi ... Gorbachev ta perestroika. A lokacin perestroika shekaru

Idan wani talakawa talakawan mutum wanda ya tsira da biyu da rabi na eighties a cikin shekaru dalili, a yau tambaye bayyana a takaice wannan lokaci, amsar a mafi yawan lokuta, za ka iya ji wani abu kamar "perestroika - yana da tsanani, kuma kunya." Babu shakka, da saurayi wanda aka haife (ko ba tukuna) a cikin wadanda shekaru, a mafi cikakken labarin.

Tarihi ne Gorbachevskaya

Gorbachev ta perestroika (wato, ya buga da ambatacce, ko watakila ba ƙirƙira shi da kansa), da aka kaddamar a farkon shekarar 1987. Abin da ya faru kafin, bayan zaben da post na Sakatare Janar, da ake kira hanzari. Kuma kafin ya yi mulki stagnation a kasar. Kuma kafin cewa shi ne voluntarism. Kuma kafin shi - mai sadaukarwa na hali. Nan don Stalinism aka tabo wakilci a bango na duk m shekarun da suka gabata na zagi mai haske. Wannan NEP.

Wannan shi ne yadda ƙarshen eighties kwatanta da tarihin da Tarayyar Soviet The Soviet mutane ga mafi part. Gudummawar da wannan hangen nesa na da yawa articles da aka buga a cikin rare latsa ( "Spark", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Muhawara da Facts" da kuma waɗansu da yawa). A kan shelves da aka a baya dakatar da wallafe-wallafen da ayyuka, ga mallaki wanda 'yan shekaru da suka wuce shi yiwuwa a suke tãrãwa matsala, kuma ta share a cikin ƙyaftawar ido. Our kasar da aka fi shahara a duniya kafin da kuma bayan shekarar 1987 da shahararsa littattafai da jaridu da kuma ba ta doke duk duniya records na baya (alas, yana yiwuwa cewa nan gaba).

vestiges na baya

Hakika, duk wadannan kafofin ilmi game da tarihin ƙasarsa ta kasar, tare da babbar revelatory karfi ba dole girgiza m imani na Soviet mutane a cikin mafi girman adalci na gurguzu jama'a da muradinta na hakika - kwaminisanci. M. S. Gorbachev da magoya bayansa a cikin Politburo sane da m cewa - saboda da low yadda ya dace - noma da masana'antu da ake bukata gwaji sake fasalin kudin. A tattalin arzikin skidded, da yawa kasuwanci ba riba, amma wajen tsada, yawaita yawan "gama gona-miliyoniya" (bisa ga adadin jihar bashin), mafi asali iyali abubuwa sun zama gaira halin da ake ciki tare da abinci ma, ba farin ciki. Sun sakatare janar san cewa a wasu yiwuwa ya na da, saboda haka da yawa shekarun da suka gabata na duk aka ba yi kamar yadda ya kamata, don haka ka bukatar wasu lokaci zuwa jira. Kamar yadda ya juya daga baya, aka jinkirta shekaru da dama na perestroika. Sa'an nan hasashen cewa babu wanda zai iya.

Hanzari da kuma hadin

By kanta, da ba shakka na gyara, ba shakka, da ake bukata. A farko kamar wata shekaru an yi tunanin cewa da shugabanci dauka daidai ne, kuma "babu wani madadin, gwarazansa" kawai motsa a kan shi kana bukatar sauri. Wannan ya kai ga sunan mataki na farko, daga abin da sake fasalin kudin ya fara. A tarihin NEP da shawara cewa, idan wasu yankunan of management don canja wurin a cikin zaman kansa hannuwansu, canje-canje kusan tabbacin. A twenties, kasar sauri lashe devastation da kuma yunwa, taimako daga wasu suka dauka aiki da kuma enterprising masu. Kokarin maimaita wadannan nasarori da shekara sittin da ya jagoranci wani ba quite m sakamakon. Cooperators sun zama "touchstone" don ƙirƙirar sabon aji na Soviet arzikin masu arziki. Suka ciccika wasu segments kasuwannin cikin gida, da kuma mafi nasara da waje gani, amma karya da kiki-kaka da dukan tattalin arzikin sun gaza. Saboda haka, tabbatarwa da cewa sake fasalin kudin - a maimaita wani New Tattalin Policy ya aikata ba baseless. GDP girma ya ba ya faru. Quite akasin.

ma'aikatan

A shekarar 1986, cikin hanzari (game da barkwanci da cewa amfani da su zama kamar wani "ko ta yaya", da kuma a yanzu "pow-ko ta yaya-littafi") da kusan ba wanda ya tuna da. Bukatar sabbin matakai na wani tsarin yanayi, da kuma ji da shi ne a kasar ta jagoranci fara ko da a baya. Akwai sabon fuskõkinsu, zuwa ga maye gurbin ritaya jam'iyyar mastodons, amma kuma daga haihuwa cadres, wanda ya bata masa suna a matsayin "m masana", Gorbachev ƙiya. Eduard Shevardnadze ya kujera na koli Soviet, Nikolai Ryzhkov dauki kujera predsovmina, Moscow birni kwamitin na jagoran jam'iyyar sa'an nan kadan-sani amma hanzari samun shahararsa, Boris Yeltsin. Lukyanov da Alexander Yakovlev shiga Politburo, sanya wani dizzying aiki. Yana da jũna da cewa tare da tawagar nasara tabbas ne ...

A abin da aka gani daga

Saboda haka, babban matsalar da jũna da za a yi wahayi. Matakai gaba bukatar tabbatar da dalilin da bolder. Sam M. S. Gorbachev, da ya saba balaga, ya bayyana cunkus a gẽfensa, "talakawa mutane" da cewa sake fasalin kudin - shi ne a lokacin da kowa da kowa ya aikata su aiki. A tambaya ta halitta taso abin da duk suka aikata kafin 1985? Amma gogaggen Soviet 'yan ƙasa bai tambaye shi.

Kamar yadda a cikin kwanaki kafin masana'antu, Tarayyar Soviet ji rashin ci gaban inji aikin injiniya. Plenum a shekarar 1985 kafa da burin ci gaban masana'antu samar da 70%. By da nineties, wani nasara da aka shirya a kan wani duniya matakin, gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari. Ma'aikatan da kuma albarkatun ga shi sun. Me yasa wannan ba faru?

XXVII Congress da kuma shawarar da ta dace

A shekarar 1986 ya kasance XXVII Congress na CPSU, aikin wanda - a gaskiya, ba kawai ga jaridu da kuma farfaganda clichés - duba dukan ƙasar. Wakilan goyon tallafi na neman sauyi doka, da yancin aiki collectives, wanda yanzu iya zaben gudanarwa, don tsara Hakkin kuma hukunci da abin da kayayyakin samar da, don samun mafi girma amfani. Waɗannan su sake fasalin na perestroika, wanda kwanan nan ma'aikata kuma ba zai iya mafarki. A kan tushen da canje-canje zaman shirya tasiri amfani da jihar damar kara gona yawan aiki da 150%. Yana shelar cewa ta shekara ta 2000 a cikin mutum Apartments zai zama duk Soviet iyalansu. Jama'a suka yi murna, amma ... prematurely. A tsarin da aka har yanzu ba a aiki.

tattalin arziki da gurguzanci

Sai da na ɗauki tsawon shekaru biyu bayan perestroika fara. Gorbachev fili fara azãba shakku game da daidaitar da shugabanci a cikin abin da kasar ke motsi. Shekaru masu yawa daga baya, a 1999, da yake magana a cikin Turkey, a wani taron karawa juna sani da aka gudanar da American University, zai kira kansa nuna jin anti-kwaminisanci duk rayuwarsa ya yi yaƙi domin da rabo daga dimokuradiyya. A wata hanya, ya iya samun yancin, amma yau yana da wuya a tantance ya dace da ya aikata a shekarar 1987. Sa'an nan, ya yi magana game da wani abu kuma gaba ɗaya, sunã zargin kansu da m wakilan da "umurni tsarin" da kuma ba kasa m sunadaran da cewa hana duk. Duk da haka, shi ne na biyu (kuma na karshe) lokacin da gyara ga gurguzanci an cire da kuma kambi na kammala gano (quite bisa ga abke,) na tsari flaws. Sai dai itace cewa duk kuwa da kyau yi cikinsa (Lenin), amma a cikin thirties dauke da gurbata. Akwai wani ra'ayi na tattalin arziki gurguzanci - kamar yadda tsayayya da wawa jam'iyyar gwamnati. Irfanin gaskata samar da articles na furofesoshi, kuma malaman jami'o'i L. Abalkina, G. Popov, N. Shmelev da P. Bunich. A kan takarda, duk tafi smoothly sake, kuma a gaskiya wa'azi talakawa gurguzu kai-da kudi.

Goma sha tara Jam'iyyar Conference

A shekarar 1988 ya aka kaddamar karshe line na tsaro na jam'iyyar nomenklatura komai. {Ungiyoyin jama'a da kuma rage tasiri na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a jihar da kuma kasuwanci tafiyar matakai, karfafawa cin gashin wajen yanke shawara majalisarku ayyana burin zuwa ga wanda ya yi jihãdi. Akwai tattaunawa, da kuma duk mai neman sauyi m juya daga abin da waɗannan matsaloli suna warware sake bukatar a karkashin shugabanci na jam'iyyar. Just saboda wasu tuki da karfi ba. A wakilai yanke shawarar da ya yi, da dukan zuciyata, don tallafa Gorbachev. Yana da jũna cewa shekaru baya ciyar sake fasalin kudin ne m, amma shi ba. A sakamakon da aka damu da suka kasance mambobi ne na Board, wanda yanzu kashi daya bisa uku na majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar jama'a da kungiyoyi.

A rikicin yana abu, ruhaniya rikicin

Bayan taron, akwai wani abu mai kama da tsaga daga cikin RSDLP. A wasan, ɓullo da kansa Democrats da radicals wakiltar irreconcilable akida shugabanci. A halin yanzu, saba da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a kasar ya damu. Da suka fito a kwaminisanci ideas daga cikin mazan tsara masu kula da rushewar su ideas na yadda al'umma mai adalci. Girma mutanen da suka saba wa zamantakewa tabbacin da girmama su aiki nasarori, fuskantar kudi matsaloli, ya dada tabarbare shi da kudi a bayyane magabaci cooperators - mutane ne sau da yawa m, kuma m. Sun mutane a cikin tsawon perestroika, kuma ya ji a ruhaniya rikicin, ganin cewa ilimi samu ta hanyar iyaye, bai da garantin mai kyau rai. Harsashen marmashe.

Wani hasarar da wani sami

Halakar da rinjaye akida, komai nawa shi ne kusa da duniya dabi'u, ko da yaushe tare da wani babban-sikelin drive-mamaki sau da yawa musamman wuya a jure da mafi yawan jama'a. Fara wani yajin na masana'antu ma'aikata da kuma hakar gwal. Abinci da kuma mabukaci rikicin taso unpredictably bace daga shelves na shayi, da taba sigari a jiki, da sugar, da sabulu ... A wannan yanayin, da masu wasu daga cikin posts sanya shi yiwuwa a samu arziki ne manyan sake fasalin kudin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A takaice za a iya halin a matsayin lokaci na farko jari. Jihar kenkenewa a kan waje cinikayya shi ne wanda aka azabtar da mulkin demokra canji, mutanen da suka yi kwarewa a kasuwanni waje da kuma da dama sadarwa, nan da nan ya dauki amfani da su iko. An kyau kwarai damar ba da rance. Soviet banknotes da sauri hasarar da m halaye zuwa sãka ya ba wuya, zuba jari da Naira Miliyan Xari da kusan duk wani samfurin. Yaba, ko da yake ba duka. Kuma ba don kome ba. Amma shi ne kadan abubuwa ...

A cikin kasa da tambaya

Ba wai kawai da impoverishment, amma kuma da alama ta jini events a lokacin gyara lokaci. Soviet kumbura a seams daga tsanani kabilanci rikice-rikice a cikin Baltic yankin, da Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi da kuma sauran wuraren wurare har kwanan m Union. Mass haifar da "m fronts" da ake kira cikin hanyoyi daban-daban, amma daya wanda yake da nationalistic asalinsu. Zanga-zangar, tarurruka da kuma sauran ayyukan} ungiyoyin fitina share kasar, da hukumomin 'ayyuka sun m, amma bayan su, da kuma gane wani rauni na da ikon jagoranci, kuma ya shafe tsawon rashin iyawa ga m' yan adawa. A sake fasalin kudin na 1985-1991 ya sa auka daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar a cikin raba kasa jiha abokai, sau da yawa maƙiya a gare juna.

Ɗari biyar kwana ... ko kana bukatar karin?

By 1990, da tattalin arziki da sararin sama mamaye biyu na asali Concepts domin kara raya. Da farko, daya daga wanda marubucin ya Yavlinsky, zaci kusan nan take (a ɗari biyar kwanaki) da kamfanonin da miƙa mulki ga tsarin jari-hujja, wanda, kamar yadda alama, kusan kowa da kowa, inda m bayan rasuwarsa gurguzanci. Zabi na biyu da yayi a kasa radicalized Ryzhkov da Pavlov, da kuma samar da mai santsi tafi zuwa kasuwa tare da wani phased sakewa administrative jihar saka. Saboda haka, sannu a hankali kiwon rates, kuma ya zama na kasar jagoranci da aiki. Duk da haka, shi ya juya fitar da cewa wannan jinkirin motsi ne da ciwon yankunan da sakamako.

Juyin mulki - wani m da gunawa

Har ila yau, a shekarar 1990, 'yan asalin Soviet sun bayyana ne kwatsam shugaban kasa. Wannan a tarihi na jihar - kuma Tsarist kuma Soviet - ya faru ba. A watan Yuni, Rasha ayyana samun 'yancin kai, da kuma a yanzu Gorbachev zai iya haifar da da Tarayyar Soviet a ko'ina, amma ba a Moscow, inda ya zama malamin Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, shugaban Armed Forces. Gorbachev, ba shakka, da Kremlin ba koma daga, amma akwai wani rikici, kuma dade har zuwa karshen Tarayyar Soviet.

A kuri'ar raba gardama, wadda aka gudanar a watan Maris na 1991, ya nuna biyu muhimmanci abubuwa. Da fari dai, shi ya bayyana cewa mafi yawan 'yan asalin Soviet (a kan 76%) yake so su zauna a cikin babbar kasa. Abu na biyu, suna iya rinjayi canza tunaninsa, amma ya juya daga wani kadan daga baya.

Bayan ya zahiri da aka gudanar auka daga cikin jam'iyya jihar (ma'ana Tarayyar Soviet ba tare da Rasha?), New batutuwa na kasa da kasa dokar fara shirya da ƙungiyar, wanda tattara da kwamitin a Novo-Ogaryovo. A watan Yuni, Yeltsin lashe zaben, zama na farko shugaban kasar Rasha. Ya yi hannu a yarjejeniya da ƙawance a kan 20 ga watan Agusta. Amma sa'an nan ya zo da sa'a, kawai a rana a baya. Sa'an nan akwai kwanaki uku cike da tashin hankali, 'yanci tomivshegosya a Foros Gorbachev da kuma wasu abubuwa, daban-daban da kuma ba da yaushe m.

Kamar wancan ƙare da sake fasalin kudin. Yana da aka makawa.